Veterinary Sciences

17 pages, 5710 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Attenuates Weaning-Induced Intestinal Injury by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Piglets

by Xiongwei Shi, Shaoguang Ge, Haimin Wang, Xiaowang Chen, Xiangyi Pan, Chen Liu, Zhengying Qiu, Wenshu Zou, Hao Cao, Yujia Liu, Qiyu Bai and Ruihua Xin

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040365 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Weaning stress is frequently associated with intestinal oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, and epithelial apoptosis in piglets. This study investigated whether dietary supplementation with Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia L., YAM) alleviates weaning-induced intestinal injury by modulating the oxidative stress-inflammation-apoptosis axis. 48 weaned piglets [...] Read more.

Weaning stress is frequently associated with intestinal oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, and epithelial apoptosis in piglets. This study investigated whether dietary supplementation with Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia L., YAM) alleviates weaning-induced intestinal injury by modulating the oxidative stress-inflammation-apoptosis axis. 48 weaned piglets were assigned to a control diet or diets supplemented with low (1%)/high (2%) doses of YAM. Intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory signaling, and apoptosis-related markers were assessed, and jejunal transcriptomic profiling was also performed. Supplementing with YAM improved villus architecture and enhanced intestinal antioxidant properties, manifested as increased total antioxidant capacity and reduced malondialdehyde levels. At the molecular level, YAM activated the Keap-1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and upregulated the expression of antioxidant-related genes, including superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and suppressed NF-κB signaling by reducing Myd88 and p-p65 protein levels. In addition, YAM modulated mitochondrial apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2 and reducing the expression of Bax and Cleaved caspase-3. Transcriptomic analysis identified 1227 differentially expressed genes between the control and high-dose groups (784 upregulated and 443 downregulated). Mechanism-oriented module analysis further confirmed coordinated enhancement of antioxidant pathways alongside suppression of inflammatory and apoptotic gene signatures. These findings demonstrate that dietary YAM supplementation attenuates weaning-associated intestinal injury by rebalancing oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and apoptosis-related pathways, thereby supporting its potential application as a functional feed additive in swine production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology: From Molecule to Clinical Practice)

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11 pages, 1438 KB

Open AccessCase Report

A Case of Avian Influenza Co-Infection and Multifactorial Diseases in a Broiler Chicken Farm in Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia

by Tyagita Hartady, Sarah Darmawan Sugandi and Muhammad Viqih

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040364 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Poultry disease outbreaks are frequently multifactorial, involving complex interactions between infectious agents and environmental stressors. This report describes a case of avian influenza (AI) co-infection in a commercial broiler farm located in Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia, where a total of 11,000 birds exhibited [...] Read more.

Poultry disease outbreaks are frequently multifactorial, involving complex interactions between infectious agents and environmental stressors. This report describes a case of avian influenza (AI) co-infection in a commercial broiler farm located in Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia, where a total of 11,000 birds exhibited increased mortality during the grow-out period. Diagnostic investigations included pathological examination, serological testing—such as hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays for AI H5 and H9, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for infectious bronchitis, and rapid testing for Mycoplasma gallisepticum—Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis, fecal flotation for coccidiosis, and an environmental assessment measuring ammonia levels, humidity, and heat stress index. Pathological findings revealed tracheitis, airsacculitis, thymitis, bursitis, perihepatitis, ascites, petechial hemorrhages, nephromegaly, and enteritis, indicating a complex disease process. Serological results demonstrated exposure to AI H9 and H5, with differing infection dynamics, while the uneven distribution of infectious bronchitis antibodies suggested field challenges. Additionally, partial exposure to Mycoplasma gallisepticum was observed. PCR results were negative at the time of sampling, consistent with post-infection phases. Environmental evaluation revealed elevated ammonia levels, excessive humidity, and a high heat stress index. In conclusion, the increased mortality was associated with avian influenza co-infection, complicated by secondary infections and adverse environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immune Responses of Viral Infections in Poultry and Wild Birds)

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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 1821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combination Therapeutic Effect of Antibacterial and Antiviral Agents on Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis Nonbounded to Prior Tooth Extraction Confirmed by Physical Signs and Clinical Biomarkers

by Masato Katayama and Yukina Uemura

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040363 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is refractory stomatitis in cats. The cure rate of tooth extraction selected as a primary surgical treatment is insufficient. Methods: 52 FCGS-suspected cats, including 22 tooth-extracted and 30 unextracted cats, were studied. Commercially available antiviral and antibacterial agents [...] Read more.

