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Veterinary Sciences
Volume 9
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Vet. Sci., Volume 9, Issue 9 (September 2022) – 60 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) compromises the ability to effectively treat bacterial infections in humans and animals, representing a global challenge for public health and agriculture. Recent scientific literature provides evidence suggesting that the restricted use of antimicrobials in farm animals was effective in reducing AMR in livestock and, in some cases, in humans, while refuting the perception that the livestock sector is primarily responsible for the spread of AMR in humans. Nonetheless, combatting AMR in both sectors as well as in the environment will have significant health and economic benefits, hence the need to accelerate the implementation of the “One Health” approach to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials and extend their longevity in human and veterinary medicine. View this paper
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12 pages, 1795 KiB  
Article
Trichinella spiralis and T. britovi in North-Eastern Romania: A Six-Year Retrospective Multicentric Survey
by Olimpia Iacob, Ciprian Chiruță and Mihai Mareș
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090509 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2191
Abstract
The genus Trichinella includes species with a wide geographical spread that cause pathology in humans and animals. In this context, an epidemiological study of Trichinella infection was carried out in the northeastern part of Romania to investigate for the first time the prevalence [...] Read more.
The genus Trichinella includes species with a wide geographical spread that cause pathology in humans and animals. In this context, an epidemiological study of Trichinella infection was carried out in the northeastern part of Romania to investigate for the first time the prevalence of this infection in pigs, horses, wild boars and bears, the geographical distribution of Trichinella species and the natural reservoir of Trichinella infection. Between 2010 and 2015, a total of 166,270 animals were examined by the method of artificial digestion, in order to calculate the annual and general prevalence of Trichinella infection, according to the host and the Trichinella species involved, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), trendline and geographical distribution of species of the genus Trichinella. Taxonomic framing was performed by the multiplex PCR method. The overall prevalence of Trichinella infection in animals was 0.188%. Within the host species, the prevalence varied as follows: in pigs 0.096%, horses 0.021%, wild boar 1.46% and bears 36.76%. The geographical distribution showed that T. spiralis was dominant, occupying the entire northeastern part of Romania, being identified in pigs, horses, wild boars and bears. T britovi occupied five mountain counties, being identified only in wild boars and bears. These results validate the presence of T. spiralis and T. britovi in domestic and game animals in the northeastern part of Romania. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites Research in Wildlife)
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18 pages, 338 KiB  
Article
Hemogram Findings in Cats from an Area Endemic for Leishmania infantum and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infections
by Marisa Masucci, Giulia Donato, Maria Flaminia Persichetti, Vito Priolo, Germano Castelli, Federica Bruno and Maria Grazia Pennisi
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090508 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2447
Abstract
In feline Leishmania infantum (Li) infection and in clinical cases of feline leishmaniosis, co-infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been reported. However, the role of the retroviral co-infection in the impairment of feline clinical health is still controversial. The aim [...] Read more.
In feline Leishmania infantum (Li) infection and in clinical cases of feline leishmaniosis, co-infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has been reported. However, the role of the retroviral co-infection in the impairment of feline clinical health is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate hemogram changes in cats from regions endemic for both Li and FIV infection. Four hundred and ninety-six cats tested for Li (EDTA blood polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence antibody test) and for FIV infection (enzyme-linked immune assay) were retrospectively evaluated. Hemogram results including blood smear morphological evaluation were statistically compared considering four infection patterns: Li+FIV+, Li+FIV−, Li−FIV+, and Li−FIV−. Significantly lower values of erythrocytes (Li+FIV−: p = 0.0248; Li−FIV+: p = 0.0392) and hemoglobin (Li+FIV: p = 0.0086; Li−FIV+: p = 0.0249) were found in both infections when compared to Li−FIV− cats, and severity of anemia was more frequently moderate in Li-positive cats (p = 0.0206) and severe in FIV infection (p = 0.024). Li infection was associated with monocytosis (p = 0.0013) and morphologically activated monocytes (p = 0.0209). Moreover, FIV infection was associated with the presence of inflammatory leukogram (p = 0.023), and an association between thrombocytosis and the co-infection was found (p = 0.0347). Li infection in cats induces hematological changes compatible with chronic inflammation, some of which are due to co-infection with FIV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)
14 pages, 4227 KiB  
Article
Marginal Zinc Deficiency Aggravated Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Inflammation through ETEC Virulence Factors in a Mouse Model of Diarrhea
by Peng Wang, Qianqian Chen, Liping Gan, Xinyu Du, Qiyue Li, Hanzhen Qiao, Yinli Zhao, Jin Huang and Jinrong Wang
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090507 - 16 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2534
Abstract
Zinc is both essential and inhibitory for the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). However, the accurate effects and underlying mechanism of marginal zinc deficiency on ETEC infection are not fully understood. Here, a marginal zinc-deficient mouse model was established by feeding mice [...] Read more.
Zinc is both essential and inhibitory for the pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). However, the accurate effects and underlying mechanism of marginal zinc deficiency on ETEC infection are not fully understood. Here, a marginal zinc-deficient mouse model was established by feeding mice with a marginal zinc-deficient diet, and ETEC k88 was further administrated to mice after antibiotic disruption of the normal microbiota. Marginal zinc deficiency aggravated growth impairment, diarrhea, intestinal morphology, intestinal permeability, and inflammation induced by ETEC k88 infection. In line with the above observations, marginal zinc deficiency also increased the intestinal ETEC shedding, though the concentration of ETEC in the intestinal content was not different or even decreased in the stool. Moreover, marginal zinc deficiency failed to change the host’s zinc levels, as evidenced by the fact that the serum zinc levels and zinc-receptor GPR39 expression in jejunum were not significantly different in mice with ETEC challenge. Finally, marginal zinc deficiency upregulated the relative expression of virulence genes involved in heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins, motility, cellular adhesion, and biofilm formation in the cecum content of mice with ETEC infection. These findings demonstrated that marginal zinc deficiency likely regulates ETEC infection through the virulence factors, whereas it is not correlated with host zinc levels. Full article
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15 pages, 65315 KiB  
Article
Strain and Shear-Wave Elastography and Their Relationship to Histopathological Features of Canine Mammary Nodular Lesions
by Marcella Massimini, Alessia Gloria, Mariarita Romanucci, Leonardo Della Salda, Lucia Di Francesco and Alberto Contri
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090506 - 15 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2646
Abstract
Mammary gland tumours have a significant impact on the health of dogs, requiring diagnostic tools to support clinicians to develop appropriate therapeutic strategies. Sonoelastography is an emerging technology that is able to define the stiffness of the tissue and has promising applications in [...] Read more.
