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Karst Dynamic System and Its Water Resources Environmental Effects, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrogeology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 December 2024) | Viewed by 5741

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shi Yu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR and GZAR, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
Interests: karst environment; carbon cycle; water cycle; chemical weathering; hydrogeochemistry; hydrogeology; atmospheric precipitation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Guanghui Jiang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources and Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin 541004, China
Interests: karst hydrogeology; hydrogeochemistry; utilization of water resources; groundwater pollution control; water-carbon coupling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, human beings are increasingly concerned about the environment on which they depend for survival. The fragile ecological environment in karst areas is highly susceptible to external factors. This is not only because the karst areas occupy 15 % of the world's land area, which is about 22 million square kilometers, with a population of about 1 billion, rich in forest, mineral and land resources, but they also have many unique environmental problems. For these environmental problems, although there are management science reasons, the main reason is the lack of understanding of the characteristics of the karst environment, especially the lack of understanding of the structure of the karst environment system, from the perspective of karst dynamics and Earth system science in-depth analyses of its mechanism.

A karst dynamic system is characterized by its emphasis on the interaction between the various layers of the Earth system. It focuses on the monitoring of material and energy migration and transfer. In particular, karstification absorbs soil or atmospheric CO2 to form dissolved inorganic carbon, which is discharged to the ocean along rivers. The karst carbon sink effect has been a topic of concern for the majority of scholars. At the same time, owing to the special hydrogeological structure of karst areas, surface and groundwater in karst areas are prone to pollution, water shortage, drought and flood, rock desertification, and other problems; thus, the effect of water resources on karst areas is also a research hotspot today.

This Special Issue aims to gather contributions on the latest scientific research regarding the effects of karst carbon sinks and water resources in karst dynamic systems. This Special Issue hopes to encompass a broad spectrum of topics, including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Karst dynamic theory;
  • Karst carbon cycle;
  • Karst carbon sink and global climate change;
  • Ecological carbon sink in karst areas;
  • Development and utilization of karst water resources;
  • Karst groundwater quality;
  • Eco-hydrological interaction;
  • Migration and transformation mechanism of pollutants in karst groundwater.

Dr. Shi Yu
Dr. Guanghui Jiang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • global climate change
  • karst carbon sink
  • water-carbon coupling
  • quality of groundwater
  • ecohydrological
  • utilization of karst water resources

