Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data

Koo, Hui Chin; Tan, Lay Kim; Lim, Geok Pei; Kee, Chee Cheong; Omar, Mohd Azahadi

doi:10.3390/ijerph20043058

Open AccessArticle

Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data

by

Hui Chin Koo

^1,†,

Lay Kim Tan

^2,*,†

,

Geok Pei Lim

³

,

Chee Cheong Kee

²

and

Mohd Azahadi Omar

²

¹

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Jalan Genting Kelang, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia

²

Sector for Biostatistics & Data Repository, Office of NIH Manager, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia

³

Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3058; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043058

Submission received: 30 December 2022 / Revised: 16 January 2023 / Accepted: 5 February 2023 / Published: 9 February 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association of Obesity, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Health)

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Abstract

This study aimed to report the prevalence of obesity, classified using Asian cut-off, and its relationships with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and hypercholesteremia. We analyzed the nationally representative data from 14,025 Malaysian adults who participated in the NHMS 2015. The relationship between obesity and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and hypercholesteremia was determined using multivariable logistic regressions, and lifestyle risk factors and sociodemographic characteristics were adjusted. The undiagnosed high blood pressure group showed the highest proportionate of overweight/obese (80.0%, 95% CI: 78.1–81.8) and central obesity (61.8%, 95% CI: 59.3–64.2). Inverse association was observed between underweight with undiagnosed high blood pressure (aOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.26–0.61) and hypercholesterolemia (aOR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59–0.95) groups. In contrast, positive relationships were shown between overweight/obese and risk of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (aOR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.31–2.07), high blood pressure (aOR: 3.08, 95% CI: 2.60–3.63), and hypercholesterolemia (aOR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.22–1.53). Likewise, central obesity was positively associated with a risk of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus (aOR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.17–1.67), high blood pressure (aOR: 2.83, 95% CI: 2.45–3.26), and hypercholesterolemia (aOR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.12–1.42). Our findings indicated the importance of periodical health examinations to assess the risk of non-communicable diseases among the general and abdominal obese Malaysian adults.

Keywords: Malaysia; obesity; undiagnosed diabetes mellitus; undiagnosed high blood pressure; undiagnosed hypercholesterolemia

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MDPI and ACS Style

Koo, H.C.; Tan, L.K.; Lim, G.P.; Kee, C.C.; Omar, M.A. Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043058

AMA Style

Koo HC, Tan LK, Lim GP, Kee CC, Omar MA. Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043058

Chicago/Turabian Style

Koo, Hui Chin, Lay Kim Tan, Geok Pei Lim, Chee Cheong Kee, and Mohd Azahadi Omar. 2023. "Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043058

APA Style

Koo, H. C., Tan, L. K., Lim, G. P., Kee, C. C., & Omar, M. A. (2023). Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043058

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Obesity and Its Association with Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, High Blood Pressure and Hypercholesterolemia in the Malaysian Adult Population: A National Cross-Sectional Study Using NHMS Data

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