Background: Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is refractory stomatitis in cats. The cure rate of tooth extraction selected as a primary surgical treatment is insufficient. Methods: 52 FCGS-suspected cats, including 22 tooth-extracted and 30 unextracted cats, were studied. Commercially available antiviral and antibacterial agents were orally administered as initial treatment, followed by the antiviral agent solely as maintenance therapy. We examined the influence of prior tooth extraction on the therapeutic efficacy of these two drugs by analyzing changes in some physical signs and clinical laboratory biomarkers. Results: Mass spectrometric analysis revealed the active ingredients of antibacterial and antiviral were Moxifloxacin and Molnupiravir, respectively. All physical signs (weight, appetite, activity level, grooming behavior, ptyalism, erythema) showed statistically significant improvements with combined administration of these drugs. Numbers of white blood cells, neutrophils and monocytes, as well as circulating levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, and serum amyloid-A all statistically significantly decreased with their administration (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: No statistically significant differences were detected between two FCGS groups in the changes in any of the above physical signs or clinical biomarker levels, indicating combination therapy with antibacterial and antiviral agents leads to effective treatment of FCGS, regardless of whether prior tooth extraction was performed or not. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers in Veterinary Medicine)

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18 pages, 295 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Broad-Spectrum Mycotoxin Detoxifiers on Growth, Jejunal Morphology, Liver Histopathology and Oxidative Stress in Broilers Fed Diets Contaminated with Multiple Mycotoxins

by Orawan Suthtirak, Thaweesak Songserm, Koonphol Pongmanee, Kazeem D. Adeyemi, Konkawat Rassmidatta, Ricardo Communod, Yemi Burden, Damien P. Preveraud and Yuwares Ruangpanit

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040362 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

The effects of broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers (BSMDs) on growth performance, liver histopathology, jejunal morphology, and oxidative stress were evaluated in broilers fed diets contaminated with multiple mycotoxins. A total of 800 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to four treatments, with [...] Read more.

The effects of broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers (BSMDs) on growth performance, liver histopathology, jejunal morphology, and oxidative stress were evaluated in broilers fed diets contaminated with multiple mycotoxins. A total of 800 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to four treatments, with eight replicates of 25 birds each, and reared for 42 days. The treatments included a basal control diet (CON); a multi-mycotoxin-contaminated diet (MMT) containing aflatoxins (25 µg/kg), zearalenone (135 µg/kg), T2 toxin (85 µg/kg), fumonisin (1.90 mg/kg), and deoxynivalenol (0.70 mg/kg); and the MMT diet supplemented with either 1.0 kg/ton BSMD-1 or 1.5 kg/ton BSMD-2. MMT contamination did not affect growth performance, serum malondialdehyde, interleukin-6 levels, liver enzyme activities, or liver lesion scores. Nevertheless, interleukin-10 levels were lower in birds fed the MMT diet (p = 0.03). In birds fed MMT, there was a substantial decrease (p < 0.05) in the height of the jejunal villi, their surface area, and the ratio of their height to the depth of the crypt. While BSMD-supplemented groups displayed values similar to both CON and MMT, MMT birds had higher fatty liver scores than the control group. Overall, multi-mycotoxin contamination impaired gut morphology and immune balance. BSMD supplementation improved intestinal structure, enhanced immune response, and partially mitigated liver alterations. These findings indicate its potential as a dietary intervention to mitigate the detrimental effects of multi-mycotoxin contamination in broilers. Full article

16 pages, 1872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Abattoir-Based Measures and On-Farm Pig Welfare Indicators in Italian Fattening Heavy Pigs

by Lucia Scuri, Matteo Recchia, Federico Scali, Claudia Romeo, Antonio Marco Maisano, Giovanni Santucci, Camilla Allegri, Marta Masserdotti, Miriam Tenuzzo, Adriana Ianieri, Sergio Ghidini and Giovanni Loris Alborali

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040361 - 8 Apr 2026

Abstract

Animal welfare monitoring is essential in pig production. On-farm animal welfare (AW) assessments may provide a comprehensive overview but are resource-intensive. Abattoir-based assessments allow pigs from multiple farms to be inspected in a single facility. However, data on the relationship between these assessments [...] Read more.

