Essential Oils as a Dietary Additive for Small Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis on Performance, Rumen Parameters, Serum Metabolites, and Product Quality
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search and Study Selection
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Calculations and Statistical Analysis
2.4. Heterogeneity and Publication Bias
2.5. Meta-Regression and Subgroup Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Attributes and Excluded Studies
3.2. Dry Matter Intake and Digestibility
3.3. Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
3.4. Ruminal Parameters and Ruminal Microorganisms
3.5. Blood Metabolites
3.6. Meat Quality
3.7. Milk Yield and Quality
3.8. Publication Bias and Meta-Regression
3.9. Subgroup Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Dry Matter Intake and Digestibility
4.2. Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
4.3. Ruminal Fermentation and Ruminal Microorganisms
4.4. Blood Metabolites
4.5. Meat Quality
4.6. Milk Production and Quality
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Author | Country | Specie | Duration, d | Primary Bioactive Compound | Dose, mg/kg DM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abd El Tawab et al. [109] | Egypt | Sheep | 90 | Limonene, thymol | 1195, 1272 |
Abdalla et al. [110] | Brazil | Sheep | 28 | Blend (n = 2) | 8333, 15,384 |
Ahmed et al. [111] | Japan | Sheep | 84 | Allicin (n = 3) | 10, 50, 100 |
An et al. [55] | China | Sheep | 60 | Blend (n = 2) | 50, 80 |
Anasoori et al. [112] | Iran | Sheep | 28 | Diallyl disulfide (n = 2) | 500, 750 |
Anasoori et al. [113] | Iran | Sheep | 28 | Diallyl disulfide (n = 2) | 500, 750 |
Aouadi et al. [114] | Tunisia | Sheep | 90 | Eucalyptol, Camphor | 400, 400 |
Arteaga-Wences et al. [15] | Mexico | Sheep | 56 | Blend | 129 |
Bañón et al. [115] | Spain | Sheep | 21 | Blend | 667 |
Baytok et al. [116] | Turkey | Sheep | 56 | Carvacrol (n = 2) | 280, 419 |
Birick et al. [117] | Turkey | Sheep | 70 | Carvacrol (n = 2), thymol (n = 2), blend (n = 2) | 100 (n = 3), 300 (n = 3) |
Canaes et al. [17] | Brazil | Goats | 84 | Citral (n = 3) | 2470, 5007, 7795 |
Chaves et al. [118] | Canada | Sheep | 126 | Cinnamaldehyde (n = 3) | 100, 200, 400 |
Cobellis et al. [119] | Italy | Sheep | 84 | Carnosic acid (n = 3) | 250, 250, 175 |
Cobellis et al. [52] | Italy | Sheep | 84 | Carnosic acid (n = 3) | 250, 250, 175 |
El-Azrak et al. [19] | Egypt | Goats | 45 | Blend | 750.00 |
El-Essawy et al. [120] | Egypt | Sheep | 120 | Anethole, eugenol, thymol | 3069, 2920, 2780 |
El-Essawy et al. [18] | Egypt | Goats | 88 | Anethole, eugenol, thymol | 1706, 1813, 1712 |
Estrada-Angulo et al. [16] | Mexico | Sheep | 87, 100 | Blend (n = 2) | 115, 162 |
Favaretto et al. [121] | Brazil | Sheep | 40 | Blend(n = 2) | 500, 1000 |
Giannenas et al. [23] | Greece | Sheep | 150 | Blend(n = 3) | 50, 100, 150 |
Güney et al. [57] | Turkey | Sheep | 70 | Eucalyptol (n = 2) | 250, 500 |
Hashem et al. [122] | Egypt | Goats | 63 | Limonene (n = 2) | 523, 1051 |
Hundal et al. [123] | India | Goats | 90 | Blend | 123.00 |
Jiao et al. [124] | China | Sheep | 63 | Blend (n = 8) | 45 (n = 4), 79 (n = 4) |
