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Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices
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Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 42103

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zhijun Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
Interests: ice physical and mechanical properties; ice engineering; polar sciences and technology; ecosystem under ice; physical modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tomasz Kolerski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
Interests: mathematical modeling; river ice; ice load; hydrological modeling; river hydraulics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Li Zhou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: ploar ship; ice-structure interaction; ice load; ice navigation; ice management; ice model test; numerical modelling; ice resistance; propeller
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Xiaohong Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
Interests: ice environment of rivers and lakes; mechanism of environmental evolution; hydrologic process; pollutant transfer; water environment protection and restoration
Prof. Dr. Zhengyong Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
Interests: glacier change; hydro-ecology; mass balance; climate change; environmental evolution
Dr. Fang Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: ice mechanics; ice-structure interaction; ice loads; ice navigation; ship performance in ice
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The ice texture properties significantly depend on crystal variants and connection style between crystal boundaries. The connection style is sensitive to the temperature surrounding the ice material. With global warming, the increase of ice temperature at high-latitude areas is observed and it is expected that the process will accelerate in the future. The ice research advances for the cold regions at the middle latitude, where the ice temperature is near freezing point may support the ice sciences and engineering at polar regions. Therefore, understanding the properties of sea, river, and lake ice, especially the ice properties near the freezing point, and their applications in different practices are useful for polar ice science and engineering.

This special issue will cover the physical, thermal, mechanical, optical, and electrical properties of any kind of crystal ice and ice sheet. The scope will also include remote sensing, engineering, ecosystem, and entertainment by multi approaches of tests, theoretical analysis, numerical modeling, and physical modeling.  The other topics closely related to this issue are also welcome.

The special issue is prepared to address the “higher temperature” ice properties and their applications. The issue can guide future ice science and engineering in polar regions under climate change.

Prof. Dr. Zhijun Li
Dr. Tomasz Kolerski
Prof. Dr. Li Zhou
Prof. Dr. Xiaohong Shi
Prof. Dr. Zhengyong Zhang
Dr. Fang Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • ice crystals
  • ice structure
  • ice properties
  • remote sensing
  • engineering
  • ecosystem
  • observations and investigations
  • numerical modeling
  • physical modeling

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Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

7 pages, 629 KiB  
Editorial
Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices
by Zhijun Li, Tomasz Kolerski, Li Zhou, Xiaohong Shi, Zhengyong Zhang and Fang Li
Water 2023, 15(5), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050899 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2062
Abstract
This Special Issue aims to highlight research articles focusing on the geographical scale of glacier and lake ice variations, as well as the engineering scale of ice properties and their practical applications via laboratory tests and numerical modeling. Additionally, it includes research on [...] Read more.
This Special Issue aims to highlight research articles focusing on the geographical scale of glacier and lake ice variations, as well as the engineering scale of ice properties and their practical applications via laboratory tests and numerical modeling. Additionally, it includes research on ecosystems under lake ice. The main goal is successfully achieved through the joint efforts of authors, anonymous reviewers, and editorial managers. In total, 1 review article and 15 research articles are included in this Special Issue. These articles cover a wide range of topics, including water resources from Chinese mountain glacier variation; lake ice phenology at different latitudes and altitudes around the world; ice properties from laboratory experiments and numerical modeling; ice engineering with different purposes in China and the Arctic; and ecosystem under lake ice at different temporal and spatial scales. This Special Issue received contributions from researchers from different parts of China and from Chinese international cooperation partners because of its focus on “higher temperature ice” under global warming. All papers presented are innovative and of high quality. This Special Issue can promote research on ice properties and their applications in practices ranging from mountains to sea, especially in popular water ecosystem environments under ice during seasonal ice period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 5798 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation
by Hongwei Han, Yu Li, Wanyun Li, Xingchao Liu, Enliang Wang and Haiqiang Jiang
Water 2023, 15(5), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15050889 - 25 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2117
Abstract
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proven to be a very effective method for examining ice thickness. However, two preconditions must be met for this approach to be useful; the round-trip travel time of electromagnetic (EM) waves and radar transmission speed in the ice [...] Read more.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proven to be a very effective method for examining ice thickness. However, two preconditions must be met for this approach to be useful; the round-trip travel time of electromagnetic (EM) waves and radar transmission speed in the ice must be known. These issues are problematic because many factors affect radar transmission speed in ice, including impurities, physical properties such as porosity and density, and temperature. Results show that if these factors are not taken into account and a signal velocity of 0.17 m/ns in pure ice is used to estimate thickness, overestimates will result. We carried out a series of GPR surveys using dual channel host 200 MHz shielded antennas at the Toudaoguai Hydrological Station on the Yellow River, China, and collected samples to analyze ice impurities and physical properties. The results show that the ice crystal types include frazil, granular, and column at the Toudaoguai Hydrologic Station section. Our analysis of ice gas bubble and sediment content showed that the gas bubble volume content is between 11.95 and 13.0% in the frazil ice and between 7.9% and 8.6% in granular and columnar ice. At the same time, the ice sediment content ranged between 0.11‰ and 0.57‰, and the average was 0.24‰ in granular and columnar ice, which was about one-tenth that of the suspended sediment concentration in water. Additionally, a combination of GPR data as well as ice impurities, porosity, density, and temperature enabled us to provide insights on the variability of radar transmission speed and the equivalent dielectric permittivity in river ice. Our extensive observations reveal that radar transmission speed falls between 0.141 m/ns and 0.164 m/ns and that the equivalent dielectric permittivity of river ice increases in concert with ice temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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21 pages, 7710 KiB  
Article
Spatial Variations of Fabric and Microstructure of Blue Ice Cores at the Shear Margin of Dalk Glacier, Antarctica
by Siyu Lu, Nan Zhang, Danhe Wang, Guitao Shi, Tianming Ma, Hongmei Ma, Chunlei An and Yuansheng Li
Water 2023, 15(4), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040728 - 12 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2518
Abstract
The study of the fabric and microstructure of ice at the shear margin of the Antarctic ice sheet is of great significance for understanding the ice flow and its contributions to sea level rise. In this study, twenty-three one-meter-long ice cores were drilled [...] Read more.
The study of the fabric and microstructure of ice at the shear margin of the Antarctic ice sheet is of great significance for understanding the ice flow and its contributions to sea level rise. In this study, twenty-three one-meter-long ice cores were drilled from blue ice areas at the shear margin of the Dalk Glacier, Antarctica. The ice fabric and microstructure of these ice cores are analyzed using a G50 fabric analyzer. This study shows that the shallow ice cores in this region present a cluster fabric as a consequence of shear stress. The grain size decreases following the direction of the ice flow towards the exposed bedrock at the end of the glacier, due to the blocking and squeezing by the bedrock. The formation mechanism of the shallow ice layers is that the ice from the original accumulation area flows here, lifted by the bedrock and shaped by the summer ablation and denudation. The basal ice at the shear margin of the Dalk Glacier is strongly rubbed by the bedrock and demonstrates a cluster fabric. The analysis of stable water isotopes shows a weak negative correlation between shallow ice fabric and stable water isotopes with depth. Bedrock topography and shear stress have a greater influence on grain microstructure among different ice cores over long distances at shear margins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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19 pages, 9180 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Distilled Water Ice at Different Growth Temperatures
by Yujia Zhang, Zuoqin Qian, Song Lv, Weilong Huang, Jie Ren, Ziwei Fang and Xiaodong Chen
Water 2022, 14(24), 4079; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14244079 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2532
Abstract
The existence of ice in nature will threaten the safety of navigation and water operations in cold regions. In order to improve the knowledge system of ice strength, the uniaxial compressive strength of distilled water ice grown at different temperatures is studied in [...] Read more.