Animal welfare monitoring is essential in pig production. On-farm animal welfare (AW) assessments may provide a comprehensive overview but are resource-intensive. Abattoir-based assessments allow pigs from multiple farms to be inspected in a single facility. However, data on the relationship between these assessments remain limited, especially for heavy pigs (160–170 kg). This study investigates these associations in Italian heavy pig production. At the abattoir, 18,333 pig carcasses from 185 batches across 86 farms were scored for tail, skin (cranial and caudal) and ear lesions. On-farm AW assessments (management, structures and animal-based measures) were obtained from the national surveillance system (ClassyFarm). Tail lesion scores were higher in pigs with intact tails, whereas ear scores showed the opposite trend, suggesting a substitution effect between tail and ear biting. This indicates that tail docking is insufficient to fully prevent abnormal behaviours. Higher skin and ear scores were associated with suboptimal management, but tail scores were not, likely due to the multifactorial nature of tail biting. Herd size had no significant effect on welfare indicators. These results highlight the complexity of assessing AW and the importance of combining abattoir and farm data to obtain a more integrated monitoring system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Welfare and Healthy Farming: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives)

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17 pages, 1060 KB

Open AccessArticle

Organisation of Wildlife Passive Disease Surveillance in Slovenia over 30 Years (1995–2025) and Insights into Certain Causes of Disease or Mortality

by Gorazd Vengušt and Diana Žele Vengušt

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040360 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

Wildlife health surveillance is a vital element of disease prevention, biodiversity conservation, and public health protection, especially as most emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife. In Slovenia, long-term passive surveillance based on necropsy data has yielded valuable insights into wildlife mortality patterns over [...] Read more.

Wildlife health surveillance is a vital element of disease prevention, biodiversity conservation, and public health protection, especially as most emerging infectious diseases originate from wildlife. In Slovenia, long-term passive surveillance based on necropsy data has yielded valuable insights into wildlife mortality patterns over the past three decades, despite inherent limitations such as carcass detectability, reporting bias, scavenging, and decomposition. Ongoing cooperation among governmental institutions, veterinary services, hunters, and wildlife management organisations has enabled the effective operation of this system, although passive surveillance remains subject to spatial, temporal, and species-specific biases. Necropsy data show that infectious diseases, particularly parasitic infections, are the main causes of mortality in key species such as roe deer and chamois, reflecting both their population abundance and targeted monitoring. In contrast, carcasses of species such as wild boar, red deer, small mammals, and birds are underrepresented due to ecological factors, biosecurity constraints, or low detectability. Overall, while passive wildlife surveillance does not provide representative population-level mortality estimates, it remains a reliable tool for identifying the presence or absence of significant diseases and for understanding broad mortality patterns when interpreted in the context of known methodological and ecological limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Wildlife Health: Surveillance and Management of Infectious Diseases)

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15 pages, 1979 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of a Thermostable Liquid Formulation of Live Newcastle Disease Vaccine

by Li Li, Yingying Xu, Junjie Yang, Helong Feng, Hongcai Wang, Zhe Zeng, Lun Yao, Qingping Luo, Guoyuan Wen, Guofu Cheng and Yu Shang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040359 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

Vaccination remains the core strategy for the prevention and control of Newcastle disease (ND). The inherent thermosensitivity of traditional Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines imposes major limitations on their transportation, storage, and field application. To address these challenges, a novel liquid, thermostable, live [...] Read more.

Vaccination remains the core strategy for the prevention and control of Newcastle disease (ND). The inherent thermosensitivity of traditional Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines imposes major limitations on their transportation, storage, and field application. To address these challenges, a novel liquid, thermostable, live ND vaccine was developed in the present study. Firstly, Tris/HCl buffer at near-neutral pH was identified as the optimal basic buffer system. On this basis, further screening and formulation optimization of vaccine stabilizers were conducted, and NDV strains with excellent thermal stability were used to verify the stability-conferring properties of the developed stabilizer. The results showed that the formulation composed of 0.5% gelatin, 4% trehalose, 0.1% L-glutamic acid, and 0.5% thiourea was confirmed as the optimal stabilizer for ND liquid vaccines. This formulation maintained the stable storage of the tested NDV for 12 months at 4 °C and exhibited promising stability for 30 days at 25 °C, marking a significant advancement toward development thermostable NDV vaccines that are independent of a continuous cold chain. More importantly, the liquid vaccine stored at 4 °C for 12 months still induced high levels of NDV-specific antibodies in specific pathogen-free chicks and provided 100% protective efficacy against challenge with virulent NDV. In conclusion, the liquid vaccine stabilizer developed in this study not only significantly enhanced the thermostability of the vaccine but also effectively maintained its immunogenicity, thereby providing an important theoretical basis for the research and development of liquid ND vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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16 pages, 8737 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Epitope Identification of Monoclonal Antibodies Against African Swine Fever Virus pE120R

by Juan Li, Miaomiao Ye, Peng Gao, Yajin Qu, Quanlin Li, Qiongqiong Zhou, Yongning Zhang, Lei Zhou, Xinna Ge, Xin Guo, Jun Han and Hanchun Yang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040358 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

The capsid protein pE120R of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is highly immunogenic and is thought to play an important role in viral replication, yet its molecular characteristics and functions during infection remain poorly understood. Here, we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 1C11 [...] Read more.