Kalaitsidis et al. [24] | Greece | Sheep | 45 | Blend | 15 |
Katheri et al. [125] | Iran | Sheep | 48 | Blend (n = 2) | 800, 1600 |
Khattab et al. [126] | Egypt | Sheep | 90 | Blend | 1232 |
Kholif et al. [127] | Egypt | Goats | 90 | Blend (n = 3) | 1428, 1449, 1428 |
Kholif et al. [99] | Egypt | Sheep | 84 | Blend | 2475 |
Kholif et al. [103] | Egypt | Goats | 90 | Linalool (n = 2) | 946, 1902 |
Klevenhusen et al. [128] | Switzerland | Sheep | 69 | Diallyl disulfide (n = 2) | 1775, 2000 |
Kotsampasi et al. [129] | Greece | Sheep | 60 | Limonene (n = 3) | 86, 171, 254 |
Leal et al. [130] | Spain | Sheep | 14 | Carnosic acid (n = 6) | 200 (n = 2), 400 (n = 2), 800 (n = 2) |
Lei et al. [131] | China | Goats | 90 | Blend (n = 2) | 58, 101 |
Lin et al. [132] | China | Sheep | 21 | Blend (n = 3) | 1111, 555, 1111 |
Ma et al. [133] | China | Sheep | 29, 42 | Allicin (n = 2) | 2000 (n = 2) |
Malekkhani et al. [134] | Iran | Sheep | 50 | Blend | 486 |
Morsy et al. [135] | Egypt | Goats | 90 | Blend (n = 3) | 1428, 1418, 1379 |
Moura et al. [136] | Brazil | Goats | 56 | β-caryophyllene (n = 3) | 500, 1000, 1500 |
Naseri et al. [42] | Iran | Sheep | 56 | alpha-pinene | 852 |
Nieto et al. [137] | Spain | Sheep | NR | Thymol (n = 2) | 1538, 3076 |
Ortuño et al. [138] | Spain | Sheep | 80 | Carnosic acid (n = 2) | 200, 400 |
Ortuño et al. [139] | Spain | Sheep | 80 | Blend | 400 |
Ortuño et al. [140] | Spain | Sheep | 50 | Blend | 500 |
Ortuño et al. [141] | Spain | Sheep | 80 | Blend (n = 2) | 200, 400 |
Ortuño et al. [142] | Spain | Sheep | 50 | Blend | 500 |
Özdoğan et al. [143] | Turkey | Sheep | 56 | Blend (n = 2) | 1000 (n = 2) |
Panthee et al. [144] | Japan | Sheep | 44 | Alliin | 123 |
Paraskevakis [145] | Greece | Goats | 28 | Carvacrol | 495 |
Parvar et al. [146] | Iran | Sheep | 90 | Blend (n = 3) | 250, 500, 750 |
Passetti et al. [147] | Canada | Sheep | 100 | Blend (n = 4) | 1100 (n = 2), 125 (n = 2) |
Patindra et al. [148] | Thailand | Goats | 42 | Eugenol | 290 |
Patra et al. [149] | Germany | Sheep | 28 | Menthol (n = 2) | 64, 126 |
Ranucci et al. [150] | Italy | Sheep | 30 | Blend | 2000 |
Sahraei et al. [151] | Iran | Sheep | 84 | Carnosic acid (n = 3) | 40, 80, 160 |
Selmi et al. [152] | Tunisia | Sheep | 84 | Blend (n = 2) | 150, 300 |
Serrano et al. [153] | Spain | Sheep | 80 | Carnosic acid (n = 2) | 600 (n = 2) |
Shaaban et al. [20] | Egypt | Sheep | 288 | Limonene, thymol, blend | 1466, 1486, 1476 |
Simitzis et al. [154] | Greece | Sheep | 35 | Cinnamaldehyde | 413 |
Smeti et al. [155] | Tunisia | Sheep | 60 | Eucalyptol | 600 |
Smeti et al. [156] | Tunisia | Goats | 56 | Blend | 599 |
Smeti et al. [21] | Tunisia | Sheep | 100 | Blend (n = 3) | 900, 477, 957 |
Smeti et al. [22] | Tunisia | Goats | 67 | alpha-pinene (n = 2) | 3000, 6000 |
Soltan et al. [157] | Egypt | Goats | 63 | Limonene (n = 2) | 523, 1051 |
Soltan et al. [77] | Brazil | Sheep | 111 | Blend (n = 2) | 200, 400 |
Ünlü et al. [158] | Turkey | Sheep | 56 | Blend, capsaicin | 300, 300 |
Wu et al. [56] | China | Sheep | 72 | Carvacrol (n = 2) | 2750, 5500 |
Yanza et al. [159] | Poland | Sheep | 48, 30 | Rosmarinic acid (n = 2) | 3920 (n = 2) |
Yesilbag et al. [160] | Turkey | Goats | 60 | alpha-pinene (n = 3) | 400, 800, 2000 |