Mammary gland tumours have a significant impact on the health of dogs, requiring diagnostic tools to support clinicians to develop appropriate therapeutic strategies. Sonoelastography is an emerging technology that is able to define the stiffness of the tissue and has promising applications in the evaluation of mammary gland lesions. In the present study, strain elastography (STE) and shear-wave (SWE) elastography were compared in 38 mammary nodular lesions for their ability to define the histopathological features of canine mammary lesions. Among the techniques, SWE showed better repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.876), whereas STE was found to be only acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.456). Mammary nodular lesions showed a wide range of tissue stiffening with a similar mean value for STE and SWE in benign (4 ± 0.3 and 115.4 ± 12.6 kPa, respectively) and malignant lesions (3.8 ± 0.1 and 115.5 ± 4.5 kPa, respectively). A significant correlation was found between lesion fibrosis and STE (STE-I: r = 0.513, p < 0.001; STE-R: r = 0.591, p < 0.001) or SWE-S (r = 0.769; p < 0.001). In conclusion, SWE was reliable and correlated with fibrosis and was similar for both benign and malignant lesions, suggesting that other collateral diagnostic techniques should be considered in conjunction with SWE to characterize mammary nodular lesions in dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology of Cancers in Animals)
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16 pages, 279 KiB  
Article
Critically Appraised Topic on Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) in Dogs: An Advisable Treatment for Skin Diseases?
by Roberta Perego, Martina Mazzeo, Eva Spada and Daniela Proverbio
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090505 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4368
Abstract
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a therapeutic option that stimulates cellular function through intracellular photobiological and photochemical reactions, promoting better tissue repair and an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesic effect. Previous studies in human and veterinary medicine have shown the clinical efficacy of LLLT [...] Read more.
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a therapeutic option that stimulates cellular function through intracellular photobiological and photochemical reactions, promoting better tissue repair and an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesic effect. Previous studies in human and veterinary medicine have shown the clinical efficacy of LLLT in many fields. In this study, the literature was reviewed using the critically appraised topic (CAT) method to determine the canine skin diseases for which LLLT is an advisable treatment. A meticulous literature search revealed 19 significant clinical trials, which were critically analyzed. The evaluation of the best accessible evidence in July 2022 suggests that fluorescence biomodulation (FBM), a type of LLLT, can, in combination with systemic antibiotic therapy, be a promising and effective adjunctive treatment for canine interdigital pyoderma and canine deep pyoderma. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that the use of LLLT is not recommended as a therapy for pedal pruritus secondary to canine atopic dermatitis. For other canine skin diseases included in the CAT, although LLLT appears to be a promising treatment, there is not yet good scientific evidence to recommend its use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
18 pages, 1324 KiB  
Article
A One Health Evaluation of the Surveillance Systems on Tick-Borne Diseases in the Netherlands, Spain and Italy
by Aitor Garcia-Vozmediano, Daniele De Meneghi, Hein Sprong, Aránzazu Portillo, José A. Oteo and Laura Tomassone
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090504 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3350
Abstract
To identify ideal elements for the monitoring and prevention of tick-borne diseases (TBD), we analysed the surveillance systems in place in the Netherlands, Spain and Italy. We applied a semi-quantitative evaluation to identify outcomes and assess the degree of One Health implementation. Differences [...] Read more.
To identify ideal elements for the monitoring and prevention of tick-borne diseases (TBD), we analysed the surveillance systems in place in the Netherlands, Spain and Italy. We applied a semi-quantitative evaluation to identify outcomes and assess the degree of One Health implementation. Differences emerged in the surveillance initiatives, as well as the One Health scores. The Dutch surveillance is dominated by a high level of transdisciplinary and trans-sectoral collaboration, enabling communication and data sharing among actors. Different project-based monitoring, research and educational activities are centrally coordinated and the non-scientific community is actively involved. All this yielded measurable health outcomes. In Italy and Spain, TBD surveillance and reporting systems are based on compulsory notification. Law enforcement, alongside dedicated time and availability of economic resources, is fragmented and limited to the most severe health issues. Veterinary and human medicine are the most involved disciplines, with the first prevailing in some contexts. Stakeholders are marginally considered and collaborations limited to local initiatives. Research activities have mostly contributed to gaining knowledge on the distribution of tick vectors and discovery of new pathogens. Although all TBD surveillance plans comply with EU regulations, initiatives characterised by transdisciplinary collaboration may be more effective for the surveillance and prevention of TBD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Diseases: Eco-Epidemiology and Public Health Implications)
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10 pages, 945 KiB  
Article
Detection of Chicken Respiratory Pathogens in Live Markets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Epidemiological Implications
by Tadiose Habte Tekelemariam, Stephen Walkden-Brown, Fekadu Alemu Atire, Dessalegne Abeje Tefera, Dawit Hailu Alemayehu and Priscilla F. Gerber
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090503 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2287
Abstract
A moderate to high seroprevalence of exposure to Newcastle disease (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has recently been reported in Ethiopia, but it is unclear to what extent these contribute to clinical [...] Read more.
A moderate to high seroprevalence of exposure to Newcastle disease (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) has recently been reported in Ethiopia, but it is unclear to what extent these contribute to clinical cases of respiratory disease. This study investigated the presence of these pathogens in chickens exhibiting respiratory disease in two live markets in Addis Ababa. Markets were visited weekly for three months, and 18 chickens displaying respiratory clinical signs were acquired. Swab samples were taken from the choana, trachea, air sac and larynx for bacteriology and PCR tests targeting these five pathogens. PCR-positive samples were sequenced. All 18 chickens were PCR-positive for aMPV, 50% for each of Mg and NDV, 39% for IBV and 11% for ILTV. Infections with >3 pathogens were detected in 17 of 18 chickens. Potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus were found in 16 to 44% of chickens. IBV-positive samples were of the 793B genotype. The results associate the presence of these organisms with clinical respiratory disease and are consistent with recent serological investigations, indicating a high level of exposure to multiple respiratory pathogens. Full article
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17 pages, 4054 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning and Canine Chronic Enteropathies: A New Approach to Investigate FMT Effects
by Giada Innocente, Ilaria Patuzzi, Tommaso Furlanello, Barbara Di Camillo, Luca Bargelloni, Maria Cecilia Giron, Sonia Facchin, Edoardo Savarino, Mirko Azzolin and Barbara Simionati
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090502 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2954
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents a very promising approach to decreasing disease activity in canine chronic enteropathies (CE). However, the relationship between remission mechanisms and microbiome changes has not been elucidated yet. The main objective of this study was to report the clinical [...] Read more.