The capsid protein pE120R of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is highly immunogenic and is thought to play an important role in viral replication, yet its molecular characteristics and functions during infection remain poorly understood. Here, we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 1C11 and 3G7, against ASFV pE120R and characterized their specificity and utility. Epitope mapping showed that 1C11 recognized the linear epitope ¹⁰⁹KKHLFP¹¹⁴, whereas 3G7 recognized ¹¹²LFPKL¹¹⁶. These antibodies enabled analysis of pE120R expression and localization during ASFV infection, demonstrating that pE120R is expressed at a late stage and partially co-localizes with the structural protein p54 in viral factories. Together, these results provide valuable immunological tools for further investigation of pE120R in ASFV replication and pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 261 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Airborne Microbial Load on Four Housed Dairy Farms

by Gergana Bachevska, Georgi Beev, Dimo Dimov, Elena Stancheva and Toncho Penev

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040357 - 5 Apr 2026

Abstract

Airborne microbial contamination in dairy cattle housing is strongly influenced by housing conditions and management practices. This study evaluated the influence of environmental and housing parameters on total bacterial, coliform, and mold levels across four dairy farms. Microclimatic variables, including temperature, relative humidity, [...] Read more.

Airborne microbial contamination in dairy cattle housing is strongly influenced by housing conditions and management practices. This study evaluated the influence of environmental and housing parameters on total bacterial, coliform, and mold levels across four dairy farms. Microclimatic variables, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, bedding moisture, air volume per cow, particulate matter (PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₁₀), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), were measured. Comparative analyses showed that air volume per cow and bedding moisture were consistently associated with variability in total microbial and mold counts, while particulate matter and wind speed were linked to differences in airborne coliforms. Generalized linear mixed models indicated that most environmental variables did not have statistically significant effects, with the exception of farm type for coliforms and temperature for molds. The predominance of non-significant environmental effects, together with more consistent differences observed between farms, suggests that variability in airborne microbial levels is more strongly associated with farm-specific management and housing characteristics than with individual environmental parameters. Overall, the findings highlight the combined influence of housing design, management practices, and environmental conditions, emphasizing the importance of optimized ventilation and bedding management to improve air quality in dairy cattle housing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Barn to Table: Animal Health, Welfare, and Food Safety)

10 pages, 231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Oxidative Status and Thiol-Disulfide Homeostasis in Late-Gestation Holstein Heifers with and Without a History of Mid-Gestation Transport

by Güzin Özkurt, Recep Bozkurt, Tamer Kayar, Seynur Ali Hatib and Ayşenur Baydar

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040356 - 5 Apr 2026

Abstract

Pregnancy in dairy cattle is characterized by marked metabolic adaptations that may influence oxidative balance. In this study, oxidative stress markers and thiol–disulfide homeostasis were evaluated in transported and non-transported Holstein heifers during the last trimester of gestation. Clinically healthy 2-year-old heifers were [...] Read more.

Pregnancy in dairy cattle is characterized by marked metabolic adaptations that may influence oxidative balance. In this study, oxidative stress markers and thiol–disulfide homeostasis were evaluated in transported and non-transported Holstein heifers during the last trimester of gestation. Clinically healthy 2-year-old heifers were divided into transported pregnant (n = 21) and non-transported pregnant (n = 9) groups. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein approximately 90 days (3 months) after the mid-gestation transport event. These samples were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), native thiol (NTL), total thiol (TTL), and disulfide levels. Total oxidant status and oxidative stress index values were significantly higher in the non-transported group (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between groups in total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, or thiol–disulfide parameters (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that metabolic adaptations specific to late gestation may influence systemic oxidant levels independently of transport exposure. Under the conditions of this study, transport did not induce a marked redox imbalance in pregnant Holstein heifers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Control of Metabolic and Immunological Diseases in Cattle)