The existence of ice in nature will threaten the safety of navigation and water operations in cold regions. In order to improve the knowledge system of ice strength, the uniaxial compressive strength of distilled water ice grown at different temperatures is studied in this paper. Distilled water ice samples grown at −5 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C, −20 °C, −25 °C, −30 °C and −35 °C are prepared in the cryogenic laboratory. The density and grain size are measured. The uniaxial compressive strength tests are carried out at −10 °C. The stress-strain curves and the mechanical properties and failure modes of ice are obtained by loading along the vertical direction in the strain rate range of 10−6 s−1 to 10−2 s−1. It is found that the uniaxial compressive strength of ice is a power function of strain rate and a linear relationship with the −1/2 power of grain size. Combined with the relationship between strength and grain size and the relationship between grain size and temperature, it is deduced that the peak compressive strength has a logarithmic relationship with the growth temperature. In addition, it shows that the growth temperature affects the strength of ice by controlling the grain size. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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15 pages, 4863 KiB  
Article
Research on Sea Spray Distribution of Marine Vessels Based on SPH-FEM Coupling Numerical Simulation Method
by Jiajing Chen, Xu Bai, Jialu Wang, Guanyu Chen and Tao Zhang
Water 2022, 14(23), 3834; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233834 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2132
Abstract
Due to the effect of the maritime environment and low temperature factor, ice phenomena are easily produced while a ship is sailing in a polar location. Types of ice accumulation include sea spray icing, which accounts for 90% of all ice accumulation, and, [...] Read more.
Due to the effect of the maritime environment and low temperature factor, ice phenomena are easily produced while a ship is sailing in a polar location. Types of ice accumulation include sea spray icing, which accounts for 90% of all ice accumulation, and, therefore, sea spray generation is a crucial step in ice accumulation prediction research. In order to investigate the phenomenon of ice formation on ships, this paper uses the SPH-FEM (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics-Finite Element) coupling approach in this paper, and tracks the data pertaining to the wave current particles by simulating the impact of a single wave on the ship hull under the wave height standard of various sea conditions. Following the numerical simulation, it was discovered that when the sea state reaches five levels, the waves will produce marine sea spray on the simulated hull and distribute them in an arc on both sides of the hull; the phenomenon is influenced by the sea state level, meaning that the arc becomes more obvious as the sea state level rises. Furthermore, the number of sea spray particles formed in different sea state levels accounts for about 9–13% of the range of individual waves, and the rest of the sea spray particles will flow back to the surface quickly after passing through the hull. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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17 pages, 7174 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Ice Phenology in Lake Wetlands Based on Optical Satellite Data: A Case Study of Wuliangsu Lake
by Puzhen Huo, Peng Lu, Bin Cheng, Limin Zhang, Qingkai Wang and Zhijun Li
Water 2022, 14(20), 3307; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203307 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2198
Abstract
It is challenging to obtain the ice phenology for a lake covered with a vast area of aquatic (shallow lake wetlands) using optical satellite data because possible clouds above the lake could contaminate the result. We developed a new method to tackle this [...] Read more.