Zhang et al. [48] | China | Sheep | 24 | Carvacrol (n = 3) | 10,000, 20,000, 40,000 |
Zhou et al. [41] | China | Sheep | 36 | Blend (n = 2) | 52, 91 |
Zhu et al. [161] | China | Goats | 60 | Blend | 1481 |
Zhu et al. [162] | China | Goats | 30 | Blend (n = 3) | 570, 1140, 1710 |
Parameter | Covariates | QM | df | p-Value | R2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meat pH | Essential oils dose | 0.80 | 1 | 0.370 | 0.0 |
Supplementation period | 11.11 | 1 | 0.065 | 0.0 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 97.07 | 7 | <0.001 | 100 | |
Glucose | Essential oils dose | 0.44 | 1 | 0.508 | 1.32 |
Supplementation period | 0.92 | 1 | 0.336 | 4.64 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 20.54 | 9 | 0.015 | 30.28 | |
Cholesterol | Essential oils dose | 1.71 | 1 | 0.191 | 0.0 |
Supplementation period | 2.31 | 1 | 0.128 | 5.68 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 14.79 | 10 | 0.140 | 0.0 | |
Triglycerides | Essential oils dose | 14.64 | 1 | <0.001 | 2.65 |
Supplementation period | 1.078 | 1 | 0.299 | 0.0 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 327.36 | 11 | <0.001 | 80.30 | |
Milk yield | Essential oils dose | 22.22 | 1 | <0.001 | 28.20 |
Supplementation period | 2.61 | 1 | 0.106 | 0.00 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 38.58 | 9 | <0.001 | 47.17 | |
Milk fat | Essential oils dose | 0.03 | 1 | 0.863 | 0.00 |
Supplementation period | 5.55 | 1 | 0.068 | 0.00 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 13.05 | 1 | 0.071 | 25.18 | |
Milk protein | Essential oils dose | 0.078 | 1 | 0.780 | 0.00 |
Supplementation period | 6.40 | 1 | 0.011 | 10.41 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 26.17 | 7 | <0.001 | 32.38 | |
Milk lactose | Essential oils dose | 0.826 | 1 | 0.363 | 0.00 |
Supplementation period | 7.43 | 1 | 0.106 | 2.05 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 13.29 | 7 | 0.065 | 0.00 |
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Parameter | Mean | Median | Minimum | Maximum | SD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary Features | NC | Control | Eos | Control | Eos | Control | Eos | Control | Eos | Control | Eos |
Concentrate, g/kg DM | 140 | 479.9 | 479.9 | 500.0 | 500.0 | 210.0 | 210.0 | 790.0 | 790.0 | 172.3 | 172.3 |
Forage, g/kg DM | 140 | 520.1 | 520.1 | 500.0 | 500.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 900.0 | 900.0 | 172.3 | 172.3 |
DM, g/kg DM | 131 | 863.1 | 864.1 | 896.0 | 896.0 | 455.0 | 455.0 | 973.0 | 989.0 | 105.5 | 106.9 |
OM, g/kg DM | 62 | 913.1 | 914.8 | 912.0 | 912.0 | 808.0 | 808.0 | 949.0 | 972.0 | 24.1 | 26.2 |
CP, g/kg DM | 106 | 148.4 | 147.4 | 149.5 | 150.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 259.0 | 253.0 | 33.1 | 30.7 |
EE, g/kg DM | 93 | 29.1 | 29.4 | 30.0 | 30.1 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 12.1 | 12.2 |
NDF, g/kg DM | 102 | 400.8 | 400.8 | 397.3 | 397.3 | 118.2 | 118.2 | 594.0 | 594.0 | 99.6 | 99.7 |
ADF, g/kg DM | 105 | 220.8 | 220.9 | 225.0 | 225.0 | 50.4 | 50.4 | 382.3 | 382.3 | 62.2 | 62.2 |
Starch, g/kg DM | 21 | 225.1 | 225.1 | 193.0 | 193.0 | 33.0 | 33.0 | 405.0 | 405.0 | 110.9 | 110.9 |