14 pages, 2056 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic and Physiological Responses of Trained Working Dogs During the Protection Phase of the “Internationale Gebrauchshunde Prüfungs-Ordnung, Level 1” (IGP1)

by Raffaella Cocco, Sara Sechi, Maria Rizzo, Claudia Giannetto, Federica Arrigo, Maria Luisa Pinna Parpaglia, Giuseppe Piccione and Francesca Arfuso

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040355 - 4 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the trends in physiological and metabolic parameters—such as heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), hematological parameters, blood lactate, and serum enzymes (LDH, AST, and CK)—in seven regularly trained working dogs during the protection phase of the IGP1 Working [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the trends in physiological and metabolic parameters—such as heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), hematological parameters, blood lactate, and serum enzymes (LDH, AST, and CK)—in seven regularly trained working dogs during the protection phase of the IGP1 Working Trial. HR and RR measurements, along with blood samples, were collected at rest (upon arrival at the field), immediately after exercise, and 10 min post-exercise. Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher HR, RR, RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and blood lactate values both immediately and 10 min after exercise compared to rest. Creatine kinase (CK) concentrations were significantly higher 10 min post-exercise compared to rest and immediately after exercise. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between blood lactate levels and HR and RR throughout the monitoring period. Preliminarily, these findings suggest that the protection phase of the IGP1 trial involves a mixed energy metabolism, comprising both anaerobic (alactic and lactic) and aerobic pathways. The results also highlight the usefulness of blood lactate and heart rate measurements as practical indicators for assessing fitness and physiological response in working dogs during IGP1 activities. Full article

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14 pages, 1411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Urinary Cotinine and Whole-Slide Digital Cytomorphometric Alterations in the Oral Mucosa of Tobacco Smoke-Exposed Cats

by Ilaria d’Aquino, Lorenzo Riccio, Giuseppe Piegari, Nicola Ambrosio, Consiglia Longobardi, Roberto Ciarcia, Laura Cortese, Evaristo Di Napoli, Orlando Paciello and Valeria Russo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040354 - 4 Apr 2026

Abstract

Cigarette smoke contains a high concentration of carcinogenic substances to which smokers are regularly exposed. Passive smoking is seriously harmful to the health of non-smoking humans and animals. Domestic cats are particularly vulnerable because of their constant grooming activity, which can promote oral [...] Read more.

Cigarette smoke contains a high concentration of carcinogenic substances to which smokers are regularly exposed. Passive smoking is seriously harmful to the health of non-smoking humans and animals. Domestic cats are particularly vulnerable because of their constant grooming activity, which can promote oral ingestion of smoke-derived residues. Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, is a reliable biomarker for tobacco exposure. Considering these observations, our study aimed to (1) characterize cytological alterations in oral mucosal epithelial cells by conventional morphology and automated digital cytomorphometry; (2) quantify urinary cotinine concentration and investigate its possible correlation with oral epithelial cytological alterations. To this aim, oral smears were collected from 30 cats divided into two groups (20 exposed; 10 non-exposed). Smears were stained with May–Grünwald–Giemsa and Papanicolaou to assess inflammation and dysplasia; digital cytomorphometric analysis was used to quantify the nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N/C) ratio. Urinary cotinine was measured by ELISA. Our results showed that exposed cats had significantly higher urinary cotinine levels and higher N/C ratios (p < 0.01) than non-exposed controls, along with mild-to-severe inflammation and dysplastic-like epithelial alterations. These findings support urinary cotinine as a valid biomarker of household tobacco smoke exposure in domestic cats and suggest that such exposure may be correlated with early cytological and cytomorphometric changes in the oral mucosa. Further studies are needed to better investigate the relationship between exposure duration and cytological, cytomorphometric, and molecular alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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17 pages, 7025 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Anatomical and Imaging Characterization of Vascular and Neural Changes in Dogs with Perineal Hernia

by Mercedes Marañón-Almendros, Luis Avedillo, Gonzalo Sánchez-Banderas and Nieves Martín-Alguacil

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040353 - 3 Apr 2026

Abstract

A perineal hernia in dogs results from a failure of the pelvic diaphragm and is often accompanied by a displacement of the pelvic and abdominal organs. However, detailed descriptions of accompanying vascular and neural alterations are limited. This study uses a combination of [...] Read more.

