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Wastewater Treatment by Using the Photocatalysis
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Wastewater Treatment by Using the Photocatalysis

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 15093

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Lucas Santos-Juanes

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Higher Polytechnic School of Alcoy, Polytechnic University of Valencia, 03801 Alcoyi, Spain
Interests: wastewater treatment; advanced oxidation processes; photocatalysis; photo-fenton
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Collegues,

More than 5 billion people could suffer water shortages by 2050 due to climate change, increased demand and polluted supplies, according to a UN report on the state of the world’s water. Therefore, the treatment and potential reuse of polluted water has changed is status from advisable to mandatory. For this reason, the research in wastewater treatment have devoted the efforts of many scientists during last 20 years.

Photocatalytic processes have demonstrated its potential for pollutants removal and disinfection of water obtaining good results as pre or post treatment of a traditional wastewater treatment plant. The irruption of the green chemistry concept with its twelve principles have produced a new impulse of photocatalytic technologies as an environmental friendly and sustainable alternative versus other processes. Furthermore, the possibility of employing direct solar radiation as an energy source have also increased the interest of these processes. Finally, the revolution caused by LED technologies has also reinforced the interest of applying photocatalytic processes for water treatment. For these reasons, we encourage all the researchers working in this field to send us their manuscripts with the latest advances in this area.

The main core of the manuscript must be the photocatalytic process and its applications to water treatment and should match with some of the next items:

Nanomaterials

TiO2 based processes

Catalyst modification or doping

Photo-reactors

Catalyst immobilization

Disinfection

Photo-Fenton and related processes

Solar processes

Industrial wastewater

Combined processes

Emerging pollutants

Tertiary treatment

Prof. Dr. Lucas Santos-Juanes
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Photocatalysis
  • wastewater
  • oxidation
  • photo-Fenton
  • semiconductors
  • photoreactors
  • solar energy

