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Fish Antiviral Immunity

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A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 13885

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Prof. Dr. Wuhan Xiao

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Guest Editor

Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: molecular mechanisms of hypoxic tolerance in fish; molecular mechanisms of innate immunity in response to virus infection in fish; crosstalk between hypoxia signaling and antiviral innate immunity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viral diseases in fish are one of the leading diseases threatening the aquaculture industry. Developing approaches for the prevention and treatment of virus diseases in fish has become the primary task of the aquaculture community. Similarly to mammals, in response to viral infection, fish immune systems exhibit their roles on antiviral infections. Understanding the process and underlying mechanisms of fish immune responses to viral infections will be beneficial for screening antiviral drugs, developing vaccines and breeding new varieties with disease resistance. It is our pleasure to invite you to submit your manuscripts to this Special Issue.

This Special Issue aims to publish papers related to fish antiviral immunity; original research articles and reviews are both welcome. The research areas of interest include, but are not limited to, the following: innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and mucosal immunity.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Wuhan Xiao
Guest Editor

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Keywords

fish
virus
adaptive immunity
innate immunity
mucosal immunity
zebrafish
aquaculture
vaccine

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 5738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Activates Integrated Stress Response Pathway and Induces Stress Granules to Regulate Virus Replication

by Barkha Ramnani, Shelby Powell, Adarsh G. Shetty, Praveen Manivannan, Brian R. Hibbard, Douglas W. Leaman and Krishnamurthy Malathi

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020466 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2545

Abstract

Virus infection activates integrated stress response (ISR) and stress granule (SG) formation and viruses counteract by interfering with SG assembly, suggesting an important role in antiviral defense. The infection of fish cells by Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV), activates the innate immune recognition pathway and the production of type I interferon (IFN). However, the mechanisms by which VHSV interacts with ISR pathway regulating SG formation is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that fish cells respond to heat shock, oxidative stress and VHSV infection by forming SG that localized key SG marker, Ras GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1). We show that PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), but not (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), is required for VHSV-induced SG formation. Furthermore, in VHSV Ia infected cells, PERK activity is required for IFN production, antiviral signaling and viral replication. SG formation required active virus replication as individual VHSV Ia proteins or inactive virus did not induce SG. Cells lacking G3BP1 produced increased IFN, antiviral genes and viral mRNA, however viral protein synthesis and viral titers were reduced. We show a critical role of the activation of ISR pathway and SG formation highlighting a novel role of G3BP1 in regulating VHSV protein translation and replication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Antiviral Immunity)

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14 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interaction of Mandarin Fish DDX41 with STING Evokes type I Interferon Responses Inhibiting Ranavirus Replication

by Xiao-Wei Qin, Zhi-Yong Luo, Wei-Qiang Pan, Jian He, Zhi-Min Li, Yang Yu, Chang Liu, Shao-Ping Weng, Jian-Guo He and Chang-Jun Guo

Viruses 2023, 15(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010058 - 24 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1762

Abstract

DDX41 is an intracellular DNA sensor that evokes type I interferon (IFN-I) production via the adaptor stimulator of interferon gene (STING), triggering innate immune responses against viral infection. However, the regulatory mechanism of the DDX41-STING pathway in teleost fish remains unclear. The mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) is a cultured freshwater fish species that is popular in China because of its high market value. With the development of a high-density cultural mode in mandarin fish, viral diseases have increased and seriously restricted the development of aquaculture, such as ranavirus and rhabdovirus. Herein, the role of mandarin fish DDX41 (scDDX41) and its DEAD and HELIC domains in the antiviral innate immune response were investigated. The level of scDDX41 expression was up-regulated following treatment with poly(dA:dT) or Mandarin fish ranavirus (MRV), suggesting that scDDX41 might be involved in fish innate immunity. The overexpression of scDDX41 significantly increased the expression levels of IFN-I, ISGs, and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays showed that the DEAD domain of scDDX41 recognized the IFN stimulatory DNA and interacted with STING to activate IFN-I signaling pathway. Interestingly, the HELIC domain of scDDX41 could directly interact with the N-terminal of STING to induce the expression levels of IFN-I and ISGs genes. Furthermore, the scDDX41 could enhance the scSTING-induced IFN-I immune response and significantly inhibit MRV replication. Our work would be beneficial to understand the roles of teleost fish DDX41 in the antiviral innate immune response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Antiviral Immunity)