A perineal hernia in dogs results from a failure of the pelvic diaphragm and is often accompanied by a displacement of the pelvic and abdominal organs. However, detailed descriptions of accompanying vascular and neural alterations are limited. This study uses a combination of fluoroscopic imaging and anatomical dissection to characterize the perineal arterial and neural anatomy in two control dogs and three dogs with unilateral or bilateral perineal hernias; however, only one control underwent fluoroscopy, and neural dissection was performed on one control and on the bilateral case. In the control specimen, the vascular pattern followed the classical NAV arrangement. In contrast, the hernia cases exhibited marked variability, including altered origins and lengths of the dorsal and ventral perineal arteries; long- or short-type internal iliac and internal pudendal arteries; and displacement or deterioration of the superficial perineal nerve. These changes were most pronounced in the dog with a bilateral hernia, which was accompanied by severe degeneration of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles and herniation of the colon, urinary bladder, and urethra. Fluoroscopic findings closely corresponded with anatomical observations, demonstrating the value of imaging in the preoperative assessment of vascular variations. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive description of the neurovascular and muscular modifications associated with perineal hernias and emphasizes the need for individualized anatomical evaluations to optimize surgical planning and reduce intraoperative risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative and Functional Anatomy in Veterinary and Animal Sciences—2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 3309 KB

Open AccessReview

Prevalence, Virulence, and Pathogenic Mechanisms of Mastitis-Associated Klebsiella pneumoniae in Herds and Phage-Based Control Strategies

by Wenhui Li, Jianwei Wang, Yangsen Wang, Pu Yan, Zhihua Ren and Tong Fu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040352 - 3 Apr 2026

Abstract

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an opportunistic and environmental mastitis pathogen prevalent in dairy herds worldwide. Owing to their genetic and genomic diversity, K. pneumoniae strains associated with bovine mastitis exhibit significant variation in virulence. Certain types of mastitis-causing K. pneumoniae [...] Read more.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an opportunistic and environmental mastitis pathogen prevalent in dairy herds worldwide. Owing to their genetic and genomic diversity, K. pneumoniae strains associated with bovine mastitis exhibit significant variation in virulence. Certain types of mastitis-causing K. pneumoniae strains exhibit enhanced pathogenicity and mammary adaptability, posing a serious threat to global public health. Bovine mastitis-causing K. pneumoniae strains can cause ultrastructural damage to bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs), leading to inflammatory injury, oxidative damage, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and immune evasion in bMECs. In this review, we summarize the prevalence, virulence genes, and pathogenic mechanisms of K. pneumoniae strains related to bovine mastitis. Given the increasing multidrug resistance of K. pneumoniae, we also outline the methods and mechanisms of phage therapy for K. pneumoniae infections, as well as future directions for treatment and prevention. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the population structure of mastitis-associated K. pneumoniae and provide valuable insights for future research on pathogenic mechanisms, vaccine development, and control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Microbial Infectious Diseases in the One Health Era: Pathogenesis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Innovative Control Strategies in Zoonoses)

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19 pages, 1154 KB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological and Clinical Characterization of Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs from Quito, Ecuador: Retrospective Analysis of Cases (2018–2025)

by Verónica Pareja-Mena, Daniela Flor-Dillon, Byron Puga-Torres, Anthony Loor-Giler and Luis Núñez

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040351 - 3 Apr 2026

Abstract

Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory disease that affects up to 15% of the global canine population. Its etiopathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic, immunological, environmental, and dietary factors. It is characterized by pruritus, erythema, alopecia, and secondary lesions, predominantly affecting [...] Read more.

Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory disease that affects up to 15% of the global canine population. Its etiopathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic, immunological, environmental, and dietary factors. It is characterized by pruritus, erythema, alopecia, and secondary lesions, predominantly affecting the abdomen, extremities, and ears. This retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study analyzed 735 medical records of dogs diagnosed with CAD treated at the Veterinary Specialty Center (CEVET) in Quito, Ecuador, between January 2018 and July 2025. Demographic, clinical, housing, diet, and cohabitation data were collected and statistically analyzed using χ² for qualitative variables and the Kruskal–Wallis test for quantitative variables, with post hoc analysis as appropriate. Additionally, pruritus severity was assessed using the Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS). A composite Clinical Severity and Distribution Score (CSDS) was also developed to classify disease severity. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with severe CAD. The results showed a predominance of CAD in adult dogs (84.2%) and purebred dogs (74.97%), with a slight majority being males (52.38%). Pruritus was the most frequent initial symptom (80.27%), with most cases presenting moderate-to-severe pruritus (pVAS 7–10). The most affected areas were the abdomen (24.49%) and forelimbs (17.68%). The geographical distribution showed a predominance of urban areas (88.84%) and cold climates (86.39%). Based on the CSDS, 53.2% of cases were classified as severe, 44.4% as moderate, and 2.4% as mild. Multivariate analysis revealed that grass exposure was significantly associated with severe CAD (OR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.22–2.60; p = 0.003), while urban environment showed a non-significant trend toward increased severity (OR = 1.41; p = 0.071). Significant associations were identified involving sex and body weight, age and affected area, and temporal variations in the severity of pruritus, age group, and distribution of lesions. Among breeds, French Bulldogs, Standard Schnauzers, and Shih Tzus had the highest prevalence of CAD. These findings provide the first systematic epidemiological and clinical characterization of CAD in Ecuador, highlighting the role of environmental factors in disease severity and supporting the use of composite clinical scoring approaches in retrospective studies, thereby contributing to understanding of the disease and serving as a reference for early diagnosis, clinical management, and the development of preventive strategies. Full article

