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Assessment and Management of Soil Salinity: Methods and Technologies

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Soil and Water".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2026 | Viewed by 1264

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Natural Resources Management and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: soil physics; flow and transport in soils; dielectric sensors; salinity; irrigation and drainage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
Interests: soil physics; plant soil–water interaction; flow and transport in soils; horticultural substrates; vadose zone hydrology; water resource management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Soil salinity is a critical issue in many agricultural regions, primarily caused by salt accumulation due to irrigation and poor drainage.

According to the latest FAO report, approximately 1381 million hectares of land (about 10.7% of the planet’s total surface) are affected by salinity. In severely impacted countries, yield losses of up to 70% of crop production have been recorded. As global demand for food is expected to increase in the coming decades, the marginal yield of agricultural land affected by salt will become increasingly crucial.

An accurate assessment of soil salinity is essential for ensuring sustainable land use and crop productivity. Various methods are used to determine soil salinity, including the laboratory determination of Electrical Conductivity, either from saturation paste extract (ECe) or different soil/water ratios, as well as geophysical instruments such as electromagnetic induction (EMI) and in situ dielectric sensors.

Advancements in remote sensing and machine learning (ML) have enabled the creation of digital soil maps (DSMs) to estimate and visualize salinity levels over large areas. These tools support the mapping of soil salinity and help identify its spatial and temporal distribution, allowing for targeted interventions.

Salinity directly affects soil properties, such as reducing hydraulic conductivity, thereby impacting water infiltration and root zone conditions. Effective salinity control involves techniques such as salt leaching, improved drainage systems, and intelligent irrigation and leaching technology that optimize water use while preventing further salt accumulation.

The combined use of these technologies alongside the adoption of integrated management strategies will help mitigate the negative impacts of salinity and enhance the sustainability of crop production in environments threatened by the degradation of natural resources.

Prof. Dr. George Kargas
Dr. Paraskevi Londra
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • salt accumulation and soil salinity assessment
  • methods of soil salinity determination
  • spatial and temporal distribution of salinity
  • irrigation with saline water
  • salinity control and salt leaching
  • drainage systems
  • effect of salts on hydraulic conductivity
  • mapping of soil salinity
  • remote sensing and soil salinity
  • geophysical instruments in soil salinity mapping
  • digital soil maps (DSMs) of ECe with machine learning (ML) technology
  • intelligent irrigation and leaching technology

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 2525 KB  
Article
Effects of Polymer-Based Soil Conditioner and Humic Acid on Soil Properties and Cotton Yield in Saline–Sodic Soils
by Yilin Guo, Xiaoguo Mu, Guorong Ma, Jihong Zhang and Zhenhua Wang
Water 2026, 18(7), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18070780 - 26 Mar 2026
Viewed by 471
Abstract
Secondary salinization in mulched drip-irrigated cotton fields of arid oasis–desert transition zones in Xinjiang imposes coupled root-zone constraints, including salt-induced aggregate structural degradation and ionic stress. However, field evidence remains limited on whether integrating a structure-oriented soil conditioner with humic acid can generate [...] Read more.
Secondary salinization in mulched drip-irrigated cotton fields of arid oasis–desert transition zones in Xinjiang imposes coupled root-zone constraints, including salt-induced aggregate structural degradation and ionic stress. However, field evidence remains limited on whether integrating a structure-oriented soil conditioner with humic acid can generate stable improvements across growing seasons. A two-year field experiment with a randomized block design (three replicates) was conducted to evaluate four treatments: control (CK), polyacrylamide (PAM, 30 kg ha−1), humic acid (HA, 450 kg ha−1), and PAM + HA. Soil physical and chemical properties and aggregate-size distribution were determined after harvest, while enzyme activities and root traits were assessed at the flowering–boll stage. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and random forest (RF) analysis were used to explore soil–root–yield linkages and identify key soil predictors associated with yield variation. Treatment effects were most evident in the 0–20 cm layer, with PAM + HA showing the greatest overall improvement. In the topsoil, PAM + HA lowered soil pH from 8.35 to 7.88 in 2024 (p < 0.05), increased soil organic carbon (SOC) to 4.29 g kg−1 in 2025 (p < 0.01), and increased NO3–N to 25.51 and 30.27 mg kg−1 in 2024 and 2025, respectively (both p < 0.05). PAM + HA also enhanced cellulase activity from 6.17 to 16.85 mg glucose g−1 72 h−1 in 2024 and increased seed cotton yield to 6683.69 and 5996.89 kg ha−1 in 2024 and 2025, with a 51.0% yield increase over CK in 2024. SEM showed that root development had the strongest direct positive effect on yield (β = 0.79, R2 = 0.63; goodness of fit (GOF) = 0.74), while random forest identified alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, and NO3–N as the main yield predictors (out-of-bag R2 (OOB R2) = 0.672, p = 0.01). This study elucidated the effects of the combined application of a structure-oriented soil conditioner and humic acid on the root-zone environment of mulched drip-irrigated cotton fields in arid regions, providing a theoretical basis for the coordinated regulation of soil structural improvement and nutrient activation in saline–sodic cotton fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Management of Soil Salinity: Methods and Technologies)
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15 pages, 1850 KB  
Article
Analytical Description and Evaluation of Soil Infiltration Processes Under Horizontal Moistube Irrigation
by Di Liu, Zhiwei Yang, Yongting Huang, Xiongshi Wang, Xingrong Liu, Guoxin Zhang and Tao Liu
Water 2026, 18(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010035 - 22 Dec 2025
Viewed by 414
Abstract
In the optimal design and operation of moistube irrigation systems, a wetted body and its components are important factors. This study presents an analytical characterization of the soil wetted body under horizontal moistube irrigation. In the laboratory experiment, the temporal and spatial changes [...] Read more.
In the optimal design and operation of moistube irrigation systems, a wetted body and its components are important factors. This study presents an analytical characterization of the soil wetted body under horizontal moistube irrigation. In the laboratory experiment, the temporal and spatial changes in the wetted body during irrigation were observed. Specifically, the maximum wetting distances in the horizontal, vertical upward, and vertical downward directions on the soil profile were measured every 30 min. Additionally, images documenting the wetted body’s changes at different time points were recorded throughout the experiment. On this basis, by locating the soil profile of the wetted body in a coordinate system, the main motion equations describing the temporal and spatial changes in the wetted body’s soil profile were derived. Through integral processing of these motion equations, an analytical model for the wetted body under horizontal moistube irrigation was constructed. Finally, the model was validated using the experimental data. The results show that the model outcomes are consistent with the natural movement of water in the soil. Therefore, when characterizing the size of the wetted body under horizontal moistube irrigation using the soil profile area, the proposed method, which involves analyzing the shape and components of the wetted body’s soil profile at different time points and determining its soil profile size by integrating four distinct parabolas, is feasible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Management of Soil Salinity: Methods and Technologies)
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