Ca, g/kg DM | 79 | 9.46 | 9.49 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 24.3 | 24.3 | 4.93 | 4.91 |
P, g/kg DM | 79 | 5.24 | 5.23 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 2.83 | 2.82 |
ME, Mcal/kg DM | 64 | 2.77 | 2.74 | 2.51 | 2.51 | 1.48 | 1.48 | 4.59 | 4.54 | 1.02 | 1.03 |
Eos, mg/kg DM | 164 | - | 1452 | - | 500 | - | 10 | - | 40,000 | - | 3844 |
Duration, days | 162 | 71 | 69 | 14 | 288 | 42 |
Item | N (NC) | Heterogeneity | Egger Test 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Means (SD) | WMD (95 % CI) | p-Value | p-Value | I2 (%) | p-Value | ||
DMI, kg/d | 35 (76) | 1.146 (0.302) | 0.021 (0.013; 0.030) | <0.001 | 0.115 | 17.27 | 0.245 |
Digestibility, g/kg of DM | |||||||
DMD | 23 (46) | 652.4 (78.8) | 14.11 (9.50; 18.72) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 99.24 | 0.073 |
OMD | 20 (35) | 662.5 (81.4) | 8.81 (0.08; 17.54) | 0.048 | <0.001 | 99.31 | 0.080 |
CPD | 26 (49) | 662.8 (93.1) | 12.93 (6.64; 19.21) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 99.64 | 0.092 |
EED | 9 (18) | 631.6 (108.5) | 3.13 (−21.32; 27.58 | 0.802 | <0.001 | 99.86 | 0.775 |
NDFD | 25 (48) | 504.2 (118.6) | 13.00 (3.72; 22.28) | 0.006 | <0.001 | 99.87 | 0.116 |
ADFD | 17 (34) | 409.5 (123.2) | 31.04 (16.51; 45.57) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 99.74 | 0.066 |
Item | N (NC) | Heterogeneity | Egger Test 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Means (SD) | WMD (95 % CI) | p-Value | p-Value | I2 (%) | p-Value | ||
ADG, kg/d | 21 (51) | 0.224 (0.08) | 0.008 (0.000; 0.016) | 0.037 | <0.001 | 62.34 | 0.537 |
FCR, kg/kg | 13 (33) | 6.54 (3.61) | −0.111 (−0.220; −0.003) | 0.045 | 0.129 | 22.26 | 0.075 |
Carcass characteristics | |||||||
HCW, kg | 12 (24) | 19.68 (5.17) | −0.001 (−0.294; 0.292) | 0.996 | 0.113 | 28.87 | 0.906 |
HCY, % | 11 (23) | 48.30 (4.51) | 0.552 (−0.022; 1.126) | 0.049 | 0.110 | 27.83 | 0.306 |
CCW, kg | 8 (17) | 17.80 (5.81) | −0.160 (−0.433; 0.113) | 0.248 | 0.184 | 23.88 | 0.619 |
BFT, mm | 6 (12) | 2.27 (1.11) | −0.033 (−0.152; 0.085) | 0.583 | 0.412 | 3.39 | 0.062 |
LMA, cm2 | 6 (11) | 15.07 (4.70) | 2.074 (0.674; 3.474) | 0.004 | <0.001 | 85.01 | 0.839 |
Item | N (NC) | Heterogeneity | Egger Test 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Means (SD) | WMD (95 % CI) | p-Value | p-Value | I2 (%) | p-Value | ||
pH | 31 (78) | 6.25 (0.33) | 0.00 (−0.037; −0.038) | 0.985 | <0.001 | 71.86 | 0.839 |
NH3-N, mg/dL | 29 (69) | 19.40 (8.25) | −0.310 (−0.60; −0.02) | 0.038 | <0.001 | 62.58 | 0.241 |
SCFA, mol/100 mol | |||||||
Acetate | 30 (73) | 5.04 (11.80) | 0.165 (−0.71; 1.04) | 0.713 | <0.001 | 94.90 | 0.212 |
Propionate | 30 (73) | 21.96 (6.28) | 0.726 (0.20; 1.25) | 0.006 | <0.001 | 85.88 | 0.223 |
Butyrate | 30 (73) | 11.53 (3.68) | 0.050 (−0.24; 0.34) | 0.743 | <0.001 | 83.46 | 0.412 |
Protozoa, ×105/mL | |||||||
Total | 14 (34) | 7.59 (3.62) | −1.426 (−1.85; −1.00) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 97.91 | 0.268 |
Entodinium | 6 (16) | 5.51 (3.14) | −0.008 (−0.05; 0.03) | 0.687 | <0.001 | 80.97 | 0.522 |
Diplodidium | 4 (11) | 0.49 (0.33) | −0.107 (−0.23; 0.02) | 0.094 | 0.086 | 40.772 | 0.177 |
Isotrichae | 4 (11) | 0.31 (0.08) | 0.021 (−0.05; 0.09) | 0.574 | 0.240 | 21.31 | 0.074 |
