Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanisms Underlying MK-801- or Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in Animals: Mechanistic Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Experimental Design
- Acute administration at doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg respectively, and the PFCs or hippocampi were dissected 30 min after the administration.
- Chronic administration for 14 days at doses of 0.3 mg/kg (MK-801) and 1 mg/kg (scopolamine), and the PFCs or hippocampi were dissected 24 h after the last administration.
- The levels of selected amino acids: L-citrulline, L-glutamate, L-glutamine, L-ornithine and L-arginine and its derivatives: asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and n-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), measured by mass spectrometry.
- L-Arg/ADMA, L-Arg/SDMA and L-Arg/NMMA ratios.
- The expression of eNOS, nNOS, DDAH1, PMRT1 and PMRT5, analyzed by Western blotting.
- GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptor and cGMP levels, analyzed by Western blotting and ELISA, respectively.
- S-nitrosylation of selected proteins: Tau, apolipoprotein (APP) and GLT-1 transporter (glutamate transporter 1).
2.2. Acute MK-801 or Scopolamine Administration
2.2.1. Amino Acids in PFC and Hippocampus
2.2.2. L-Arginine Derivatives in PFC and Hippocampus
2.2.3. The Levels of eNOS, nNOS, DDAH1, PMRT1 and PMRT5
2.2.4. cGMP and NMDA Receptor Expression
2.3. Chronic MK-801 or Scopolamine Administration
2.3.1. Amino Acids in PFC and Hippocampus
2.3.2. L-Arginine Derivatives in PFC and Hippocampus
2.3.3. The Levels of nNOS, eNOS, DDAH1, PMRT1 and PMRT5
2.3.4. cGMP and NMDA Receptor Expression
2.4. Amino Acid Levels and L-Arginine Derivatives in Plasma after MK-801 and Scopolamine Administration
2.4.1. Acute Administration
2.4.2. Chronic Administration
2.5. S-Nitrosylation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals
4.2. Drugs
4.3. L-Arginine Levels and Its Derivatives
4.4. Western Blotting
4.5. Detection of Protein S-Nitrosylation Using Biotin Switch Assay
Western Blot Assessment of S-Nitrosylation
4.6. cGMP ELISA
4.7. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | Q1 Mass (Da) Precursor Ion | Q3 Mass (Da) Product Ion | DP (Volts) | CE (Volts) |
---|---|---|---|---|
SDMA | 203.30 | 172.10 | 25 | 19 |
SDMA | 203.30 | 133.10 | 25 | 19 |
ADMA | 203.30 | 45.90 | 15 | 37 |
ADMA | 203.30 | 42.90 | 15 | 67 |
NMMA | 189.08 | 69.90 | 10 | 33 |
NMMA | 189.08 | 116.00 | 10 | 21 |
L-Arginine | 175.07 | 70.10 | 30 | 30 |
L-Arginine | 175.07 | 116.00 | 30 | 20 |
L-Citrulline | 176.06 | 159.10 | 15 | 13 |
L-Citrulline | 176.06 | 69.90 | 15 | 32 |
L-Glutamate | 148.12 | 84.0 | 10 | 21 |
L-Glutamate | 148.12 | 130.0 | 10 | 13 |
L-Glutamine | 147.12 | 84.0 | 10.0 | 23 |
L-Glutamine | 147.12 | 130.0 | 10.0 | 13 |
L-Ornithine | 133.01 | 70.0 | 10.0 | 23 |
L-Ornithine | 133.01 | 116.0 | 10.0 | 13.0 |
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Cieślik, P.; Siekierzycka, A.; Radulska, A.; Płoska, A.; Burnat, G.; Brański, P.; Kalinowski, L.; Wierońska, J.M. Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanisms Underlying MK-801- or Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in Animals: Mechanistic Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212282
Cieślik P, Siekierzycka A, Radulska A, Płoska A, Burnat G, Brański P, Kalinowski L, Wierońska JM. Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanisms Underlying MK-801- or Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in Animals: Mechanistic Studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212282
Chicago/Turabian StyleCieślik, Paulina, Anna Siekierzycka, Adrianna Radulska, Agata Płoska, Grzegorz Burnat, Piotr Brański, Leszek Kalinowski, and Joanna M. Wierońska. 2021. "Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanisms Underlying MK-801- or Scopolamine-Induced Memory Dysfunction in Animals: Mechanistic Studies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212282