It is challenging to obtain the ice phenology for a lake covered with a vast area of aquatic (shallow lake wetlands) using optical satellite data because possible clouds above the lake could contaminate the result. We developed a new method to tackle this challenge. Our target was Wuliangsu Lake, a large (330 km2) and shallow (1.6 m average depth) lake wetland in the Inner Mongolia Plateau. We used Landsat and Sentinel-2 imageries to extract the lake water boundary. The MOD09GQ/MYD09GQ dataset, having the highest spatial resolution among MODIS reflectivity products, was first selected to differentiate water and ice pixels. Then, we used the reflectivity state parameters containing cloud information in the dataset to filter out the cloud pixels. The ice phenology characteristics, such as freeze-up, break-up dates, and ice cover duration (ICD) between 2013 and 2022 were obtained. We further applied the air temperature correction technique to remove the outliers. The average of ICD in Wuliangsu Lake was about 127 ± 6 days. The freeze-up start and break-up end occurred on 17 November ± 5 days and 25 March ± 4 days, respectively. The remote sensing results agree well with the field observation, with a mean absolute error of 2 days. The algorithm can effectively remove the influence of aquatic plants and clouds on lake ice identification, thereby satisfying the needs of daily monitoring and ice phenology research in the lake wetlands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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19 pages, 2667 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Cooperative Carrying Capacity of Ulan Suhai Lake Based on the Coupled Water Resources–Water Environment–Water Ecology System
by Beibei Ren, Biao Sun, Xiaohong Shi, Shengnan Zhao and Xiao Wang
Water 2022, 14(19), 3102; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193102 - 2 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1827
Abstract
In order to maximize the carrying benefits of Ulan Suhai Lake and utilize the important role of the Inner Mongolia plateau lake basin in restoring its ecology and conserving water, the carrying capacity of the water resources, water environment, and water ecology of [...] Read more.
In order to maximize the carrying benefits of Ulan Suhai Lake and utilize the important role of the Inner Mongolia plateau lake basin in restoring its ecology and conserving water, the carrying capacity of the water resources, water environment, and water ecology of Ulan Suhai Lake was determined using system theory and synergy theory, and a 17-item evaluation index system of the three levels of the water resources, water environment, and water ecology (including the ice-covered period) was established using hierarchical analysis. In addition, a system dynamics model of the synergistic carrying capacity of the water resources–water environment–water ecology of Ulan Suhai Lake was constructed. A principal component analysis was conducted on the indicators of the Ulan Suhai Lake survey; six main sensitive factors were selected, and five simulation scenarios (status continuation mode, development continuation mode, conservation continuation mode, comprehensive mode I, and comprehensive mode II) were designed to regulate the configuration, taking into account the actual local development needs. Using 2014 as the base year and 2014–2020 as the validation period, a dynamic simulation analysis of the carrying capacity of the Ulan Suhai Lake from 2014 to 2050 was carried out. The results show that Ulan Suhai Lake has a poor carrying capacity level and a fragile carrying state. Three of the five simulated scenarios lead to severe water shortages, while the others affect economic growth. Considering these aspects, it was found that comprehensive mode I performed better, and for the configuration of this scheme, the following countermeasures, and suggestions to enhance the carrying capacity of the Ulan Suhai Lake are proposed. The rate of change in the industrial water use should be reduced by 20%, the discharge coefficients of the domestic and industrial wastewater should be reduced by 10% and 50%, respectively, the effective utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation should be increased to 0.71, and the wastewater treatment rate should be increased by 30%. These measures can ensure the protection of the water resources while ensuring economic development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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18 pages, 6317 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Single Point Blasting of Ice Jam of Heilongjiang River Based on ANSYS/LSDYNA
by Dong Liu, Changlei Dai, Chenggang Yu and Yaodong Ma
Water 2022, 14(18), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14182808 - 9 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2475
Abstract
Based on the thickness of the common ice layer in the Heilongjiang Basin, explosions featuring different methods of firing, different thicknesses of the common ice layer, and different distances between the explosive and the ice are hereby simulated using ANSYS/LSDYNA software. The most [...] Read more.