Epidinium | 3 (7) | 0.85 (0.36) | −0.12 (−0.17; −0.08) | <0.001 | 0.474 | 0.00 | NA |
Microbial population, per mL of ruminal fluid | |||||||
Total bacteria, ×1010 | 8 (17) | 6.61 (3.24) | 0.046 (−0.12; 0.21) | 0.579 | <0.001 | 71.65 | 0.353 |
R. flavefaciens, ×108 | 6 (11) | 9.99 (6.46) | 0.43 (0.013; 0.86) | 0.043 | <0.001 | 81.33 | 0.741 |
R. albus, ×107 | 4 (8) | 7.70 (1.55) | 0.34 (−0.32; 0.99) | 0.311 | <0.001 | 93.94 | NA |
F. succinogenes, ×105 | 6 (11) | 4.99 (2.51) | −0.42 (−0.96; 0.12) | 0.129 | <0.001 | 94.18 | 0.082 |
Methanogens, ×107 | 6 (12) | 6.319 (2.77) | −0.60 (−0.88; −0.33) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 83.88 | 0.065 |
CH4, L/d | 7 (13) | 32.66 (11.71) | −3.93 (−4.68; −3.19) | <0.001 | 0.352 | 9.34 | 0.789 |
Item | N (NC) | Heterogeneity | Egger Test 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Means (SD) | WMD (95 % CI) | p-Value | p-Value | I2 (%) | p-Value | ||
Blood metabolites, mg/dL | |||||||
Urea | 21 (44) | 39.07 (15.32) | −0.688 (−1.206; −0.170) | 0.009 | 0.103 | 21.91 | 0.978 |
Glucose | 24 (52) | 62.52 (18.91) | 0.587 (−0.266; 1.440) | 0.178 | <0.001 | 79.74 | 0.306 |
NEFA, mmol/L | 6 (12) | 0.361 (0.16) | −0.027 (−0.053; −0.002) | 0.034 | <0.001 | 73.76 | 0.616 |
BHB, mmol/L | 3 (8) | 0.446 (0.15) | −0.020 (−0.033; −0.007) | 0.003 | 0.189 | 29.98 | NA |
Albumin | 17 (32) | 4.94 (1.05) | 0.029 (−0.003; 0.061) | 0.078 | 0.280 | 11.70 | 0.063 |
Globulin | 13 (24) | 5.99 (1.81) | 0.003 (−0.088; 0.093) | 0.953 | 0.119 | 29.28 | 0.253 |
Protein total | 19 (28) | 13.31 (2.71) | −0.104 (−0.220; 0.012) | 0.080 | 0.138 | 48.41 | 0.305 |
Cholesterol | 20 (45) | 114.30 (30.6) | −5.789 (−8.651; −2.926) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 86.83 | 0.936 |
Triglycerides | 16 (37) | 29.90 (10.18) | −2.310 (−3.667; −0.954) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 98.70 | 0.073 |
Thyroxine, ng/mL | 3 (6) | 79.05 (4.33) | 7.06 (5.51; 8.61) | <0.001 | 0.678 | 0.00 | NA |
Antioxidant status | |||||||
MDA, ng/mL | 5 (9) | 164.40 (92.50) | −3.88 (−8.48; 0.718) | 0.098 | 0.521 | 0.00 | NA |
CAT, ng/mL | 4 (7) | 1.27 (0.42) | 0.204 (0.13; 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.699 | 0.00 | NA |
SOD, ng/mL | 6 (12) | 1.12 (0.76) | 0.037 (0.004; 0.07) | 0.028 | 0.149 | 31.26 | 0.642 |
GPx, nmol/mL | 7 (14) | 57.20 (39.30) | 2.65 (−17.85; 23.15) | 0.800 | <0.001 | 99.98 | 0.346 |
TAC, U/mL | 4 (10) | 6.01 (2.45) | 0.749 (0.183; 1.31) | 0.009 | <0.001 | 85.01 | 0.811 |
Item | N (NC) | Heterogeneity | Egger Test 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Means (SD) | WMD (95 % CI) | p-Value | p-Value | I2 (%) | p-Value | ||
pH 24 h | 15 (26) | 5.824 (0.37) | −0.012 (−0.056; 0.033) | 0.604 | <0.001 | 77.13 | 0.080 |
CL, g/100 g | 8 (17) | 25.48 (9.02) | −0.617 (−1.174; −0.061) | 0.030 | 0.760 | 0.00 | 0.369 |
ShF, kgf/cm2 | 4 (8) | 4.027 (0.20) | −0.171 (−0.337; −0.009) | 0.038 | 0.993 | 0.00 | NA |
Meat color | |||||||
Lightness (L*) | 17 (31) | 40.808 (4.69) | −0.207 (−0.505; 0.091) | 0.173 | 0.159 | 20.61 | 0.240 |
Redness (a*) | 17 (31) | 16.701 (12.29) | 0.123 (−0.133; 0.378) | 0.347 | 0.132 | 22.57 | 0.359 |
Yellowness (b*) | 15 (29) | 6.445 (4.33) | −0.316 (−0.481; −0.151) | <0.001 | 0.453 | 0.75 | 0.860 |