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents a very promising approach to decreasing disease activity in canine chronic enteropathies (CE). However, the relationship between remission mechanisms and microbiome changes has not been elucidated yet. The main objective of this study was to report the clinical effects of oral freeze-dried FMT in CE dogs, comparing the fecal microbiomes of three groups: pre-FMT CE-affected dogs, post-FMT dogs, and healthy dogs. Diversity analysis, differential abundance analysis, and machine learning algorithms were applied to investigate the differences in microbiome composition between healthy and pre-FMT samples, while Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI) changes and microbial diversity metrics were used to evaluate FMT effects. In the healthy/pre-FMT comparison, significant differences were noted in alpha and beta diversity and a list of differentially abundant taxa was identified, while machine learning algorithms predicted sample categories with 0.97 (random forest) and 0.87 (sPLS-DA) accuracy. Clinical signs of improvement were observed in 74% (20/27) of CE-affected dogs, together with a statistically significant decrease in CCECAI (median value from 5 to 2 median). Alpha and beta diversity variations between pre- and post-FMT were observed for each receiver, with a high heterogeneity in the response. This highlighted the necessity for further research on a larger dataset that could identify different healing patterns of microbiome changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases in Small Animals)
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11 pages, 1224 KiB  
Communication
Maternal and Fetal PI3K-p110α Deficiency Induces Sex-Specific Changes in Conceptus Growth and Placental Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Reserve in Mice
by Daniela Pereira-Carvalho, Esteban Salazar-Petres, Jorge Lopez-Tello and Amanda N. Sferruzzi-Perri
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090501 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3301
Abstract
Fetal growth is reliant on placental formation and function, which, in turn, requires the energy produced by the mitochondria. Prior work has shown that both mother and fetus operate via the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-p110α signalling pathway to modify placental development, function, and fetal [...] Read more.
Fetal growth is reliant on placental formation and function, which, in turn, requires the energy produced by the mitochondria. Prior work has shown that both mother and fetus operate via the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-p110α signalling pathway to modify placental development, function, and fetal growth outcomes. This study in mice used genetic inactivation of PI3K-p110α (α/+) in mothers and fetuses and high resolution respirometry to investigate the influence of maternal and fetal PI3K-p110α deficiency on fetal and placental growth, in relation to placental mitochondrial bioenergetics, for each fetal sex. The effect of PI3K-p110α deficiency on maternal body composition was also determined to understand more about the maternal-driven changes in feto-placental development. These data show that male fetuses were more sensitive than females to fetal PI3K-p110α deficiency, as they had greater reductions in fetal and placental weight, when compared to their WT littermates. Placental weight was also altered in males only of α/+ dams. In addition, α/+ male, but not female, fetuses showed an increase in mitochondrial reserve capacity, when compared to their WT littermates in α/+ dams. Finally, α/+ dams exhibited reduced adipose depot masses, compared to wild-type dams. These findings, thus, demonstrate that maternal nutrient reserves and ability to apportion nutrients to the fetus are reduced in α/+ dams. Moreover, maternal and fetal PI3K-p110α deficiency impacts conceptus growth and placental mitochondrial bioenergetic function, in a manner dependent on fetal sex. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Placentation in Mammals: Development, Function and Pathology)
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7 pages, 2050 KiB  
Communication
Distribution of Coronavirus Receptors in the Swine Respiratory and Intestinal Tract
by Rahul Kumar Nelli, James Allen Roth and Luis Gabriel Gimenez-Lirola
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090500 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1989
Abstract
Coronaviruses use a broad range of host receptors for binding and cell entry, essential steps in establishing viral infections. This pilot study evaluated the overall distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), aminopeptidase N (APN), carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), and dipeptidyl [...] Read more.
Coronaviruses use a broad range of host receptors for binding and cell entry, essential steps in establishing viral infections. This pilot study evaluated the overall distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), aminopeptidase N (APN), carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) receptors in the pig respiratory and intestinal tract. All the receptors evaluated in this study were expressed and differentially distributed through the respiratory and intestinal tract. The presence and expression levels of these receptors could determine susceptibility to coronavirus infections. This study may have important implications for the development of research models and the assessment of the potential risk and introduction of novel coronaviruses into the swine population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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13 pages, 1279 KiB  
Article
Redox Status and Hematological Variables in Melatonin-Treated Ewes during Early Pregnancy under Heat Stress
by Efterpi V. Bouroutzika, Ekaterini K. Theodosiadou, Mariana S. Barbagianni, Serafeim Papadopoulos, Dimitrios Kalogiannis, Stella Chadio, Zoi Skaperda, Demetrios Kouretas, Eleni G. Katsogiannou and Irene Valasi
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090499 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2185
Abstract
The preovulatory follicles and preimplantation stage embryos are found to be rather sensitive to heat stress due to their low potential for scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of melatonin administration on redox [...] Read more.
The preovulatory follicles and preimplantation stage embryos are found to be rather sensitive to heat stress due to their low potential for scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of melatonin administration on redox status and hematological variables during the preovulatory period and early stages of embryogenesis in heat-stressed ewes in vivo. Forty Karagouniko-breed ewes were divided in two groups, the melatonin (M, n = 20) group and control (C, n = 20) one. All animals were subjected to heat stress throughout the study, which lasted forty days (D0 to D40). In M group, melatonin implants were administered on D0. Then, oestrous synchronization was applied (D19-D33). On D34, six rams were introduced into the ewe flock for mating. Ultrasonographic examination was conducted on D73 for pregnancy diagnosis. The temperature humidity index (THI), the rectal temperature (RT), and the number of breaths per minute (BR) were evaluated twice daily. Redox biomarkers, namely total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), were assayed in blood samples collected on D0, D33, and D40. In addition, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBCs), leukocyte differential count, and cortisol assessment were conducted in blood samples on D33 and D40. The results indicated improved fertility rate and mean number of lambs born per ewe due to improved redox status (p < 0.05) in ewes that received melatonin implants 34 days approximately before the onset of oestrus. The PCV decreased in both groups between the two time-points (p < 0.05). However, the NEU/LYMPH ratio decreased (p < 0.05) only in group M. The low cortisol levels and the decreased NEU/LYMPH ratio in both groups support the hypothesis that ewes of the indigenous Karagouniko breed may exhibit adaptation to environmental thermal stress. The administration of melatonin as an antioxidant regime may improve the reproductive competence of heat stressed ewes and may also enhance their ability to adapt at high ambient temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)
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13 pages, 562 KiB  
Article
Comparison of the Clinical Characteristics of Histiocytic Sarcoma in Bernese Mountain Dogs and Flat-Coated Retrievers
by Suzanne A. Erich, Jane M. Dobson and Erik Teske
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090498 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2979
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive malignant tumor of histiocytes, which can affect almost any organ in the body and is characterized by a broad array of tumor locations and clinical presentations. So far, no complete overview exists of the array of clinical [...] Read more.