Based on the thickness of the common ice layer in the Heilongjiang Basin, explosions featuring different methods of firing, different thicknesses of the common ice layer, and different distances between the explosive and the ice are hereby simulated using ANSYS/LSDYNA software. The most suitable blasting scheme after field test verification is obtained, and it is concluded through the field blasting test comparison and verification that the central ignition produces the best blasting effect and the largest blasting volume and radius when the explosion is fired under the ice. A larger ice thickness indicates a worse explosive blasting effect, and the number of explosive packs should be used reasonably to achieve the best blasting effect. An ice blast does not finish at once, but experiences energy transfer in the form of waves. The blasting effect is the best in the case of a distance between the explosive and the ice of about L = 150 cm. The shallower the depth of the river is, the more powerful the blast becomes and the more obvious the blast volume becomes. The ice layer is blasted when the maximum temperature on the day of blasting is stable and positive, which is when the texture of the ice sheet maintains its hardness and high efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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14 pages, 35213 KiB  
Article
Ice Velocity in Upstream of Heilongjiang Based on UAV Low-Altitude Remote Sensing and the SIFT Algorithm
by Enliang Wang, Shengbo Hu, Hongwei Han, Yuang Li, Zhifeng Ren and Shilin Du
Water 2022, 14(12), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121957 - 18 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
In river management, it is important to obtain ice velocity quickly and accurately during ice flood periods. However, traditional ice velocity monitoring methods require buoys, which are costly and inefficient to distribute. It was found that UAV remote sensing images combined with machine [...] Read more.
In river management, it is important to obtain ice velocity quickly and accurately during ice flood periods. However, traditional ice velocity monitoring methods require buoys, which are costly and inefficient to distribute. It was found that UAV remote sensing images combined with machine vision technology yielded obvious practical advantages in ice velocity monitoring. Current research has mainly monitored sea ice velocity through GPS or satellite remote sensing technology, with few reports available on river ice velocity monitoring. Moreover, traditional river ice velocity monitoring methods are subjective. To solve the problems of existing time-consuming and inaccurate ice velocity monitoring methods, a new ice velocity extraction method based on UAV remote sensing technology is proposed in this article. In this study, the Mohe River section in Heilongjiang Province was chosen as the research area. High-resolution orthoimages were obtained with a UAV during the ice flood period, and feature points in drift ice images were then extracted with the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm. Moreover, the extracted feature points were matched with the brute force (BF) algorithm. According to optimization results obtained with the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm, the motion trajectories of these feature points were tracked, and an ice displacement rate field was finally established. The results indicated that the average ice velocities in the research area reached 2.00 and 0.74 m/s, and the maximum ice velocities on the right side of the river center were 2.65 and 1.04 m/s at 16:00 on 25 April 2021 and 8:00 on 26 April 2021, respectively. The ice velocity decreased from the river center toward the river banks. The proposed ice velocity monitoring technique and reported data in this study could provide an effective reference for the prediction of ice flood disasters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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14 pages, 4387 KiB  
Article
Laboratory Studies on the Parametrization Scheme of the Melting Rate of Ice–Air and Ice–Water Interfaces
by Zhijun Li, Qingkai Wang, Ge Li, Peng Lu, Zhiqun Wang and Fei Xie
Water 2022, 14(11), 1775; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111775 - 1 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2329
Abstract
During the melt season, surface melting, bottom melting, and lateral melting co-occur in natural ice floes. The bottom melting rate is larger than the lateral melting rate, followed by the surface melting rate, and the smaller the size of an ice floe, the [...] Read more.
During the melt season, surface melting, bottom melting, and lateral melting co-occur in natural ice floes. The bottom melting rate is larger than the lateral melting rate, followed by the surface melting rate, and the smaller the size of an ice floe, the higher the lateral melting rate. To add the scale index of small-scale ice to the melting parametrization scheme, experiments on the melting process of sea ice and artificial fresh-water ice samples in the shape of a disc were carried out in a low-temperature laboratory, under conditions of no radiation, current, or wind, with controlled air and water temperatures. The variations of diameter, thickness, and mass of the ice discs were measured through the experiments. According to the experimental data, a new indicator was created using the ratio of the diameter to the thickness of an ice sample. Based on physical and statistical analyses, the relationships between the surface/bottom melting rates and temperature gradient were formulated. Additionally, the relationships among the lateral melting rate, temperature difference, and the ratio of the diameter to the thickness were also quantified. The equations can be applied to the melting parametrization scheme of ice for a range of diameters up to 100 m, which covers simulations of the energy and mass balance values of the Arctic sea ice and coastal freshwater ice during the summer melt season. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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27 pages, 17741 KiB  
Article
Research on Mooring System Design for Kulluk Platform in Arctic Region
by Aobo Zhang, Zhenju Chuang, Shewen Liu, Xin Chang, Lixun Hou, Zhen He and Shiqi Liu
Water 2022, 14(11), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111762 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2341
Abstract
Mooring system design of a floating offshore structure in the arctic region is considered to be extremely important. This paper aims at investigating an optimal mooring system for the Kulluk platform operating in the Beaufort Sea, which has ice-free and ice-covered conditions during [...] Read more.