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1899 KiB  
Article
Medium- and Long-Term Hydrological Process Study in the Karst Watershed of the Lijiang River Basin
by Weixuan Li, Song Luan, Yuqing Zhao and Yifei Chen
Water 2024, 16(23), 3424; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233424 - 28 Nov 2024
Viewed by 437
Abstract
The hydrological processes in karst watersheds are influenced by various factors, including climate characteristics, underlying surface properties, and human activities. Existing watershed hydrological models primarily rely on theoretical concepts or empirical function relationships for simulation, resulting in insufficient accuracy in hydrological process analysis [...] Read more.
The hydrological processes in karst watersheds are influenced by various factors, including climate characteristics, underlying surface properties, and human activities. Existing watershed hydrological models primarily rely on theoretical concepts or empirical function relationships for simulation, resulting in insufficient accuracy in hydrological process analysis for study areas with limited data. The structure of artificial neural networks is similar to the hydrological process structure in karst watersheds. Based on the hydrological characteristics of the Lijiang River, a BP neural network model is configured with structural parameters set to 13-9-1. Using hydrological data from the Lijiang River from 1995 to 2020 as the foundational dataset, the network is trained and tested for prediction accuracy. The results show that the coefficient of determination for the monthly runoff model in the Lijiang River basin, based on the BP neural network, is 0.942. This suggests that it is feasible to use historical data to predict future flow changes in the Lijiang River basin, assuming that the changes are due exclusively to precipitation and evapotranspiration, but no significant changes occur in the land uses. The findings hold significant importance for water resource management in typical karst watersheds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Karst Dynamic System and Its Water Resources Environmental Effects, 2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 10296 KiB  
Article
Response to Pumping of Wells in Carbonate and Karst Aquifers and Effect on the Assessment of Sustainable Well Yield: Some Examples from Southern Italy
by Vincenzo Piscopo, Matteo Paoletti and Chiara Sbarbati
Water 2024, 16(18), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182664 - 19 Sep 2024
Viewed by 560
Abstract
Carbonate and karst aquifers are of great importance for human water supplies, for supporting aquatic habitats and providing ecosystem services. Optimizing the groundwater withdrawals is therefore essential for obtaining the maximum flow rate for human purposes while minimizing the negative effects on the [...] Read more.
Carbonate and karst aquifers are of great importance for human water supplies, for supporting aquatic habitats and providing ecosystem services. Optimizing the groundwater withdrawals is therefore essential for obtaining the maximum flow rate for human purposes while minimizing the negative effects on the environment. In particular, when the abstraction of groundwater occurs through wells, the problem of defining the sustainable yield arises. This study analyzes pumping tests conducted in carbonate and karst aquifers in southern Italy to derive indications for defining the sustainable yield of yields. The four examined cases concern the Mesozoic–Cenozoic platform and transition pelagic carbonate rocks characterized by different degree of fracturing and karstification and hosting a carbonate aquifer with variable average groundwater yields. The analysis compared drawdown–time trends and their derivatives for 35 pumping tests with theoretical curves to identify the flow dimension. Parameters useful for examining the well yields were then determined. The results show that the response to the pumping of the investigated aquifers is very variable, both among the different sites and within the same site. Well yields are very different due to aquifer heterogeneity, local hydrostratigraphy and structural setting, and position of the pumping center within the groundwater flow system. To determine the operational pumping rate for a well in this environment, this study emphasizes the importance of analyzing drawdown trends over time to correctly predict the well’s long-term response to pumping. Specifically, when pumping induces a steady-state drawdown response, the focus for defining the sustainable abstraction shifts to the basin or aquifer scale. Conversely, when a transient drawdown response to pumping results, the well’s capacity to capture groundwater becomes the primary factor for well yield and its sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Karst Dynamic System and Its Water Resources Environmental Effects, 2nd Edition)
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9 pages, 2084 KiB  
Article
Research Regarding the Autochthonous Dissolved Organic Carbon to Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Carbon Transformation Mechanism in a Typical Surface Karst River
by Jiabin Li, Qiong Xiao, Qiufang He, Yurui Cheng, Fang Liu, Peiling Zhang, Yifei Liu, Daoxian Yuan and Shi Yu
Water 2024, 16(18), 2584; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182584 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 688
Abstract
Autochthonic recalcitrant organic carbon is the most stable component in karst aquatic systems. Still, the processes of its generation and transformation remain unclear, which hinders the study of the mechanisms and quantitative calculations of carbon sinks in karst aquatic systems. This study collected [...] Read more.
Autochthonic recalcitrant organic carbon is the most stable component in karst aquatic systems. Still, the processes of its generation and transformation remain unclear, which hinders the study of the mechanisms and quantitative calculations of carbon sinks in karst aquatic systems. This study collected water samples from the Li River, a typical surface karst river in Southwest China. Through in situ microbial cultivation and the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) spectrum, changes in organic carbon components and their contents during the transformation of autochthonic dissolved organic carbon (Auto-DOC) to autochthonic dissolved recalcitrant organic carbon (Auto-RDOC) were analyzed to investigate the inert transformation processes of endogenous organic carbon. This study found that microbial carbon pumps (MCPs) promote the tyrosine-like component condensed into microbial-derived fulvic and humic components via heterotrophic bacteria metabolism, forming Auto-RDOC. During the dry season, the high level of Auto-DOC provides abundant organic substrates for heterotrophic bacteria, resulting in significantly higher Auto-RDOC production compared to the rainy season. This study provides fundamental information on the formation mechanisms of Auto-DOC in karst aquatic systems, which contributes to the assessment of carbon sinks in karst aquatic systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Karst Dynamic System and Its Water Resources Environmental Effects, 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 4156 KiB  
Article
The Hydrochemistry Characteristics and Chemical Weathering Intensity of an Anthropogenically Involved Catchment, South China
by Fan Liu, Song Wang, Jia Wang, Fang Guo, Shi Yu and Ping’an Sun
Water 2024, 16(17), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172444 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 848
Abstract
The hydrochemical characteristics of watersheds are influenced by many factors, with chemical weathering and human activities exerting the most substantial influence. Performing a quantitative evaluation of the factors contributing to the chemical weathering of rocks is of significant scientific importance. This research zeroes [...] Read more.
The hydrochemical characteristics of watersheds are influenced by many factors, with chemical weathering and human activities exerting the most substantial influence. Performing a quantitative evaluation of the factors contributing to the chemical weathering of rocks is of significant scientific importance. This research zeroes in on the Qingtang River basin to elaborate on the hydrochemical characteristic, explore the origins of ions, and quantify the influence of anthropogenic discharges amidst cation interferences, thus improving the accuracy of chemical weathering rate estimations. The samples encompassed surface water, groundwater, and water from dripping in karst caves. The findings indicate that human-induced alterations significantly influence hydrogeochemical dynamics, although chemical weathering of rocks in their natural state is the controlling factor. The mean contributions of cations from atmospheric deposition, human inputs, carbonate weathering, and silicate weathering were 17.56%, 21.05%, 51.77%, and 9.54%, respectively. The chemical weathering rate for carbonate rocks was 62.4 t·km−2·a−1, which increased by 27.87% due to the influence of exogenous acids. The anthropogenic impact is predominantly evident in two aspects: (1) the alteration of hydrochemical processes within the watershed through direct input of ions, and (2) the acceleration of rock weathering rates in the watershed due to the exogenous acids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Karst Dynamic System and Its Water Resources Environmental Effects, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 9098 KiB  
Article
Study on the Microstructure Evolution and Strength Deterioration of Powder Crystal Dolomite under Dissolution
by Wenlian Liu, Feng Ji, Pengen Liu, Hanhua Xu and Xiansen Meng
Water 2024, 16(14), 1989; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16141989 - 13 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1097
Abstract
To study the influence of water–rock interactions on the deterioration of rock, particularly the problems of the complex dissolution mechanism of dolomite and the difficulty in establishing chemical damage, dolomite obtained from a tunnel in Yuxi City was utilized. The macroscopic and microscopic [...] Read more.
To study the influence of water–rock interactions on the deterioration of rock, particularly the problems of the complex dissolution mechanism of dolomite and the difficulty in establishing chemical damage, dolomite obtained from a tunnel in Yuxi City was utilized. The macroscopic and microscopic dissolution characteristics of dolomite were analyzed using an indoor dissolution test combined with the hydrochemical characteristics of the study area, which were found to be favorable for dissolution. The dissolution of dolomite indicates the chemical decomposition of dolomite crystals, and the crystal failure mode is divided into intergranular dissolved pores and intracrystalline micropore development. Under various pH conditions, as H + is immersed in the rock sample, the failure mode of the rock sample develops from longitudinal cracks to transverse and longitudinal staggered cracks. Based on the aforementioned conclusions, in addition to the principle of chemical kinetics and the generalized Lemaitre strain equivalence principle, a damage model suitable for dolomite chemical erosion was defined. The fitting degree between the calculated value of uniaxial compressive strength and the experimental value reaches 98%, which is of excellent prediction accuracy and reliability. The model for dolomite chemical damage proposed herein provides a theoretical basis for dolomite dissolution damage; the theory of rock chemical damage is thereby enhanced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Karst Dynamic System and Its Water Resources Environmental Effects, 2nd Edition)
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Review

