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A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 12880

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yantao Wu

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Guest Editor

Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Interests: avian reovirus; infectious bronchitis virus; pathogenesis; protein interaction

Dr. Tao Yun

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Guest Editor

Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
Interests: molecular pathogenesis; molecular epidemiology; waterfowl virus; duck reovirus (DRV); duck tembusu virus (DTMUV); live vector vaccine of animal herpesvirus (livestock and poultry)

Dr. Chengcheng Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
2. Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
Interests: mechanism of immunosuppression induced by avian reovirus; epidemiological trends of avian reovirus and duck reovirus; virus or virus proteins interaction with host cell; vaccine development

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Avian reoviruses are important pathogens that cause considerable losses to the poultry industry. To date, the rapid progression in avian virus research worldwide has resulted in numerous achievements that have contributed to the development of innovative techniques and advanced approaches and the timely resolution of urgent issues. In this Special Issue, research articles, short communications, and review papers on all research aspects of avian orthoreoviruses are highly welcome.

Prof. Dr. Yantao Wu
Dr. Tao Yun
Dr. Chengcheng Zhang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

avian reovirus
molecular mechanism
pathogenesis
virus protein
interaction

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Seroprevalence Survey of Avian Reovirus in Broiler Breeders Chicken Flocks in Morocco

by Ahmed Achhal Elkadmiri, Amal Zhari, Noura Aitlaydi, Mohammed Bouslikhane, Asma Fagrach, Mohamed Mouahid and Siham Fellahi

Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061318 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1566

Abstract

Avian reovirus (ARV) is a prevalent infectious agent that has the potential to cause respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses in poultry, leading to substantial financial losses in the poultry sector. Until now, there have been no investigations conducted to examine the epidemiological status of ARV infections in Morocco. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of ARV infections with respect to area, types of chickens (broiler breeder, and broiler), vaccination status, and age of chickens. A total of 826 serum samples were collected from 36 broiler and broiler breeder flocks, with 14 of them being unvaccinated, fromsix different regions of Morocco, namely Casablanca-Settat, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma, Oriental, Marrakech-Safi, and Fez-Meknès between 2021 and 2022.These serum samples were screened using a commercial indirect ELISA ARV antibody test kit (IDEXX REO). The study found that all tested flocks were positive for ARV-specific antibodies, indicating that the virus was present in these flocks. Out of the 826 serum samples tested, 782 were positive for ARV-specific antibodies. The overall prevalence of ARV infections in breeder and broiler flocks was calculated to be 94.6% ± 0.78. To summarize, the current study provides evidence of the widespread distribution of ARV infections in Morocco, suggesting that the poultry industry in the country is highly infected with ARV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Reoviruses)

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18 pages, 1547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Avian Rotaviruses F and G Detected in Brazilian Poultry Flocks

by Mariana S. Pinheiro, Juliana B. L. Dias, Melissa P. Petrucci, Carlos E. P. F. Travassos, Gabriella S. Mendes and Norma Santos

Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051089 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1412

Abstract

Avian rotaviruses (RVs) are important etiologic agents of gastroenteritis in birds. In general, avian RVs are understudied; consequently, there is a paucity of information regarding these viruses. Therefore, the characterization of these viral species is highly relevant because more robust information on genetic, epidemiologic, and evolutionary characteristics can clarify the importance of these infections, and inform efficient prevention and control measures. In this study, we describe partial genome characterizations of two avian RV species, RVF and RVG, detected in asymptomatic poultry flocks in Brazil. Complete or partial sequences of at least one of the genomic segments encoding VP1, VP2, VP4, VP6, VP7, NSP1, NSP4, NSP4, or NSP5 of 23 RVF and 3 RVG strains were obtained, and demonstrated that multiple variants of both RVF and RVG circulate among Brazilian poultry. In this study, new and important information regarding the genomic characteristics of RVF and RVG is described. In addition, the circulation of these viruses in the study region and the genetic variability of the strains detected are demonstrated. Thus, the data generated in this work should help in understanding the genetics and ecology of these viruses. Nonetheless, the availability of a greater number of sequences is necessary to advance the understanding of the evolution and zoonotic potential of these viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Reoviruses)