Lipid oxidation (mg MDA/kg of meat) | |||||||
Day 1 | 12 (24) | 0.435 (0.38) | −0.029 (−0.045; −0.014) | <0.001 | 0.493 | 0.26 | 0.069 |
Day 3 | 5 (8) | 1.591 (1.12) | −0.368 (−0.650; −0.085) | 0.011 | 0.005 | 65.45 | NA |
Day 6 | 9 (20) | 2.887 (1.37) | −0.551 (−0.816; −0.286) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 75.02 | 0..278 |
Day 9 | 3 (9) | 2.180 (0.76) | −0.189 (−0.337; −0.041) | 0.012 | 0.727 | 0.00 | NA |
Day 14 | 8 (16) | 5.888 (2.19) | −1.607 (−2.354; −0.859) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 89.24 | 0.094 |
Chemical composition, g/100 g of DM | |||||||
Moisture | 9 (18) | 74.141 (1.48) | 0.042 (−0.168; 0.251) | 0.696 | 0.406 | 4.15 | 0.288 |
Protein | 9 (18) | 25.28 (13.78) | −0.780 (−1.050; −0.509) | 0.061 | 0.198 | 31.55 | 0.112 |
Fat | 11 (20) | 5.72 (4.70) | 0.055 (−0.140; 0.251) | 0.578 | 0.110 | 30.07 | 0.223 |
Ash | 8 (16) | 1.797 (1.59) | −0.001 (−0.006; 0.004) | 0.645 | 0.702 | 0.00 | 0.740 |
Bacterial counts of raw lamb meat after 7 days of storage, expressed as log CFU/g | |||||||
TVC | 8 (11) | 3.957 (1.98) | −0.605 (−0.857; −0.353) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 68.03 | 0.480 |
ENT | 6 (9) | 1.079 (1.52) | −0.139 (−0.233; −0.045) | 0.004 | 0.805 | 0.00 | NA |
PSY | 4 (7) | 3.084 (0.91) | −0.600 (−0.867; −0.332) | <0.001 | 0.941 | 0.00 | NA |
MY | 4 (7) | 1.411 (0.45) | −0.275 (−0.537; −0.014) | 0.039 | 0.697 | 0.00 | NA |
Item | N (NC) | Heterogeneity | Egger Test 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Means (SD) | WMD (95 % CI) | p-Value | p-Value | I2 (%) | p-Value | ||
Milk yield, kg/d | 18 (37) | 1.18 (0.76) | 0.113 (0.077; 0.148) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 87.35 | 0.067 |
FE, kg/kg | 10 (21) | 0.776 (0.39) | 0.039 (0.022; 0.056) | <0.001 | 0.119 | 29.56 | 0.522 |
Milk composition, g/100 g | |||||||
Fat | 19 (40) | 4.426 (1.33) | −0.003 (−0.099; 0.09) | 0.959 | <0.001 | 93.47 | 0.079 |
Protein | 19 (40) | 3.947 (1.15) | 0.059 (0.005; 0.113) | 0.031 | <0.001 | 91.08 | 0.424 |
Lactose | 17 (36) | 4.811 (0.96) | 0.100 (0.048; 0.152) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 86.74 | 0.269 |
SCC, ×103 cell/mL | 6 (14) | 3.081 (1.50) | −0.916 (−1.37; −0.46) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 97.05 | 0.480 |
Urea, mg/dL | 3 (6) | 40.74 (5.46) | −7.73 (−11.77; −3.70) | <0.001 | 0.043 | 56.33 | NA |
pH | 3 (6) | 6.62 (0.0465) | 0.003 (−0.028; 0.034) | 0.845 | 0.989 | 0.00 | NA |
Parameter | Covariates | QM | Df | p-Value | R2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average daily gain (ADG) | Essential oils dose | 0.002 | 1 | 0.968 | 0.0 |
Supplementation period | 0.824 | 1 | 0.364 | 0.0 | |
Primary Bioactive Compound | 6.56 | 11 | 0.834 | 0.0 | |
Dry matter digestibility (DMD) | Essential oils dose | 1.44 | 1 | 0.230 | 0.0 |
Supplementation period | 3.31 | 1 | 0.069 | 3.23 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 36.01 | 10 | <0.001 | 17.16 | |
Organic matter digestibility (OMD) | Essential oils dose | 1.99 | 1 | 0.158 | 5.86 |
Supplementation period | 0.258 | 1 | 0.612 | 0.0 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 6.63 | 8 | 0.577 | 0.0 | |