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11 pages, 1065 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Analysis of the mTOR Signaling Pathway Mediated by the ORF3 Protein of Swine Hepatitis E Virus in HepG2 Cells via a circRNA–miRNA Network

by Jiya Li, Shengping Wu, Lingjie Wang, Xin Cao, Yulong Yin, Leli Wang and Hanwei Jiao

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040350 - 3 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: The ORF3 protein of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV-4) is a key virulence factor involved in viral assembly, egress, and host signaling regulation. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a pivotal role in autophagy, metabolism, and immunity, and is often [...] Read more.

Background: The ORF3 protein of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV-4) is a key virulence factor involved in viral assembly, egress, and host signaling regulation. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a pivotal role in autophagy, metabolism, and immunity, and is often modulated by viruses to promote replication. However, it remains unknown whether HEV-4 ORF3 modulates the mTOR pathway via circular RNAs (circRNAs). Methods: Using an adenovirus-mediated ORF3 overexpression system in HepG2 cells, we integrated circRNA and transcriptome high-throughput sequencing data, followed by KEGG enrichment analysis to identify mTOR-associated differentially expressed genes. A circRNA–miRNA regulatory network was constructed using bioinformatics tools, and the expression changes of m6A-related genes, including YTHDF3, were evaluated. Results: ORF3 overexpression significantly activated the mTOR pathway (p < 0.05) and led to the identification of 20 mTOR-related circRNAs (e.g., circRNA5142). These circRNAs regulated downstream autophagy and lipid metabolism genes by sponging miRNAs such as hsa-let-7d-5p and hsa-miR-132-3p. Altered YTHDF3 expression indicated possible m6A-dependent epitranscriptomic regulation of the mTOR pathway. Conclusions: Our integrated analysis suggests that HEV-4 ORF3 may modulate the mTOR pathway through a circRNA–miRNA network, perturbing host autophagy and metabolic balance, which may contribute to viral immune evasion. Targeting the ORF3-mediated circRNA-mTOR regulatory axis represents a promising therapeutic approach and provides a theoretical basis for novel anti-HEV-4 strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 653 KB

Open AccessReview

Considerations About the Antimicrobial Activity of Oxidized Cellulose and Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose and Their Potential Application in Veterinary Surgery

by Riccardo Rinnovati, Paola D’Angelo, Angelo Peli, Maria Virginia Ralletti and Federica Meistro

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040349 - 3 Apr 2026

Abstract

Oxidized cellulose (OC) and oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) are bioabsorbable polysaccharide-based materials widely used in surgery for topical hemostasis. Beyond their established hemostatic role, increasing attention has been directed toward their potential antimicrobial activity, primarily attributed to local acidification following carboxyl group dissociation. [...] Read more.

Oxidized cellulose (OC) and oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) are bioabsorbable polysaccharide-based materials widely used in surgery for topical hemostasis. Beyond their established hemostatic role, increasing attention has been directed toward their potential antimicrobial activity, primarily attributed to local acidification following carboxyl group dissociation. Discussing the possible implications of the antibacterial properties of OC/ORC in veterinary surgical practice, this review critically examines the existing evidence. In vitro studies show that viable bacterial counts are significantly reduced in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Historical in vivo animal models further support a reduction in bacterial recovery in contaminated tissues treated with OC. However, contemporary veterinary clinical trials specifically evaluating surgical site infection (SSI) outcomes remain limited. Documented limitations include variability in formulation, quantity-dependent degradation kinetics, and the potential for foreign body reactions when excessive material is retained. Current evidence suggests that OC may provide adjunctive antimicrobial effects under controlled experimental conditions, primarily in vitro and in standardized animal models, but these properties should be interpreted with caution, and its role should be integrated within comprehensive infection prevention strategies rather than considered a substitute for established perioperative protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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31 pages, 19473 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological, Histological and Ultrastructural Characterization of the Common Dolphin’s Adrenal Glands

by Paula Alonso-Almorox, Alfonso Blanco, Ignacio Molpeceres-Diego, Raiden Grandía-Guzmán, Diego Llinás Rueda, Manuel Arbelo and Antonio Fernández

