Viral Immunology in Transplant Patients

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 820

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on the challenges and advancements in managing viral infections in transplant patients, an area of critical importance given the immunocompromised nature of these individuals. Transplant patients are at unique risk for viral infections due to immunosuppressive therapy, which may hinder their immune response to both common and opportunistic pathogens. This Special Issue aims to explore the latest research in viral immunology within this context, including insights into host–pathogen interactions, immune evasion mechanisms, and the development of innovative immunotherapies and prophylactic measures.

Key themes will include the following:

  1. Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis and Immune Response: Understanding how different viruses interact with and evade the host immune system in transplant patients, including detailed studies on immune dysregulation caused by immunosuppressive therapies.
  2. Diagnostic and Monitoring Approaches: Advances in the identification and monitoring of viral infections in transplant settings, including emerging biomarkers, molecular diagnostics, and real-time surveillance strategies.
  3. Preventive Strategies and Immunomodulatory Therapies: Development and evaluation of prophylactic treatments, vaccines, and immunotherapies aimed at reducing viral morbidity and mortality among transplant recipients.
  4. Clinical Management and Outcomes: Case studies and clinical trials detailing novel treatment protocols and their impact on patient outcomes, focusing on optimizing care for specific transplant populations such as renal, cardiac, or hematopoietic recipients.

This Special Issue invites original research, review articles, and case reports that provide a deeper understanding of viral immunology in transplant patients, with the goal of advancing clinical practices and improving patient care in this vulnerable population.

Dr. Alessandro Perrella
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • viral infections
  • transplant patients
  • immunocompromised
  • immune response
  • host–pathogen interactions
  • immunotherapies
  • diagnostic approaches
  • preventive strategies

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

18 pages, 817 KB  
Review
BK Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy and Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Transplant Recipients—What We Understand and What Remains Unclear
by Tang-Her Jaing, Yi-Lun Wang and Tsung-Yen Chang
Viruses 2025, 17(9), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091256 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 387
Abstract
The reactivation of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) during severe immunosuppression plays a crucial role in two significant syndromes observed in transplant recipients: BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) in kidney transplant patients and BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis (BKPyV-HC) in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. This review [...] Read more.
The reactivation of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) during severe immunosuppression plays a crucial role in two significant syndromes observed in transplant recipients: BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) in kidney transplant patients and BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis (BKPyV-HC) in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. This review aims to summarize the current understanding and lingering ambiguity by looking at three primary questions: (1) In cases with BKPyV-related illnesses in transplant patients, which diagnostic methods have the best track record of accuracy and success? (2) Which therapy approaches have the best track records of safety and efficacy in real-world clinical settings? (3) What can immunological research teach us about the development of future tailored treatments? Diagnosis involves the patient’s appearance, ruling out other potential causes, and employing quantitative PCR to identify active viral replication in urine or plasma. BKPyV-HC can vary from self-limited hematuria to potentially fatal bleeding, while BKPyVAN may lead to loss and dysfunction of the allograft. Reducing immunosuppression remains the key aspect of treatment. However, the effectiveness of antivirals (such cidofovir and leflunomide) is not always the same, and supporting measures depend on the syndrome. Researchers are looking into new immunotherapies, such as virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Due to the intricate viro-immunopathology and lack of defined treatment regimens, future initiatives should focus on prospective studies to establish validated thresholds, enhance management algorithms, and integrate immune surveillance into individualized therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Immunology in Transplant Patients)
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