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive malignant tumor of histiocytes, which can affect almost any organ in the body and is characterized by a broad array of tumor locations and clinical presentations. So far, no complete overview exists of the array of clinical aspects of HS in specific dog breeds in large groups. Therefore, we investigated the clinical characteristics of HS in a population of Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMD; n = 365) and Flat-Coated Retrievers (FCR; n = 289), which are two of the most affected dog breeds. Cases were selected from databases from different pathology services, and clinical information was retrospectively collected for each case. Localized HS was reported significantly more frequently in the FCR (60.6%) than in the BMD (39.2%), and disseminated HS was recorded significantly more frequently in the BMD (60.8%) than in the FCR (39.4%). Lameness was seen more often in FCR than in BMD, and the vast majority (78.1%) of LHS leading to lameness was located in the front legs in the FCR, while in the BMD, there was a more even distribution. BMD had significantly more often leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia, even corrected for the type of HS, than FCR. No significant difference in the frequency of anemia was recorded between BMD and FCR. In those dogs in which blood examination was performed, hypercalcemia was diagnosed in 15 BMD, while none of the FCR had hypercalcemia. The new information provided in this study can aid the diagnostic process and allow for prompt treatment recommendations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
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10 pages, 9785 KiB  
Case Report
Gastrointestinal Mast Cell Tumor in an African Dormouse (Graphiurus sp.)
by Yen-Chi Chang, Jung-Chin Chang, Jo-Wen Chen, Ying-Chen Wu and Ter-Hsin Chen
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090497 - 11 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2453
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are well-known neoplasms derived from either mucosal or connective tissue mast cells. While well studied in several domestic species, MCTs are rarely documented in rodents. A three-year-old, male African dormouse (Graphiurus sp.) presented with a history of vomiting [...] Read more.
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are well-known neoplasms derived from either mucosal or connective tissue mast cells. While well studied in several domestic species, MCTs are rarely documented in rodents. A three-year-old, male African dormouse (Graphiurus sp.) presented with a history of vomiting and anorexia for 3 months. Sonography revealed thickened gastric mucosa and hyperperistalsis. The patient died after receiving symptomatic treatment for 2 months. At necropsy, locally extensive, pale, thickened mucosal foci obscuring the first half of the stomach lumen was noted. Histological examination revealed moderately polymorphic, round, oval to spindle cells with amphophilic cytoplasmic granules infiltrating the mucosa to tunica muscularis, with moderate numbers of eosinophils. The mucosa was severely ulcerated with the proliferation of granulation tissue. The granules in most tumor cells exhibited metachromasia with the toluidine blue stain. Neoplastic cells revealed positive membranous immunoreactivity to KIT. Herein, we report the first case report of MCT in dormouse but also the first gastrointestinal MCT in a rodent species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)
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10 pages, 507 KiB  
Communication
Angiotensin II Blood Serum Levels in Piglets, after Intra-Dermal or Intra-Muscular Vaccination against PRRSV
by Georgios Maragkakis, Labrini V. Athanasiou, Laskarina-Maria Korou, Serafeim C. Chaintoutis, Chrysostomos Dovas, Despina N. Perrea, Georgios Papakonstantinou, Georgios Christodoulopoulos, Dominiek Maes and Vasileios G. Papatsiros
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090496 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2480
Abstract
The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system and participates in apoptosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in piglet serum Ang II levels following [...] Read more.
The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system and participates in apoptosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in piglet serum Ang II levels following intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a commercial PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. The trial was conducted in a commercial pig farm, including 104 piglets which were randomly allocated to four groups: Group A—Porcilis PRRS ID, Group B—Porcilis PRRS IM, Group C—Diluvac ID and Group D—Diluvac IM. The study piglets were either vaccinated or injected at 2 weeks of age and they were tested by qRT-PCR for PRRSV and by ELISA for Ang II. The results indicated differences in viremia of tested piglets at 7 weeks of age, while piglets at 10 weeks of age were all found qRT-PCR positive for PRRSV. In addition, significant differences were noticed in Ang II in 7-week-old piglets. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that ID vaccination induces less tissue damage, based on the lower measurements of Ang II in the serum of ID vaccinated piglets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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14 pages, 652 KiB  
Review
A Review on Pathological and Diagnostic Aspects of Emerging Viruses—Senecavirus A, Torque teno sus virus and Linda Virus—In Swine
by Salwa Hawko, Giovanni P. Burrai, Marta Polinas, Pier Paolo Angioi, Silvia Dei Giudici, Annalisa Oggiano, Alberto Alberti, Chadi Hosri and Elisabetta Antuofermo
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090495 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3037
Abstract
Swine production represents a significant component in agricultural economies as it occupies over 30% of global meat demand. Infectious diseases could constrain the swine health and productivity of the global swine industry. In particular, emerging swine viral diseases are omnipresent in swine populations, [...] Read more.
Swine production represents a significant component in agricultural economies as it occupies over 30% of global meat demand. Infectious diseases could constrain the swine health and productivity of the global swine industry. In particular, emerging swine viral diseases are omnipresent in swine populations, but the limited knowledge of the pathogenesis and the scarce information related to associated lesions restrict the development of data-based control strategies aimed to reduce the potentially great impact on the swine industry. In this paper, we reviewed and summarized the main pathological findings related to emerging viruses, such as Senecavirus A, Torque teno sus virus, and Linda virus, suggesting a call for further multidisciplinary studies aimed to fill this lack of knowledge and better clarify the potential role of those viral diseases in swine pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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13 pages, 2698 KiB  
Article
Implication of Netrin-1 Gain of Expression in Canine Nodal Lymphoma
by Antonin Tortereau, Nadège Milhau, Elodie Rhumy, Marie Castets, Frédérique Ponce, Patrick Mehlen and Thierry Marchal
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090494 - 10 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2122
Abstract
Netrin-1 is a member of the laminin superfamily, and is known to interact with specific receptors, called dependence receptors. While upon netrin-1 binding these receptors initiate positive signaling, in absence of netrin-1, these receptors trigger apoptosis. Tumor cells can avoid apoptosis by inactivating [...] Read more.