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040348 - 2 Apr 2026

Abstract

The adrenal glands are central regulators of endocrine function and stress physiology, yet detailed species-specific anatomical baselines remain limited in cetaceans. This study provides a comprehensive gross, histological, morphometric, and ultrastructural characterization of the adrenal glands in 55 short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) [...] Read more.

The adrenal glands are central regulators of endocrine function and stress physiology, yet detailed species-specific anatomical baselines remain limited in cetaceans. This study provides a comprehensive gross, histological, morphometric, and ultrastructural characterization of the adrenal glands in 55 short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) examined postmortem in the Canary Islands. Adrenal glands were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically, and histological corticomedullary ratios were calculated from mid-transverse sections. Associations with body length, sexual maturity, and cause-of-death category were assessed statistically. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize cortical and medullary cellular ultrastructure. Adrenal weight showed a positive correlation with body length. The histological corticomedullary ratio showed no lateral asymmetry but differed significantly between sexually immature and mature individuals, indicating ontogenetic remodeling of adrenal architecture. In contrast, the corticomedullary ratio did not differ significantly between adult dolphins that died from acute events and those that died following more progressive pathological conditions. Ultrastructural analysis identified characteristic steroidogenic cortical cells and two distinct chromaffin cell populations in the medulla. These findings establish the first integrated anatomical baseline for the adrenal gland in Delphinus delphis, providing essential reference data for comparative anatomy, veterinary pathology, and the interpretation of endocrine-related findings in cetaceans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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18 pages, 3342 KB

Open AccessArticle

Look Trout in the Eye: Corneal Biomarkers of Ammonia Stress in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Treated with TiO₂ Photoelectrocatalysis

by Giorgio Mirra, Gaia Beatrice Maria Bianchi, Chiara Stocchero, Mirko Sergio, Lucia Aidos, Chiara Bazzocchi, Anna Zurlo, Annamaria Costa, Eleonora Buoio, Silvia Clotilde Modina, Giuseppe Radaelli, Daniela Bertotto, Tarek Temraz, Nadia Chérif, Gian Luca Chiarello, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Alessia Di Giancamillo and Chiara Giudice

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040347 - 2 Apr 2026

Abstract

The eye is a sensitive target of sublethal stress in aquaculture-reared fish due to its direct exposure to the aquatic environment. This study tested a photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water treatment system, integrated into a standard recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), to improve water quality and [...] Read more.

The eye is a sensitive target of sublethal stress in aquaculture-reared fish due to its direct exposure to the aquatic environment. This study tested a photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water treatment system, integrated into a standard recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), to improve water quality and evaluated ocular health in Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) reared at 30 kg/m³ for 28 days, with particular emphasis on the cornea as an indicator of fish welfare. Ocular analyses focused on the cornea and retina, two anatomically and functionally distinct structures. PEC significantly reduced ammonia levels and modulated nitrate concentrations compared to the control group (CTR), represented by a standard RAS. No differences in growth performance or body condition were observed between groups. Corneal integrity was assessed using optical coherence tomography, histology, and mucous cell staining to evaluate epithelial structure and protective responses. Corneal tissue was examined to detect local oxidative effects through morphological analysis and immunohistochemistry for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Alcian Blu–Periodic Acid–Schiff (AB–PAS) staining did not reveal significant differences in mucin-producing cells among groups. CTR fish exhibited epithelial disruption and increased 8-OHdG immunoreactivity, whereas fish reared in the RAS equipped with the PEC system, ensuring improved water quality, showed preserved corneal architecture despite mild oxidative stress. Molecular analysis of ocular tissues revealed no differential expression of oxidative stress-related genes, such as GPx1, GR, or sod1, in the two groups. Overall, these findings support the use of the cornea as a sensitive indicator of sublethal environmental stress in farmed fish and suggest that PEC treatment may contribute to improved water quality management and welfare monitoring in intensive aquaculture systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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