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21 pages, 4116 KiB  
Review
The Characteristics and Application of Deuterium and Oxygen Isotopes to Karst Groundwater, Southwest China
by Mi Tang, Shi Yu, Shaohong You and Pingping Jiang
Water 2024, 16(13), 1812; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131812 - 26 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1530
Abstract
Stable isotopes in natural water bodies serve as hydrologic tracers, with a history of extensive application in karst groundwater research. The present paper is a systematic review of previous research results, with the objective of sorting out and summarizing the stable isotopic characteristics [...] Read more.
Stable isotopes in natural water bodies serve as hydrologic tracers, with a history of extensive application in karst groundwater research. The present paper is a systematic review of previous research results, with the objective of sorting out and summarizing the stable isotopic characteristics of karst groundwater in southwest China, which is the most typical karst region worldwide. Comprehensive analysis reveals that the deuterium and oxygen isotope values of most karst groundwater are characterized temporally as ‘enriched in the rainy season and depleted in the dry season’, which is the opposite of the pattern of precipitation. While the spatial distribution feature is basically consistent with the spatial variation pattern of precipitation, which is characterized as ‘depleted from the coast to the interior’. Additionally, the main applications of stable isotopes to karst groundwater are discussed, including karst groundwater recharge source and recharge elevation identification, research on karst groundwater in the hydrological cycle, the hydrological process of karst groundwater, and karst groundwater contamination tracking. Finally, we looked forward to future research on karst groundwater based on deuterium and oxygen isotopes. It is our hope that this review may provide insight into the study of karst groundwater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Karst Dynamic System and Its Water Resources Environmental Effects, 2nd Edition)
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