Netrin-1 is a member of the laminin superfamily, and is known to interact with specific receptors, called dependence receptors. While upon netrin-1 binding these receptors initiate positive signaling, in absence of netrin-1, these receptors trigger apoptosis. Tumor cells can avoid apoptosis by inactivating these receptors or by gaining ligand expression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of netrin-1, the ligand of dependence receptors, in canine healthy lymph nodes (LN), and in lymphomas and to evaluate efficiency of a netrin-1 interfering compound in cell cultures from canine lymphoma. Thirty-two control LN and 169 lymphomas were analyzed through immunohistochemistry. Netrin-1 was expressed in the nucleoli of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in controls. Acquisition of a cytoplasmic expression was present in B-cell lymphomas (23.1 % in low-grade and 50.6% in high-grade) and T-cell lymphomas (50.0 % in low-grade and 78.8 % in high-grade), with a significant difference between the high- and low-grade in B-cell lymphomas. Through flow cytometry, we showed a significant increase in netrin-1 expression in either high-grade B-cell and T-cell lymphomas (19 and 5, respectively) compared with healthy LN (5), likewise an RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated a significant increase in netrin-1 expression level in 14 samples of lymphomas compared with eight samples of healthy LN. A T-cell aggressive canine lymphoma cell line and four primary canine nodal lymphomas cell cultures were treated with a netrin-1 interfering antibody. Apoptosis by measuring caspase 3 activity was significantly increased in the cell line and viability was decreased in three of the four primary cell cultures. Together, these data suggest that netrin-1 expression is increased in lymphoma, and more specifically in high-grade lymphomas, and that netrin-1 can act as a survival factor for the neoplastic cells, and so be a therapeutic target. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Pathology of Cancers in Animals)
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9 pages, 921 KiB  
Article
Mutations in Exons 8 and 11 of c-kit Gene in Canine Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors and Their Association with Cell Proliferation
by Polly Chen, Laura Marconato, Silvia Sabattini and Matti Kiupel
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090493 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2629
Abstract
The prognostic significance of internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit has been well-described for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs), but c-kit mutations have rarely been reported in subcutaneous MCTs. The objective of this study was to [...] Read more.
The prognostic significance of internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit has been well-described for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs), but c-kit mutations have rarely been reported in subcutaneous MCTs. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit in canine subcutaneous MCTs and to investigate its association with histologic grade, KIT pattern, and proliferation markers. ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit, mitotic count, Ki67 index, AgNOR number, Ki67xAgNOR score, KIT pattern, and histologic grade (two-tier system) were retrospectively recorded for 216 dogs with subcutaneous MCTs. ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit were detected in 23 (10.6%) and 12 (5.56%) subcutaneous MCTs, respectively. Exon 11 mutations were significantly associated with Kiupel high grade (p < 0.001) and increased mitotic count (p < 0.001) compared to subcutaneous MCTs with no mutations in exons 8 or 11 (p = 0.002) or subcutaneous MCTs with a mutation in exon 8 (p = 0.001). There was no significant association of either c-kit mutation with KIT patterns or proliferation activity. This study identified a higher prevalence of ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit in subcutaneous MCTs than previously reported. Like their cutaneous counterpart, subcutaneous MCTs with exon 11 mutations were more likely to be histologically high grade and have a higher mitotic count, whereas such associations were not observed in subcutaneous MCTs with exon 8 mutations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Veterinary Oncology)
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11 pages, 3603 KiB  
Article
Identification of Five Serotypes of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from Diarrheic Calves and Healthy Cattle in Belgium and Comparative Genomics with Shigatoxigenic E. coli
by Audrey Habets, Fabrice Touzain, Pierrick Lucas, Nguyen Thi Thu Huong, Atsushi Iguchi, Florence Crombé, Nicolas Korsak, Denis Piérard, Marc Saulmont, Eric Cox, Frederik Engelen, Jacques Mainil and Damien Thiry
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090492 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produce attaching/effacing (AE) lesions and cause non-bloody diarrhea in mammals. A minority of bovine EPEC belong to one of the ten classical serotypes of human and bovine AE-STEC. The purpose of this study was to identify five non-classical O [...] Read more.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produce attaching/effacing (AE) lesions and cause non-bloody diarrhea in mammals. A minority of bovine EPEC belong to one of the ten classical serotypes of human and bovine AE-STEC. The purpose of this study was to identify five non-classical O serotypes (O123/186, O156, O177, O182, and O183) among bovine EPEC and to characterize their virulence repertoires by whole genome sequencing. Around 40% of the 307 EPEC from 307 diarrheic calves, 368 EPEC from 47 healthy cattle, and 131 EPEC from 36 healthy calves in dairy farms were analyzed. Serotype O177 was the most frequent among EPEC from diarrheic and healthy calves, while the O156 was the most frequent in healthy cattle. The genomic analysis identified different H serotypes, MLSTypes, and/or eae gene subtypes among the O156 and O177 EPEC, while the O182 was homogeneous. The virulence gene profiles of bovine EPEC were closely related to each other and to the profiles of ten bovine and human AE-STEC. These results emphasize the need for additional studies to identify more O:H serotypes of bovine EPEC and to elucidate their origin and evolution of EPEC with regard to AE-STEC belonging to the same O:H serotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Animal Diseases in Agricultural Production Systems)
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14 pages, 1878 KiB  
Article
Multiple Effects of Egg Weight, in Ovo Carbohydrates, and Sex of Birds on Posthatch Performance in Broilers
by Virág Ács, Szilvia Áprily, József Nagy, László Kacsala, János Tossenberger, Nóra Katalin Szeli and Veronika Halas
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090491 - 10 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2050
Abstract
Chickens raised for their meat (Gallus gallus domesticus) tend to have a critical phase of life right after hatching due to the management of modern production systems. Early nutrition strategies such as in ovo intervention can be an alternative means to [...] Read more.