Mooring system design of a floating offshore structure in the arctic region is considered to be extremely important. This paper aims at investigating an optimal mooring system for the Kulluk platform operating in the Beaufort Sea, which has ice-free and ice-covered conditions during the whole year time. In order to complete the layout design of the mooring system to satisfy the year-round operation, both the effect of wave loads and ice loads should be considered. The research establishes a coupled numerical production system composed of the Kulluk platform and mooring system. Wave load is solved by potential flow theory. The slender finite element method is used to compute the tension of the mooring system. The nonlinear finite element method, discrete element method, and empirical formula are compared to analyze ice load. Finally, the discrete element method is selected for the analysis of the Kulluk, and the simulated results are compared reasonably with the field data. When studying the mooring line configurations, quantitative time-domain analysis is carried out, including tension of mooring lines and the motions of the platform under different working conditions. The research work in this paper will provide a reference for the optimal design of the mooring system of the platform operating in the Arctic Sea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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18 pages, 3092 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Glacier Mass Balance on the Northern and Southern Slopes of the Central Tianshan Mountains, China
by Lin Liu, Hao Tian, Xueying Zhang, Hongjin Chen, Zhengyong Zhang, Guining Zhao, Ziwei Kang, Tongxia Wang, Yu Gao, Fengchen Yu, Mingyu Zhang, Xin Yi and Yu Cao
Water 2022, 14(10), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14101601 - 17 May 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2187
Abstract
Glacier mass balance can visually indicate the degree of glacier response to climate change. The mountain glaciers are an essential source of recharge for rivers in arid regions and play a vital role in maintaining regional ecological stability and production life. This paper [...] Read more.
Glacier mass balance can visually indicate the degree of glacier response to climate change. The mountain glaciers are an essential source of recharge for rivers in arid regions and play a vital role in maintaining regional ecological stability and production life. This paper drives a spatially distributed degree-day model using multi-source remote sensing data such as MOD11C3 and TRMM3B43 to simulate the mass balance in the Tianshan Mountains’ south and north slope basins. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the mass balance was compared and attributed using a Geographical detector. The results show that: (1) The glaciers in the north and south basins are mainly distributed at an altitude of 3900–4300 m, and the total glacier area accounts for 85.71%. The number of less than 1 km2 glaciers is the most in the whole region. (2) During the study period, the glaciers in the north and south basins were negative (−465.95 mm w.e.) an entire interannual change rate was −28.36 mm w.e./a. The overall trend of ablation can be divided into two stages: from 2000 to 2010a, the persistence increased, and from 2010 to 2016a, the volatility decreased. (3) In the attribution of mass balance, the factors affecting glacier mass balance can be divided into two parts: climate and topography. The cumulative contribution rate of climate factors in Kaidu is nearly 20% higher than that of topographic factors, but the contribution rate of climate factors in Manas is only 7.3% higher. Therefore, the change of glacier mass balance in the Kaidu river basin is more driven by climate factors, while the glacier mass balance in the Manas river basin is more affected by the combination of climate and topographic factors. (4) The climate accumulation is the dominant factor in the Manas river basin (69.55%); for the ablation area, the Kaidu river basin is dominated by climate (70.85%), and the Manas river basin is dominated by topographic factors (54.11%). Due to the driving force of climate and topographic factors and the different coupling modes, glacier mass balance’s spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the north and south slope basins is caused. This study contributes to analyzing the mechanism of regional changes in the glacier mass balance. It provides a scientific basis for investigating the characteristics of water resource changes and water resource regulation in the north and south slope basins of the Tianshan Mountains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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19 pages, 5510 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Study on Ice Blockage Performance of Propeller in Cavitation Flow
by Li Zhou, Sijie Zheng, Feng Diao, Shifeng Ding and Junliang Gao
Water 2022, 14(7), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071060 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2916
Abstract
Cavitation greatly affects the ice blockage performance of propellers in polar areas, while the combined effect of cavitation and ice blockage on propellers has rarely been considered. In this work, the propeller model test in the cavitation tunnel and the viscous flow CFD [...] Read more.