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15 pages, 18923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV) Nonstructural Protein B2 and Its Enhancement on Virus Proliferation

by Yuqi Zhang, Fujing Dong, Jing Xing, Xiaoqian Tang, Xiuzhen Sheng, Heng Chi and Wenbin Zhan

Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2818; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122818 - 17 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1776

Abstract

The nerve necrosis virus (NNV), a pathogen of viral nervous necrosis disease in several important mariculture economic fish species, causes economic loss. Its nonstructural protein B2 encoded by the sub-genomic RNA3 affects the amplification of the virus. In this study, the B2 protein was recombinantly expressed, the polyclonal antibodies were produced and the dynamics of the B2 protein and genomes were measured in vivo and in vitro after NNV infection. Then, the effects of the overexpressed B2 protein on virus proliferation were investigated. The results showed that the polyclonal antibodies can recognize the B2 protein in both SSN-1 cells and the brain/eye of the grouper. The RNA3 expression significantly increased at 12 h and kept rising till the end of the experiment; it was 10^6.9 copies/μL at 120 h. The B2 protein could be first detected at 3 h post-infection, which was earlier than the capsid protein was first detected (12 h post-infection). The B2 protein can be detected in the brain, eye and heart on day 3 and the copy number of genomes reached a maximum at 6 d post-infection. There was a low expression of NNV genomes in the liver, spleen and kidney, and no virus was detected in the gill, stomach and intestine. In the meantime, the B2 protein was successfully expressed in GF-1 cells and significantly enhanced virus proliferation, which produced an earlier cytopathic effect and higher cell death rates after 3 d post-infection than the control. In conclusion, the B2 protein acts as an early expressed protein during virus replication and proliferation and is involved in the early infection of NNV. The results may provide insight into the early stage of virus infection and prevention of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Antiviral Immunity)

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14 pages, 6094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Identification of a New Isolate of Anguillid Herpesvirus 1 from Farmed American Eels (Anguilla rostrata) in China

by Rui Guo, Zheng Zhang, Tianliang He, Miaomiao Li, Yuchen Zhuo, Xiaoqiang Yang, Haiping Fan and Xinhua Chen

Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2722; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122722 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) is a pathogen that causes hemorrhagic disease in various farmed and wild freshwater eel species, resulting in significant economic losses. Although AngHV-1 has been detected in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata), its pathogenicity has not been well characterized. In this study, an AngHV-1 isolate, tentatively named AngHV-1-FC, was isolated from diseased American eels with similar symptoms as those observed in AngHV-1-infected European eels and Japanese eels. AngHV-1-FC induced severe cytopathic effects in the European eel spleen cell line (EES), and numerous concentric circular virions were observed in the infected EES cells by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, AngHV-1-FC caused the same symptoms as the naturally diseased European eels and Japanese eels through experimental infection, resulting in a 100% morbidity rate and 13.3% mortality rate. The whole genome sequence analyses showed that the average nucleotide identity value between AngHV-1-FC and other AngHV-1 isolates ranged from 99.28% to 99.55%. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that there was a genetic divergence between AngHV-1-FC and other AngHV-1 isolates, suggesting that AngHV-1-FC was a new isolate of AngHV-1. Thus, our results indicated that AngHV-1-FC can infect farmed American eels, with a high pathogenicity, providing new knowledge in regard to the prevalence and prevention of AngHV-1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Antiviral Immunity)

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15 pages, 10401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specificity of DNA Vaccines against the Genogroup J and U Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Strains Prevalent in China

by Caiyun Huo, Dandan Huang, Zhihong Ma, Guiping Li, Tieliang Li, Wutong Lin, Na Jiang, Wei Xing, Guanling Xu, Huanhuan Yu, Lin Luo and Huiling Sun

Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2707; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122707 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1412