Chickens raised for their meat (Gallus gallus domesticus) tend to have a critical phase of life right after hatching due to the management of modern production systems. Early nutrition strategies such as in ovo intervention can be an alternative means to support growth and gut health by compensating for the energy deficit after pipping out of the egg. In the current study, 1200 Ross 308 eggs were used to examine the effects of a complex carbohydrate solution of disaccharides and glucose applied in ovo on hatchability, the hatching time of different-sized eggs, and the development, performance, and carcass characteristics of broilers of both sexes. The eggs were divided into three treatment groups: intact (NT), in ovo saline (ioS), and in ovo carbohydrate mixture (ioCH). The incubation protocol was performed according to the recommendations of Aviagen (2019), and the in ovo process was carried out on day 17 by manually injecting 0.5 mL of the solutions into the amniotic fluid. After hatching, the birds were kept in floor pens until day 35 and fed ad libitum in a three-phase feeding program. Body weight, average daily weight gain, feed intake and conversion, and carcass characteristics were measured during the trial. In ovo carbohydrates reduced hatchability by 15%, while growth performance and the weight of thigh and breast muscle were enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) compared with ioS as a possible outcome of carbohydrate-to-muscle satellite cell proliferation and protein accumulation. However, further study is needed to refine the in ovo carbohydrate supplementation method to minimize the mortality of embryos during hatching. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Nutrition, Breeding and Health)
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6 pages, 780 KiB  
Communication
A Pilot Randomized Trial to Compare Polyuria and Polydipsia during a Short Course of Prednisolone or Methylprednisolone in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis
by Viktorija Lokianskiene, Kerstin Bergvall and Thierry Olivry
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090490 - 9 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2198
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat canine allergic disorders, but they frequently cause polyuria and polydipsia (PUPD). At equipotent dosages, oral methylprednisolone is believed to cause less PUPD than prednisolone. We performed a pilot randomized, open, parallel trial with 22 dogs with nonseasonal [...] Read more.
Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat canine allergic disorders, but they frequently cause polyuria and polydipsia (PUPD). At equipotent dosages, oral methylprednisolone is believed to cause less PUPD than prednisolone. We performed a pilot randomized, open, parallel trial with 22 dogs with nonseasonal AD receiving either prednisolone or methylprednisolone at equipotent dosages, once daily for 14 days during the first phase of a restriction–provocation dietary trial. Before and on days 3, 7, and 14 after starting the glucocorticoids, owners estimated water consumption for 24 h. On the same days and before the glucocorticoid was given, owners collected the first-morning urine to determine the urine specific gravity (USG). There were no significant differences between the prednisolone and methylprednisolone groups on days 3, 7, and 14 when comparing the changes in water intake from baseline. Most dogs from both groups exhibited a slight reduction in USG during the study. Still, there was no significant difference in USG changes between the groups on any of these three reevaluation days. In conclusion, the administration of two weeks of oral prednisolone and methylprednisolone at equipotent anti-inflammatory dosages at the beginning of an elimination diet did not lead to significant differences in water intake and USG. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Animal Dermatology)
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16 pages, 4276 KiB  
Review
Comparative Oncology: Management of Hepatic Neoplasia in Humans and Dogs
by Erin A. Gibson, Roger E. Goldman and William T. N. Culp
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090489 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6727
Abstract
Primary hepatic neoplasia is uncommonly reported in dogs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent neoplasia identified in dogs and considerable effort has been committed towards identifying definitive and palliative treatment options. HCC is well recognized in humans as a sequelae of liver [...] Read more.
Primary hepatic neoplasia is uncommonly reported in dogs. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent neoplasia identified in dogs and considerable effort has been committed towards identifying definitive and palliative treatment options. HCC is well recognized in humans as a sequelae of liver disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, while in dogs a similar link has failed to be fully elucidated. Management of HCC in people may be curative or palliative dependent on staging and transplant eligibility. Despite differences in etiology, there is substantial similarity between treatment options for liver neoplasia in human and veterinary medicine. The below summary provides a comparative discussion regarding hepatic neoplasia in dogs and people with a specific focus on HCC. Diagnosis as well as descriptions of the myriad treatment options will be reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Comparative Oncology and Veterinary Cancer Surveillance)
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13 pages, 1428 KiB  
Article
Hura crepitans Seeds for Control of Eimeria spp. in Lambs as an Alternative to Conventional Therapies
by Martha-Yanira Velazquez-González, Jose-Lenin Loya-Olguin, Yissel-Sacnicte Valdes-Garcia, Sergio Martinez-Gonzalez, Fidel Avila-Ramos, Francisco Escalera-Valente and Jose-Ramiro Gonzalez-Montaña
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090488 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1988
Abstract
To evaluate the anticoccidial effect of the Hura crepitans seed, 21 cross-breed lambs, 23 ± 3 kg live weight (PV) and 70 ± 6 days old, were used. Animals were housed individually in raised wire-mesh pens, with individual water troughs and feeders. Lambs [...] Read more.
To evaluate the anticoccidial effect of the Hura crepitans seed, 21 cross-breed lambs, 23 ± 3 kg live weight (PV) and 70 ± 6 days old, were used. Animals were housed individually in raised wire-mesh pens, with individual water troughs and feeders. Lambs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 7) that received different doses of Hura crepitans seeds: 4 g/kg B.W. (group 1), 6 g/kg B.W. (group 2) and 0 g/kg B.W. (control group or group 0). The treatment was administered at the beginning of the experiment once orally and the study lasted 21 days. Stool samples were taken for quantitative analysis of oocysts using the McMaster technique and blood for haematological and biochemical analysis. Lambs that received the seeds showed a higher excretion of coccidia oocysts between days 5 and 7 after treatment (p < 0.05) due to the antiparasitic effect of these seeds, without affecting their productive performance (daily feed intake (DFI)- total weight gain (TWG), daily weight gain (DWG)). In addition, the daily feed consumption (DFC) and dry matter intake (DMI) were similar between the groups. The analysed enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT and FA) and creatinine showed reference values. Only the urea and BUN levels were slightly increased, but without statistical difference between the groups. Therefore, the Hura crepitans seed, at doses of 4 and 6 g/kg, favours the expulsion of coccidial oocysts, without affecting either the health or the productive behaviour of lambs. Full article
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12 pages, 1872 KiB  
Communication
A PMAxxTM qPCR Assay Reveals That Dietary Administration of the Microalgae Tetraselmis chuii Does Not Affect Salmonella Infantis Caecal Content in Early-Treated Broiler Chickens
by Joselyn Corrales-Martinez, David Ortega-Paredes, Miroslava Anna Šefcová, César Marcelo Larrea-Álvarez, Sofía de Janon, José Medina-Santana, Gabriel Molina-Cuasapaz, Christian Vinueza-Burgos, Viera Revajová, Marco Larrea-Álvarez and William Calero-Cáceres
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090487 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2523
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars cause infections in humans. S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is considered relevant and is commonly reported in poultry products. Evaluating innovative approaches for resisting colonization in animals could contribute to the goal of reducing potential human infections. Microalgae represent [...] Read more.