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16 pages, 4270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oncolytic Avian Reovirus σA-Modulated Upregulation of the HIF-1α/C-myc/glut1 Pathway to Produce More Energy in Different Cancer Cell Lines Benefiting Virus Replication

by Chao-Yu Hsu, Jing-Wen Huang, Wei-Ru Huang, I-Chun Chen, Ming-Shan Chen, Tsai-Ling Liao, Yu-Kang Chang, Muhammad Munir and Hung-Jen Liu

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020523 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2373

Abstract

Our previous reports proved that the structural protein σA of avian reovirus (ARV) is an energy activator which can regulate cellular metabolism that is essential for virus replication. This study has further demonstrated that the ARV protein σA is able to upregulate the HIF-1α/myc/glut1 pathway in three cancer cell lines (A549, B16-F10, and HeLa) to alter the metabolic pathway of host cells. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting results have revealed that σA protein could enhance both mRNA and the protein levels of HIF-1α, c-myc, and glut1 in these cancer cell lines. In this work, ATeam immunofluorescence staining was used to reveal that knockdown of HIF-1α, c-myc, and glut1 by shRNAs decreased cellular ATP levels. Our data reveal that the ARV σA protein can downregulate lactate fermentation and upregulate glutaminolysis. The σA protein upregulates glutaminase, which converts glutamate into the TCA cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate, activating the TCA cycle. In the lactate fermentation pathway, ARV σA protein suppresses lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), implying the Warburg effect does not occur in these cancer cell lines. This study provides a novel finding revealing that ARV σA protein upregulates glycolysis and glutaminolysis to produce energy using the HIF-1α/c-myc/glut1 pathway to benefit virus replication in these cancer cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Reoviruses)

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14 pages, 3271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinct Whole Transcriptomic Profiles of the Bursa of Fabricius in Muscovy Ducklings Infected by Novel Duck Reovirus with Different Virulence

by Tao Yun, Jionggang Hua, Zheng Ni, Weicheng Ye, Liu Chen, Yinchu Zhu and Cun Zhang

Viruses 2023, 15(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010111 - 30 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1419

Abstract

Novel duck reovirus (NDRV) is a newly identified reovirus that brings about more severe damage on multiple organs and mortality in various species of waterfowl. We previously characterized the transcriptomic profiles responding to NDRV in the bursa of Fabricius of Muscovy ducklings, which is a major immunological organ against virus infection. However, the molecular mechanisms of variant cell responses in the bursa of Fabricius to NDRV with different virulence is unclear. Here, we conducted a whole transcriptomic analysis to study the effects of two strains, HN10 (virulent NDRV) and JDm10 (artificially attenuated NDRV), on the bursa of Fabricius of Muscovy ducklings. We harvested a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the bursa of Fabricius specially induced by HN10 and JDm10, and we found that HN10 induced DEGs enriched in differentiation and development in multiple organs beyond JDm10. Moreover, the ceRNA regulatory network also indicated the different connections among mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA. Interestingly, we further noticed that a population of differential expressed miRNA could particularly target to transcripts of HN10 and JDm10. We took miR-24 as an example and observed that miR-24 could reduce the transcription of GLI family zinc finger 3 (Gli3) and membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 1 (Magi1) via recognition 3′ UTR of these two genes by a dual luciferase reporter gene assay in vitro. However, this effect could be compromised by HN10 infection or the ectopic over-expression of the putative miR-24 targeting regions in L1 and L3 fragments of HN10. Taken together, we examined and proposed a novel regulatory competitive mechanism between transcripts of NDRV and Muscovy ducklings for miRNA. These findings may advance the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of NDRV in Muscovy ducklings, and help provide the potential targets for vaccine and drug development against NDRV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Reoviruses)

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14 pages, 3702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arrest of Cell Cycle by Avian Reovirus p17 through Its Interaction with Bub3

by Junyu Tang, Mengjiao Fu, Xiang Chen, Yimeng Zhao, Li Gao, Hong Cao, Xiaoqi Li, Shijun J. Zheng and Yongqiang Wang

Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112385 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1572

Abstract

Avian reoviruses (ARV) are a group of poultry pathogens that cause runting and stunting syndrome (RSS), a condition otherwise known as “frozen chicken”, which are characterized by dramatically delayed growth in broilers. It has been known that p17, a nonstructural protein encoded by ARV, prohibits cellular proliferation by halting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, the result of which is directly associated with the typical clinical sign of RSS. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which p17 modulates cell-cycle progression remains largely unknown. Here, we screened the interactome of ectopically expressed p17 through a yeast two-hybrid assay and identified Bub3, a cellular mitotic checkpoint protein, as a binding partner of p17. The infection of the Vero cells by ARV downregulated the Bub3 expression, while the knockdown of Bub3 alleviated the p17-modulated cell-cycle arrest during ARV infection. Remarkably, the suppression of Bub3 by RNAi in the Vero cells significantly reduced the viral mRNA and protein abundance, which eventually led to diminished virus replication. Altogether, our findings reveal that ARV p17 impedes host cell proliferation through a Bub3-dependent cell-cycle arrest, which eventually contributes to efficient virus replication. These results also unveil a hitherto unknown therapeutic target for RSS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Reoviruses)

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14 pages, 3501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Avian Reovirus σB Interacts with Caveolin-1 in Lipid Rafts during Dynamin-Dependent Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis

by Yuyang Wang, Yangyang Zhang, Wei Zuo, Zongyi Bo, Chengcheng Zhang, Xiaorong Zhang and Yantao Wu

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2201; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102201 - 6 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the basic component of caveolae, a specialized form of lipid raft that plays an essential role in endocytic viral entry. However, the evidence of direct involvement of caveolae and Cav-1 in avian reovirus (ARV) entry remains insufficient. In this study, the membrane lipid rafts were isolated as detergent-resistant microdomains (DRMs) by sucrose gradient centrifugation, and the capsid protein σB of ARV was found to associate with Cav-1 in DRMs fractions. Additionally, the interaction between ARV σB protein and Cav-1 was demonstrated by immunofluorescence co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, we found that the internalization of ARV is sensitive to caveolae and dynamin inhibitors, while it is insensitive to clathrin inhibitors. In conclusion, these results indicate that the ARV σB protein interacts with Cav-1 during dynamin-dependent caveolae-mediated endocytosis for the entry of ARV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Reoviruses)

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16 pages, 3159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intergrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Differential Responses to Novel Duck Reovirus Infection in the Bursa of Fabricius of Cairna moschata

by Tao Yun, Jionggang Hua, Weicheng Ye, Zheng Ni, Liu Chen, Yinchu Zhu and Cun Zhang

Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081615 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1842

Abstract

The bursa of Fabricius is an immunologically organ against the invasion of duck reovirus (DRV), which is a fatal bird virus belonging to the Reoviridae family. However, responses of the bursa of Fabricius of Cairna moschata to novel DRV (NDRV) infection are largely unknown. Transcriptomes and proteomes of the samples from control and two NDRV strain (HN10 and JDm10) with different virulence were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes and differential accumulated proteins were enriched in the serine protease system and innate immune response clusters. Most of the immune-related genes were up-regulated under both JDm10/HN10 infections. However, the immune-related proteins were only accumulated under HN10 infection. For the serine protease system, coagulation factor IX, three chains of fibrinogen, and complements C8, C5, and C2s were significantly up-regulated by the HN10 infection, suggesting that the serine protease-mediated immune system might be involved in the resistance to NDRV infection. For the innate and adaptive immune system, RIG-I, MDA5, MAPK20, and IRF3 were significantly up-regulated, indicating their important roles against invaded virus. TLR-3 and IKBKB were only up-regulated in the liver cells, MAPK20 was only up-regulated in the bursa of Fabricius cells, and IRAK2 was only up-regulated in the spleen samples. Coagulation factor IX was increased in the bursa of Fabricius, not in the liver and spleen samples. The data provides a detailed resource for studying the proteins participating in the resistances of the bursa of Fabricius of duck to NDRV infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Reoviruses)

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