Cavitation greatly affects the ice blockage performance of propellers in polar areas, while the combined effect of cavitation and ice blockage on propellers has rarely been considered. In this work, the propeller model test in the cavitation tunnel and the viscous flow CFD numerical simulation based on RANS were conducted. In the cavitation tunnel test, the ice blockage model was simulated by a water-insoluble rectangular solid block, and the ice blockage was measured by the distance between the solid block and the propeller. The thrust and torque in tests and simulations were discussed under the uniform flow and ice blockage scenarios, as well as the variation of cavitation excitation force, pressure distribution of blades, cavitation characteristics and vortex intensity with advance coefficient when σn = 1.5, L/D = 0.15 in an ice blockage environment. The research shows that the numerical simulation results based on overlapping grids are in good agreement with the model test results, and the mean hydrodynamic errors are within 5%. In the uniform flow test, when the advance coefficient is small, the thrust and torque of the propeller will experience a sharp drop due to the influence of heavy cavitation. In the ice blockage test, the thrust and torque increase with the decrease of ice-propeller spacing, and the ice blockage becomes more serious as the cavitation grows. The propeller oscillates violently due to the cavitation excitation force, and the oscillation frequency increases with the increase of the advance coefficient. The cavitation is generated in the low-pressure area of the suction surface, and the cavitation shape captured in the present numerical simulation is consistent with the experimental phenomenon. Since the cavitation reduces the contact area between the water and the blade, the vortex strength will be reduced for the attachment of cavitation, and the vortex strength increases with the increase of the advance coefficient. This study will explore more hydrodynamic regularities with ice-class propellers in an ice blockage environment when cavitation occurrs, and provide technical support for the design of propellers of polar ships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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19 pages, 3838 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of Glacier Resources in Xinjiang over the Past 50 Years
by Xueying Zhang, Lin Liu, Zhengyong Zhang, Ziwei Kang, Hao Tian, Tongxia Wang and Hongjin Chen
Water 2022, 14(7), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071057 - 28 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3156
Abstract
Changes in glacier resources and their meltwater runoff contributions in Xinjiang are significant to the hydrological processes and water resources utilization. This study used the first and second Chinese Glacier Inventory, geomorphological and meteorological data. GIS spatial analysis technology was used to explore [...] Read more.