Salmonella enterica serovars cause infections in humans. S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is considered relevant and is commonly reported in poultry products. Evaluating innovative approaches for resisting colonization in animals could contribute to the goal of reducing potential human infections. Microalgae represent a source of molecules associated with performance and health improvement in chickens. Tetraselmis chuii synthesizes fermentable polysaccharides as part of their cell wall content; these sugars are known for influencing caecal bacterial diversity. We hypothesized if its dietary administration could exert a positive effect on caecal microbiota in favor of a reduced S. Infantis load. A total of 72 one-day-old broiler chickens (COBB 500) were randomly allocated into three groups: a control, a group infected with bacteria (day 4), and a group challenged with S. Infantis but fed a microalgae-based diet. Caecal samples (n = 8) were collected two days post-infection. A PMAxxTM-based qPCR approach was developed to assess differences regarding bacterial viable load between groups. The inclusion of the microalga did not modify S. Infantis content, although the assay proved to be efficient, sensitive, and repeatable. The utilized scheme could serve as a foundation for developing novel PCR-based methodologies for estimating Salmonella colonization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Bacterial Infectious Diseases in a One Health Approach)
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10 pages, 1389 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Acaricidal Effectiveness of Fipronil and Phoxim in Field Populations of Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) from Ornamental Poultry Farms in Italy
by Alessandro Guerrini, Benedetto Morandi, Paola Roncada, Gianfranco Brambilla, Filippo Maria Dini and Roberta Galuppi
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090486 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2721
Abstract
The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is the most important blood-sucking ectoparasite in egg-laying hen facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal activity of different concentration of authorized (phoxim, ByeMite®, 500 mg/mL) and unauthorized (fipronil, [...] Read more.
The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is the most important blood-sucking ectoparasite in egg-laying hen facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal activity of different concentration of authorized (phoxim, ByeMite®, 500 mg/mL) and unauthorized (fipronil, Frontline® 250 mg/100 mL spray) molecules on 14 field isolates of D. gallinae collected from different ornamental poultry farms from different Italian regions. The sensitivity test was performed by contact exposure to four concentrations of each insecticide diluted at 1:5 (10,000-2000-400-80 ppm for phoxim, 500-100-20-4 ppm for fipronil) on a filter paper. The effectiveness of the treatment was significantly (p < 0.0001) associated with the dose of the pesticide used. Considering the mean lethality, phoxim has greater efficacy compared to fipronil (p < 0.001). A great variability of lethality rate was observed with the increase in fipronil dilution; conversely, for phoxim, some outliers were observed, particularly in one farm, suggesting the hypothesis that a certain degree of resistance in the mite population could occur possibly as a consequence of the continual contact with the molecule. This underlines the importance of the use of licensed products administered at correct dosages and the need for alternative molecules to avoid the onset of drug resistance phenomena. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasitology Research: Surveillance Pathogens and Its Mechanism)
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23 pages, 15161 KiB  
Article
Morpho-Histology and Morphometry of Chicken Testes and Seminiferous Tubules among Yellow-Feathered Broilers of Different Ages
by Jos Dorian Lawson Mfoundou, Yajun Guo, Zunqiang Yan and Xinrong Wang
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090485 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4685
Abstract
Unlike in many mammals, poultry testes are found in the abdominal cavity where they develop and perform spermatogenesis at high body temperature. Scarce reports among current publications detail the growth of testes and ST morphometry among juvenile chicks. Therefore, this study aims to [...] Read more.
Unlike in many mammals, poultry testes are found in the abdominal cavity where they develop and perform spermatogenesis at high body temperature. Scarce reports among current publications detail the growth of testes and ST morphometry among juvenile chicks. Therefore, this study aims to investigate changes in components occurring in Gallus domesticus testes, by assessing the GSI and morphologically and histologically evaluating the testes and ST morphometry from 1-wk- to 4-mo-old. Right and left testes were collected from 70 healthy chickens divided into seven age-related groups (n = 10) and then immersed into the alcoholic acetate formalin (AAF) fixative solution. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained tissues were used for microscopic observations. The findings revealed that both testes exhibited smooth features from 1-wk-old to 1-mo-old, and thereafter showed a consistent increase in vascularization until 4-mo-old. Histologically, both testes exhibited unclear ST, with ST apoptotic resorption observed in the 1-wk-old chicks. Until 1-mo-old, ST formed and few spermatogonia differentiated into primary spermatocytes, with all spermatogenic cells observed at 3-mo-old, i.e., sexual maturity. These findings suggest that both testes develop in analogy, and their sizes including increases in length and diameter are related to the spermatogenic activity in the ST. Subsequently, ST resorption by apoptosis is assumed to participate in the physiological mechanism regulating germ cells (GC). Finally, the GSI tended to increase with growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)
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13 pages, 5369 KiB  
Article
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping with Indirect Lymphangiography for Canine Mast Cell Tumour
by Andrea De Bonis, Francesco Collivignarelli, Andrea Paolini, Ilaria Falerno, Valentina Rinaldi, Roberto Tamburro, Amanda Bianchi, Rossella Terragni, Jacopo Gianfelici, Paolo Frescura, Giulia Dolce, Eleonora Pagni, Roberta Bucci and Massimo Vignoli
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090484 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5876
Abstract
Mast cell tumour (MCT) is a common cutaneous and subcutaneous neoplasia in dogs. It can metastasise to lymph nodes (LNs), and this adversely affects the prognosis and treatment. The study aims to evaluate the SLN mapping of MCTs with radiographic indirect lymphography. Dogs [...] Read more.
