Parental Effect on Agronomic and Olive Oil Traits in Olive Progenies from Reciprocal Crosses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Experimental Plot
2.2. Assessment of Agronomic Characteristics
2.3. Oil Quality Parameter Characterization
2.3.1. Olive Oil Extraction
2.3.2. Analysis of Phenolic Profiles
Reagents and Standards
Sample Preparation
LC–MS/MS Analysis
2.3.3. Determination of the Oxidation Stability Index in VOO Samples
2.3.4. Analysis of Fatty Acid Profiles
2.3.5. Analysis of Sterols
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
- Data Preparation: The dataset was organized with the genotypes (and/or reciprocal cross groups) as the independent variable and the agronomic traits and olive oil parameters as dependent variables. Logarithmic transformation was implemented to normalize the data.
- ANOVA Execution: A one-way ANOVA was conducted for each trait and parameter to test the null hypothesis that there are no significant differences among the genotype means.
- post hoc Testing: When significant differences were detected, post hoc tests (e.g., Tukey’s HSD) were performed to identify specific pairs of genotypes with significant differences.
2.4.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
- Standardization: The dataset was standardized to ensure that each trait and parameter contributed equally to the analysis.
- Computation of Principal Components: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix were calculated to derive the principal components.
- Interpretation of Results: The principal components were examined to understand the proportion of variance explained by each component. Biplots were generated to visualize the relationships between the genotypes and the principal components.
- Analysis of Loadings: The loadings of each variable on the principal components were analyzed to identify the traits and parameters that contributed most to each component.
3. Results
3.1. Agronomic Characteristics
3.2. Elaiotechnical Characterization
3.2.1. Fatty Acids
3.2.2. Phenolic Compounds
3.2.3. Sterols
4. Discussion
4.1. Parental Effect on Trait Transmission
4.2. Mechanisms of Phenotypic Differences and Implications for Breeding Programs
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agronomic Traits | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Ripening Index | Tree Height | Tree Width | Trunk Diameter | Average Fruit Weight | Average Endocarp Weight | Flesh/Stone Ratio | Fresh Matter Oil Content | Dry Matter Oil Content | Fruit Moisture | Oxidative Stability |
R2 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
F | 1.88 | 1.26 | 2.84 | 0.88 | 1.54 | 2.83 | 1.29 | 1.01 | 0.78 | 1.26 | 0.97 |
p-value | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.40 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.42 |
Type III SS | 3.10 | 8990.96 | 11,509.51 | 493.79 | 1.07 | 0.05 | 79.23 | 27.42 | 77.99 | 52.65 | 1853.21 |
Phenolic compounds | |||||||||||
Parameters | Hydroxytyrosol | Tyrosol | Oleacein | Oleocanthal | Oleuropein aglycone | Ligstroside Aglycone | Apigenin | Luteolin | Total | ||
R2 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||
F | 4.42 | 3.93 | 0.78 | 0.89 | 2.70 | 3.77 | 3.41 | 1.20 | 1.14 | ||
p-value | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.34 | ||
Type III SS | 29.21 | 118.07 | 11,905.23 | 12,891.76 | 9923.75 | 2641.87 | 58.54 | 17.42 | 73,047.12 | ||
Fatty acids | Sterols | ||||||||||
Parameters | SFA | MUFA | PUFA | Campesterol | β-sitosterol | Δ5-avenasterol | |||||
R2 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.14 | |||||
F | 0.52 | 2.54 | 3.69 | 0.60 | 2.51 | 2.00 | |||||
p-value | 0.67 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.07 | 0.13 | |||||
Type III SS | 11.22 | 385.93 | 274.39 | 0.44 | 45.74 | 44.47 |
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Miho, H.; Atallah, M.; Trapero, C.; Koubouris, G.; Valverde, P. Parental Effect on Agronomic and Olive Oil Traits in Olive Progenies from Reciprocal Crosses. Plants 2024, 13, 2467. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172467
Miho H, Atallah M, Trapero C, Koubouris G, Valverde P. Parental Effect on Agronomic and Olive Oil Traits in Olive Progenies from Reciprocal Crosses. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2467. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172467
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiho, Hristofor, Mihad Atallah, Carlos Trapero, Georgios Koubouris, and Pedro Valverde. 2024. "Parental Effect on Agronomic and Olive Oil Traits in Olive Progenies from Reciprocal Crosses" Plants 13, no. 17: 2467. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172467