Abstract

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the most important pathogen threatening the aquaculture of salmonid fish in China. In addition to the common genogroup J IHNV, genogroup U has been newly discovered in China. However, there is no effective DNA vaccine to fight against this emerging genogroup U IHNV in China. In this study, DNA vaccines encoding the IHNV viral glycoprotein (G) gene of the GS2014 (genogroup J) and BjLL (genogroup U) strains isolated from northern China were successfully developed, which were identified by restriction analysis and IFA. The expression of the Mx-1 gene and G gene in the spleens and muscles of the injection site as well as the titers of the serum antibodies were measured to evaluate the vaccine efficacy by RT-qPCR and ELISA. We found that DNA vaccine immunization could activate Mx1 gene expression and upregulate G gene expression, and the mRNA levels of the Mx1 gene in the muscles were significantly higher than those in the spleens. Notably, DNA vaccine immunization might not promote the serum antibody in fish at the early stage of immunization. Furthermore, the efficacy of the constructed vaccines was tested in intra- and cross-genogroup challenges by a viral challenge in vivo. It seemed that the DNA vaccines were able to provide great immune protection against IHNV infection. In addition, the genogroup J IHNV-G DNA vaccine showed better immune efficacy than the genogroup U IHNV-G or divalent vaccine, which could provide cross-immune protection against the genogroup U IHNV challenge. Therefore, this is the first study to construct an IHNV DNA vaccine using the G gene from an emerging genogroup U IHNV strain in China. The results provide great insight into the advances of new prophylactic strategies to fight both the genogroup J and U IHNV in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Antiviral Immunity)

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13 pages, 3547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Immune Function of the Head and Trunk Kidney in Rainbow Trout Responding to IHNV Infection

by Ruhan Sun, Qin Wang, Zhenyu Huang, Mengting Zhan, Zhangchun Zhao, Bingchao Wang, Mengge Guo, Le Yuan, Zechao Shi, Gang Ouyang and Wei Ji

Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122663 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1796

Abstract

A teleost’s kidney was divided into head kidney and trunk kidney. The head kidney is an important lymphatic organ, while the trunk kidney mainly performs osmotic pressure regulation and excretion functions. Previous studies have shown that the teleost’s head kidney exerts a strong immune response against pathogen invasion, while the mechanism of immune response in the trunk kidney is still rarely reported. Therefore, in this study, we established an Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) immersion infection model to compare the similarities and differences of immune response mechanisms between the head kidney and trunk kidney against viral infection. The results showed that IHNV infection causes severe tissue damage and inflammatory reaction in the head and trunk kidney, triggers a series of interferon cascade reactions, and produces strong immune response. In addition, the transcriptome data showed that the head kidney and trunk kidney had similar immune response mechanisms, which showed that the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway were activated. In conclusion, despite functional differentiation, the teleost’s trunk kidney still has a strong immune response, especially the interferon-stimulated genes, which have stronger immune response in the trunk kidney than in the head kidney when responding to IHNV infection. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the teleost immune system and enriches the theory of kidney immunity in teleosts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Antiviral Immunity)

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12 pages, 1999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cloning, Exogenous Expression and Function Analysis of Interferon–γ from Gadus macrocephalus

by Jielan Jiang, Jie Gu, Aijun Zhan, Mingguang Mao, Yumeng Liu, Haishan Wang and Yunxiang Mao

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102304 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1723

Abstract

Interferon γ (IFN–γ) is now considered to be one of the key molecules in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The function of IFN–γ is best described in humans, but less of IFN–γ in fish species has been described at protein level. In the present study, IFN–γ from Gadus macrocephalus (GmIFN–γ) has been examined in terms of bioinformatics, prokaryotic expression, yeast expression, antiviral activity and immune regulatory function. The cDNA of GmIFN–γ contains an open reading frame of 570 nucleotides, coding 189 amino acids. The mature protein contains a nuclear localization signal motif and an obvious IFN–γ signature sequence at the C-terminal. GmIFN–γ is very similar to that of Atlantic cod, with homology up to 89.89%, but less than 32% to other species. GmIFN–γ can be detected in the gills, spleen, intestine, brain and kidney. Interestingly, during early development, a strong signal of GmIFN–γ was not detected until 40 days post hatching. Prokaryotic expression plasmid pET–32a–GmIFN–γ was constructed, and the expression products in BL21 were confirmed by Mass Spectrometry. Meanwhile, the plasmid pGAPZA–GmIFN–γ with Myc tag was constructed and transmitted into Pichia pastoris yeast GS115, and the products were tested using Western blot. The purified GmIFN–γ from either BL21 or yeast has a strong antivirus (Spring viremia of carp virus) effect. The vector of pcDNA3.1–GmIFN–γ was expressed in EPC cell lines; high transcript levels of MHC class I chain-related protein A (MICA) gene were detected; and the exogenous GmIFN–γ protein could also induce MICA expression, indicating that GmIFN–γ could stimulate immune response. The yeast GS115 with GmIFN–γ protein, which is an inclusion body, was given to zebrafish orally, and the transcript of zebrafish IFN–γ was upregulated significantly; however, genes of the interferon type–I signal pathway were not well stimulated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Antiviral Immunity)

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