Mast cell tumour (MCT) is a common cutaneous and subcutaneous neoplasia in dogs. It can metastasise to lymph nodes (LNs), and this adversely affects the prognosis and treatment. The study aims to evaluate the SLN mapping of MCTs with radiographic indirect lymphography. Dogs that underwent clinical staging were prospectively enrolled. Lipiodol was injected around the MCT or the surgical scar. After 24 h, LNs that picked up contrast were radiographically assessed. Twenty-six dogs with 29 MCTs were included. MCTs were confirmed histologically, while SLNs were evaluated either by cytology and/or histology. SLNs were detectable in 23 dogs with 26 MCTs. Lymphatic vessels were visible in 19 MCTs. In nine MCTs, at least two SLNs picked up contrast. In particular, seven MCTs involved two SLNs, and two MCTs involved three different SLNs. In nine MCTs, at least a SLN was metastatic. This study indicates that the lymph drainage pattern of the MCTs may be different for each MCT, and more than one SLN can be involved. Indirect lymphangiography with Lipiodol allowed the detection of the SLN in 90% of MCTs. This provided clinically relevant information to remove the LN and stage the patient. Full article
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12 pages, 1943 KiB  
Article
Morphological and Morphometrical Aspects of the Auditory Ossicles in the European Badger (Meles Meles)
by Cristian Martonos, Alexandru Gudea, Călin Lațiu, Milos Blagojevic and Florin Stan
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090483 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2152
Abstract
Given the scarce morphological data regarding the middle ear anatomy of this species, the paper attempts to describe the morphological and morphometrical data of the auditory ossicles in the badger. The study was performed using the standard morphological investigations and provides a complete [...] Read more.
Given the scarce morphological data regarding the middle ear anatomy of this species, the paper attempts to describe the morphological and morphometrical data of the auditory ossicles in the badger. The study was performed using the standard morphological investigations and provides a complete morphological description of the ossicular assembly (malleus, incus and stapes) with some comparative features and attempts to provide a complete set of standardized metrical data for each ossicle. A more-detailed attempt to compare some functional aspects in the light of combined metrical ratios is also implied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)
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14 pages, 343 KiB  
Article
Leishmania infantum Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cats and Dogs: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
by Vito Priolo, Pamela Martínez-Orellana, Maria Grazia Pennisi, Ana Isabel Raya-Bermúdez, Estefania Jurado-Tarifa, Marisa Masucci, Giulia Donato, Federica Bruno, Germano Castelli and Laia Solano-Gallego
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090482 - 7 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2518
Abstract
Dogs are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum and display different immunological patterns correlating with the progression of infection to disease. Data about feline L. infantum adaptive immune response are scant. This study aimed to compare the prevalence and immune response in cats [...] Read more.
Dogs are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum and display different immunological patterns correlating with the progression of infection to disease. Data about feline L. infantum adaptive immune response are scant. This study aimed to compare the prevalence and immune response in cats and dogs from the same endemic area of canine leishmaniosis. Stray cats (109) and rescued dogs (59) from Córdoba (Spain) were enrolled. Data about their exposure to L. infantum were analyzed by detection of parasite DNA, measurements of Leishmania-specific interferon-γ (whole blood assay in 57 cats and 29 dogs), and antibodies (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence antibody test). An overall L. infantum prevalence of 30.5% in dogs and 30% in cats were found according to serology and PCR tests. Prevalence was 44.8% in dogs and 35.1% in cats tested also for interferon-γ production. Dogs showed higher anti-L. infantum antibody levels compared to cats. More than one-third of cats had contact with or were infected by L. infantum and they may contribute to the endemicity of leishmaniosis in the investigated region. The immunopathogenesis of feline L. infantum infection has similarities with dogs but cats show a lower level of adaptive immune response compared to dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leishmania Infection: Pathogenesis, Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects)
19 pages, 4838 KiB  
Article
Intra- and Interexaminer Measurement Variability Analysis of an Orthodontic Gauge Device to Determine Incisor Occlusal Surface Angles in the Horse
by Silvio Kau, Katharina S. Motter, Viktoria J. Moser, João R. Kunz, Matteo Pellachin and Bettina Hartl
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090481 - 7 Sep 2022
Viewed by 2156
Abstract
Incisor malocclusions are common in horses. As yet, an evidence-based understanding of incisor occlusal surface angle dynamics and normocclusal range is missing. Orthodontic measuring devices could help unravel this information objectively but imply measurement validation. We evaluated intra- and interexaminer variability of repeated [...] Read more.
Incisor malocclusions are common in horses. As yet, an evidence-based understanding of incisor occlusal surface angle dynamics and normocclusal range is missing. Orthodontic measuring devices could help unravel this information objectively but imply measurement validation. We evaluated intra- and interexaminer variability of repeated sagittal and transversal incisor occlusal surface angle measures using a commercial orthodontic gauge device (MaPHorse1). Five examiners (two experienced, three inexperienced) measured six cadaver heads on 2 consecutive days in a blinded block-randomization design, resulting in 16 measures per examiner*head. Sagittal and transversal angle measures revealed low intraexaminer variability at scale-level independent mean SDs of α 0.58° and α 0.69°, respectively. Sagittal angle measures associate with low interexaminer variability, showing small mean angle differences (max. α 0.51° ± 0.35°), small scatter, and more consistent data reproducibility. Despite comparable mean interexaminer differences, the spread of transversal angle measures was relevantly higher using the proposed landmarks (average 2.2-fold higher interquartile range). The measurement performance of experienced and inexperienced examiners did not systematically differ. The time required for individual measurements was already comparable after 24/96 repetitions. This instrument may help deciphering sagittal angle normocclusal range and orthognathic dynamics and, with a proposed procedural amendment, transversal angle as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research in Equine Dentistry)
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17 pages, 1687 KiB  
Review
Current Insights Regarding the Role of Farm Animals in the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective
by Mohamed Rhouma, Leila Soufi, Schlasiva Cenatus, Marie Archambault and Patrick Butaye
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090480 - 5 Sep 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7066
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global threat to both human and animal health and has received increasing attention over the years from different stakeholders. Certain AMR bacteria circulate between humans, animals, and the environment, while AMR genes can be found in all ecosystems. [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global threat to both human and animal health and has received increasing attention over the years from different stakeholders. Certain AMR bacteria circulate between humans, animals, and the environment, while AMR genes can be found in all ecosystems. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of antimicrobial use in food-producing animals and to document the current status of the role of farm animals in the spread of AMR to humans. The available body of scientific evidence supported the notion that restricted use of antimicrobials in farm animals was effective in reducing AMR in livestock and, in some cases, in humans. However, most recent studies have reported that livestock have little contribution to the acquisition of AMR bacteria and/or AMR genes by humans. Overall, strategies applied on farms that target the reduction of all antimicrobials are recommended, as these are apparently associated with notable reduction in AMR (avoiding co-resistance between antimicrobials). The interconnection between human and animal health as well as the environment requires the acceleration of the implementation of the ‘One Health’ approach to effectively fight AMR while preserving the effectiveness of antimicrobials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals)
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