Crude protein digestibility (CPD) | Essential oils dose | 0.039 | 1 | 0.842 | 6.61 |
Supplementation period | 0.479 | 1 | 0.489 | 0.0 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 19.281 | 11 | 0.066 | 0.0 | |
Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) | Essential oils dose | 3.23 | 1 | 0.072 | 7.15 |
Supplementation period | 2.35 | 1 | 0.125 | 0.0 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 26.55 | 11 | 0.005 | 7.97 | |
Acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD) | Essential oils dose | 2.44 | 1 | 0.118 | 4.27 |
Supplementation period | 0.38 | 1 | 0.541 | 9.29 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 38.50 | 9 | <0.001 | 62.55 | |
Ruminal pH | Essential oils dose | 0.15 | 1 | 0.696 | 0.0 |
Supplementation period | 8.55 | 1 | 0.003 | 3.52 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 56.31 | 16 | <0.001 | 56.20 | |
Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) | Essential oils dose | 8.30 | 1 | 0.004 | 16.39 |
Supplementation period | 2.19 | 1 | 0.139 | 0.0 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 48.30 | 15 | <0.001 | 40.93 | |
Acetate | Essential oils dose | 0.03 | 1 | 0.853 | 0.0 |
Supplementation period | 3.26 | 1 | 0.071 | 5.78 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 44.27 | 16 | <0.001 | 7.63 | |
Propionate | Essential oils dose | 0.56 | 1 | 0.452 | 2.99 |
Supplementation period | 1.72 | 1 | 0.189 | 0.0 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 28.69 | 16 | 0.026 | 18.77 | |
Butyrate | Essential oils dose | 1.15 | 1 | 0.284 | 3.98 |
Supplementation period | 0.002 | 1 | 0.962 | 8.65 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 32.71 | 16 | 0.008 | 40.95 | |
Total ruminal protozoa | Essential oils dose | 2.43 | 1 | 0.119 | 0.0 |
Supplementation period | 8.89 | 1 | 0.003 | 7.3 | |
Primary bioactive compound | 31.43 | 8 | <0.001 | 42.04 |
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Dorantes-Iturbide, G.; Orzuna-Orzuna, J.F.; Lara-Bueno, A.; Mendoza-Martínez, G.D.; Miranda-Romero, L.A.; Lee-Rangel, H.A. Essential Oils as a Dietary Additive for Small Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis on Performance, Rumen Parameters, Serum Metabolites, and Product Quality. Vet. Sci. 2022, 9, 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090475
Dorantes-Iturbide G, Orzuna-Orzuna JF, Lara-Bueno A, Mendoza-Martínez GD, Miranda-Romero LA, Lee-Rangel HA. Essential Oils as a Dietary Additive for Small Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis on Performance, Rumen Parameters, Serum Metabolites, and Product Quality. Veterinary Sciences. 2022; 9(9):475. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090475
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorantes-Iturbide, Griselda, José Felipe Orzuna-Orzuna, Alejandro Lara-Bueno, Germán David Mendoza-Martínez, Luis Alberto Miranda-Romero, and Héctor Aarón Lee-Rangel. 2022. "Essential Oils as a Dietary Additive for Small Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis on Performance, Rumen Parameters, Serum Metabolites, and Product Quality" Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 9: 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090475