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1937 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Disinfection and Organic Microcontaminant Removal by UVC-LED-Driven Advanced Oxidation Processes
by Sara Miralles-Cuevas, Irene De la Obra, Elizabeth Gualda-Alonso, Paula Soriano-Molina, José L. Casas López and José A. Sánchez Pérez
Water 2021, 13(11), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111507 - 27 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3015
Abstract
This work presents the comparison of four advanced oxidation processes driven by UVC-LED radiation (278 nm—2 W/m2) for simultaneous bacteria inactivation (Escherichia coli—106 CFU/mL) and microcontaminant removal (imidacloprid—50 µg/L) in simulated wastewater secondary effluent. To this end, the [...] Read more.
This work presents the comparison of four advanced oxidation processes driven by UVC-LED radiation (278 nm—2 W/m2) for simultaneous bacteria inactivation (Escherichia coli—106 CFU/mL) and microcontaminant removal (imidacloprid—50 µg/L) in simulated wastewater secondary effluent. To this end, the activation of H2O2 and S2O82− as precursors of HO• and SO4•−, respectively, by UVC-LED and UVC-LED/Fe3+–NTA (ferric nitrilotriacetate at 0.1 mM) has been studied at different oxidant concentrations. For the purpose of comparison, conventional chlorination was used as the baseline along with bacterial regrowth 24 h after treatment. Disinfection was achieved within the first 30 min in all of the processes, mainly due to the bactericidal effect of UVC-LED radiation. UVC-LED/H2O2 did not substantially affect imidacloprid removal due to the low HO• generation by UVC irradiation at 278 nm, while more than 80% imidacloprid removal was achieved by the UVC-LED/S2O82−, UVC-LED/Fe3+–NTA/S2O82−, and UVC-LED/Fe3+–NTA/H2O2 processes. The most efficient concentration of both oxidants for the simultaneous disinfection and microcontaminant removal was 1.47 mM. Chlorination was the most effective treatment for bacterial inactivation without imidacloprid removal. These findings are relevant for scaling up UVC-LED photoreactors for tertiary wastewater treatment aimed at removing bacteria and microcontaminants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment by Using the Photocatalysis)
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10 pages, 4913 KiB  
Article
Effect of Salinity on UVA-Vis Light Driven Photo-Fenton Process at Acidic and Circumneutral pH
by Iván Vallés, Lucas Santos-Juanes, Ana M. Amat, Javier Moreno-Andrés and Antonio Arques
Water 2021, 13(9), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091315 - 8 May 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2475
Abstract
In the present work, the treatment of a mixture of six emerging pollutants (acetamiprid, acetaminophen, caffeine, amoxicillin, clofibric acid and carbamazepine) by means of photo-Fenton process has been studied, using simulated sunlight as an irradiation source. Removal of these pollutants has been investigated [...] Read more.
In the present work, the treatment of a mixture of six emerging pollutants (acetamiprid, acetaminophen, caffeine, amoxicillin, clofibric acid and carbamazepine) by means of photo-Fenton process has been studied, using simulated sunlight as an irradiation source. Removal of these pollutants has been investigated in three different aqueous matrices distinguished by the amount of chlorides (distilled water, 1 g L−1 of NaCl and 30 g L−1 of NaCl) at a pH of 2.8 and 5.0. Interestingly, the presence of 1 g L−1 was able to slightly accelerate the pollutants removal at pH = 5, although the reverse was true at pH = 2.8. This is attributed to the pH-dependent interference of chlorides on photo-Fenton process, that is more acute in an acidic medium. As a matter of fact, the fastest reaction was obtained at pH = 3.5, in agreement with literature results. Monitoring of hydrogen peroxide consumption and iron in solution indicates that interference with chlorides is due to changes in the interaction between iron and the peroxide, rather than a scavenging effect of chloride for hydroxyl radicals. Experiments were also carried out with real seawater and showed higher inhibition than in the NaCl experiments, probably due to the effect of different dissolved salts present in natural water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment by Using the Photocatalysis)
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28 pages, 5029 KiB  
Article
Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO3) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV Irradiation
by Chukwuka Bethel Anucha, IIknur Altin, Emin Bacaksiz, Vassilis N. Stathopoulos, Ismail Polat, Ahmet Yasar and Ömer Faruk Yüksel
Water 2021, 13(9), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091290 - 4 May 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4265
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) spread across a wide range of organic product compounds. As biorecalcitrants, their removal from conventional wastewater treatment systems remains a herculean task. To address this issue, heterogenous solar driven advanced oxidation process based-TiO2 and other semiconductor materials [...] Read more.
Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) spread across a wide range of organic product compounds. As biorecalcitrants, their removal from conventional wastewater treatment systems remains a herculean task. To address this issue, heterogenous solar driven advanced oxidation process based-TiO2 and other semiconductor materials has been extensively studied for their abatement from wastewater sources. In this study, we have synthesized by hydrothermal assisted co-precipitation Ag doped ZnSnO3. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), N2 adsorption-desorption at 77 K by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) methods, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and UV-visible absorption in Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis/DRS) mode. Crystallite size estimate for Ag-ZnSnO3 and undoped form was 19.4 and 29.3 nm, respectively, while respective TEM particle size estimate was 79.0 nm and 98.2 nm. BET surface area and total pore volume by BJH for Ag-ZnSnO3 were estimated with respective values of 17.2 m2/g and 0.05 cm3/g in comparison to 18.8 m2/g and 0.06 cm3/g for ZnSnO3. Derived energy band gap (Eg) values were 3.8 eV for Ag-ZnSnO3 and 4.2 eV for ZnSnO3. Photocatalytic performance of Ag-ZnSnO3 was tested towards caffeine achieving about 68% removal under (natural) unmodified pH = 6.50 and almost 100% removal at initial pH around 7.5 after 4 h irradiation. The effect of initial pH, catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, charge scavengers, H2O2, contaminant inorganic ions (anions) as well as humic acid (HA) on the photocatalyst activity over caffeine degradation were assessed. In accordance with the probation test of the reactive species responsible for photocatalytic degradation process, a reaction mechanism was deduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment by Using the Photocatalysis)
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Review

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13 pages, 593 KiB  
Review
Aquatic Toxicity of Photocatalyst Nanoparticles to Green Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris
by Cristina Adochite and Luminita Andronic
Water 2021, 13(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13010077 - 31 Dec 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4392
Abstract
In the last years, nanoparticles such as TiO2, ZnO, NiO, CuO and Fe2O3 were mainly used in wastewater applications. In addition to the positive aspects concerning using nanoparticles in the advanced oxidation process of wastewater containing pollutants, the [...] Read more.
In the last years, nanoparticles such as TiO2, ZnO, NiO, CuO and Fe2O3 were mainly used in wastewater applications. In addition to the positive aspects concerning using nanoparticles in the advanced oxidation process of wastewater containing pollutants, the impact of these nanoparticles on the environment must also be investigated. The toxicity of nanoparticles is generally investigated by the nanomaterials’ effect on green algae, especially on Chlorella vulgaris. In this review, several aspects are reviewed: the Chlorella vulgaris culture monitoring and growth parameters, the effect of different nanoparticles on Chlorella vulgaris, the toxicity of photocatalyst nanoparticles, and the mechanism of photocatalyst during oxidative stress on the photosynthetic mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris. The Bold basal medium (BBM) is generally recognized as an excellent standard cultivation medium for Chlorella vulgaris in the known environmental conditions such as temperature in the range 20–30 °C and light intensity of around 150 μE·m2·s−1 under a 16/8 h light/dark cycle. The nanoparticles synthesis methods influence the particle size, morphology, density, surface area to generate growth inhibition and further algal deaths at the nanoparticle-dependent concentration. Moreover, the results revealed that nanoparticles caused a more potent inhibitory effect on microalgal growth and severely disrupted algal cells’ membranes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment by Using the Photocatalysis)
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