Changes in glacier resources and their meltwater runoff contributions in Xinjiang are significant to the hydrological processes and water resources utilization. This study used the first and second Chinese Glacier Inventory, geomorphological and meteorological data. GIS spatial analysis technology was used to explore the characteristics of glacier change and its response to topography and climate change in Xinjiang in the last 50 years. The results show that there are currently 20,695 glaciers in Xinjiang with a total area of 22,742.55 km2 and ice reserves of about 2229.17 km3. Glaciers in Xinjiang are concentrated at 5100–6000 m. The Tianshan mountains have the largest number of glaciers. However, the Kunlun mountains have the largest glaciers and ice reserves. The scale of glaciers is significantly larger in the south than that in the north. The changes in glaciers in Xinjiang during the last 50 years are mainly receding and splitting, and their number, area, and ice reserves have decreased by 1359, 7080.12 km2 and 482.65 km3, respectively. Small glaciers are more sensitive to climate change. Glaciers are basically unchanged in regions above 6000 m. The glaciers on the south slope of mountains are more susceptible to climate change. The phenomenon of an increase in the number of glaciers but decreasing total area in the southern mountains is related to glacier extinction and splitting. Glacier development and formation are determined by the combination of topography and hydrothermal material conditions. The change of glacier areas in Xinjiang is jointly affected by climatic conditions (53.45%) and topographic conditions (46.55%), among which climatic conditions are more prominent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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13 pages, 2719 KiB  
Article
Ice Phenology in Eurasian Lakes over Spatial Location and Altitude
by Matti Leppäranta and Lijuan Wen
Water 2022, 14(7), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071037 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2362
Abstract
Eurasian freezing lakes cover an almost 180° wide longitude sector between the latitudes 30° and 75° N, and their altitudes range from below the sea surface level up to 5 km elevation. Ice phenology varies widely in this region. However, these variations and [...] Read more.
Eurasian freezing lakes cover an almost 180° wide longitude sector between the latitudes 30° and 75° N, and their altitudes range from below the sea surface level up to 5 km elevation. Ice phenology varies widely in this region. However, these variations and their influence factors have been little studied. Analytic models are applied here to examine these variations supported by historical ice and weather data. These models are forced by a linear air–lake heat exchange formula based on local empirical fits. The weather brings latitude–longitude–altitude patterns to the large-scale lake ice phenology. Freezing and breakup dates are forced by the local air temperature and solar radiation, and their rates of change are also important. In addition, freezing depends on lake depth and breakup depends on accumulated ice thickness. Lake depth provides a lag and radiation balance provides a shift with respect to the air temperature in cooling of the lake, and breakup is dictated by spring warming conditions and ice thickness. Due to solar radiation forcing, the common degree-day approach is biased for modelling ice phenology, especially in low latitudes. Analytic models provide a first-order tool for climate sensitivity of ice seasons. The freezing date and breakup date both change by around five days per one-degree shift in air temperature away from the climatological ice margin; however, at this margin, the sensitivity is higher. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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18 pages, 3282 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Ice-Resistance Distribution for R/V Xuelong Using Measured Sea-Ice Parameters
by Li Zhou, Yingjie Gu, Shifeng Ding and Renwei Liu
Water 2022, 14(4), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040517 - 9 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1976
Abstract
Increasing human activity in polar areas is making ice-going ships more indispensable in multiple operation scenarios. An improvement in ice-resistance prediction, which cannot be performed without accurate ice parameters, will promote the development of hull design and operational safety in ice-infested waters. The [...] Read more.
Increasing human activity in polar areas is making ice-going ships more indispensable in multiple operation scenarios. An improvement in ice-resistance prediction, which cannot be performed without accurate ice parameters, will promote the development of hull design and operational safety in ice-infested waters. The Nataf transformation is applied to generate correlated pseudo-random numbers which represent ice parameters; then, as a numerical method, the circumferential crack method is introduced to calculate the ice resistance of R/V Xuelong in level ice. The main factors which may have a large influence on simulated ice load are studied. The simulation results show that the Burr distribution is the most suitable model to describe the distribution of ice resistance calculated and ice-force amplitude concentrated at a lower level. The statistical results are also discussed and compared with similar research through empirical formulas and Monte Carlo methods. The present simulation can obtain more detailed information during the icebreaking process compared to similar research: the ice force at each time step is achieved; the key ice-force amplitude can be collected, which can benefit studies on hull structure; and potential stress generated by sea ice can be predicted. The present numerical tools and simulation results can provide a reference for ice-going ships sailing in level ice in most scenarios with regard to ice resistance and operational safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sea, River, Lake Ice Properties and Their Applications in Practices)
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