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16 pages, 2260 KB  
Article
Brassinosteroids Enhance Low-Temperature Resistance by Promoting the Formation of Sugars in Maize Mesocotyls
by Siqi Sun, Xiaoqiang Zhao, Xin Li and Yining Niu
Plants 2025, 14(17), 2612; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14172612 - 22 Aug 2025
Viewed by 500
Abstract
The germination and elongation of maize in the early growth stage are closely related to the elongation of the mesocotyl, which is one of the first parts to sense external temperature, aside from the coleoptile. Low-temperature (LT, 10~15 °C) stress can significantly affect [...] Read more.
The germination and elongation of maize in the early growth stage are closely related to the elongation of the mesocotyl, which is one of the first parts to sense external temperature, aside from the coleoptile. Low-temperature (LT, 10~15 °C) stress can significantly affect the survival and growth of maize seedlings. Additionally, brassinosteroids (BRs) have been used in recent years to help alleviate damage caused by LT in various plants. However, the interaction among LT, BRs, and sugar remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the relationships among the contents of glucose, sucrose, and starch, along with the changes in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in starch and sucrose metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. Compared to CK (0 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) application at 25 °C), the contents of glucose and sucrose increased by 0.26, 0.47, and 0.70 mg g−1 FW and 0.80, 0.30, and 0.61 mg g−1 FW, respectively, under the CKE (2.0 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) application at 25 °C), LT (0 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) application at 10 °C), and LTE (2.0 μM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) application at 10 °C) treatments. However, starch contents decreased under LT and LTE treatments, by −20.54% and −0.20%, respectively, compared to CK. This suggests that sugar signaling and metabolism play key roles in regulating LT tolerance, and the application of EBR may alleviate LT damage by regulating sugar accumulation levels. Furthermore, 108 DEGs were identified in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, along with 23 in glycolysis, with 65 DEGs at the transcriptome level. The common Zm00001d042146 (hexokinase-3) in both pathways is usually down-regulated, and the degree of down-regulation when EBR is added is less than under LT alone. Additionally, key genes such as Zm00001d021598 (glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase 3), Zm00001d034017 (uncharacterized LOC541703), and Zm00001d029091 (sucrose synthase 2) were differentially expressed under LT, with their expression levels decreasing further when EBR was added. In conclusion, our results provide a new direction into the molecular mechanisms by which exogenous EBR application enhances low-temperature tolerance in maize seedlings. Full article
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24 pages, 1979 KB  
Article
Optimising White Wheat Bread Fortification with Vitamin D3 and Dietary Fibre: Balancing Nutritional Enhancement and Technological Quality
by Sabrina Boudrag, Elke K. Arendt, Celia Segura Godoy, Aylin W. Sahin, Laura Nyhan, Kevin D. Cashman and Emanuele Zannini
Foods 2025, 14(12), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14122055 - 11 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3616
Abstract
Inadequate vitamin D and dietary fibre intake are growing public health concerns in Western countries, especially in regions with limited sunlight and diets rich in processed foods. Bakery products, widely consumed, offer a promising opportunity for nutritional fortification. This study explored the possibility [...] Read more.
Inadequate vitamin D and dietary fibre intake are growing public health concerns in Western countries, especially in regions with limited sunlight and diets rich in processed foods. Bakery products, widely consumed, offer a promising opportunity for nutritional fortification. This study explored the possibility of fortifying white wheat bread—a staple food but low in fibre—with vitamin D3 and various dietary fibres (oat fibre, pectin, cellulose, and beta-glucan). The goal was to enhance its nutritional profile while maintaining desirable bread qualities. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), an empirical model, optimised the fibre combination. A range of dough and bread analyses were conducted—including assessments of gluten structure, starch pasting, fermentation activity, crumb hardness, specific volume, and colourimetry. The results showed fibre addition weakened the gluten network and altered starch properties (reduced peak, final and breakdown viscosities)—reducing loaf volume (4.2 ± 0.4 mL/g vs. 4.8 ± 0.1 mL/g for the control)—though to a lesser extent than in wholemeal bread (2.4 ± 0.1 mL/g), while vitamin D3 inclusion had a minimal impact (4.0 ± 0.4 mL/g for white bread, 2.1 ± 0.0 mL/g for wholemeal bread). The study identified an optimal mix of soluble and insoluble fibres with vitamin D3 that preserved the texture, crumb structure, and appearance of standard white bread. The final product offered fibre levels (Total Dietary Fibre, TDF = 10.72 ± 0.31 g/100 g bread, vs. 3.81 ± 0.06 g/100 g for the control) comparable to those of wholemeal bread (TDF = 9.54 ± 0.67 g/100 g), with improved texture and volume. This approach presents an effective strategy to enhance staple foods, potentially improving public health through better nutrient intake without compromising consumer acceptance. Full article
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15 pages, 272 KB  
Article
Effects on Performance, Immunological Response and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Profile in Feces of Nursery Piglets Fed with Organic Acids and Yeast Wall
by Cassio Antônio Ficagna, Aleksandro Schafer da Silva, Rafael Domingos Rofino, Emerson Zatti, Tatiane Esposito, Ana Carolina H. Xavier, Roger Wagner, Bianca Fagan Bissacotti, Ronaldo Barbieri Seghetto, Eduardo Mioto Ternus and Diovani Paiano
Animals 2025, 15(7), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15071051 - 4 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 638
Abstract
The piglet nursery phase is one of the critical moments in production, especially in the first few weeks after weaning. Growth-promoting antibiotics have always been used in this phase, but the world is banning or limiting the use of antibiotics for this purpose, [...] Read more.
The piglet nursery phase is one of the critical moments in production, especially in the first few weeks after weaning. Growth-promoting antibiotics have always been used in this phase, but the world is banning or limiting the use of antibiotics for this purpose, which has led researchers to seek alternatives, with an emphasis on organic and natural ones. As a result, this study aimed to evaluate whether a combination of organic acids and their derivatives (ammonium formate, formic acid, ammonium propionate, and acetic acid) and yeast wall (mannan oligosaccharides and beta-glucans) in piglet feeding during the nursery phase has positive effects on the SCFA profile in feces and animal health reflected in greater weight gain. A 40-day experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design containing three treatments, each with nine replicates and three piglets per replicate: negative control (NC: without additives), and a combination of organic acids and yeast wall at doses of 1 and 2 kg/ton (AO+YW-1 and AO+YW-2, respectively). Animals received four diets: pre-starter 1 (d1–7), pre-starter 2 (d8–14), starter 1 (d15–25), and starter 2 (d26–40). The animals were weighed on the day of the diet change. Blood and feces were collected on days 14 and 40 of the experiment. Piglets from the AO+YW-1 group showed more significant weight gain than NC. Feed intake was higher in piglets from the AO+YW-1 group considering the first 25 days of the experiment compared to NC; there was no treatment effect on feed conversion. Piglets from NC had higher levels of C-reactive protein and ferritin, while AO+YW-2 had higher levels of interleukin 10 and lower levels of TNF-α. A greater quantity of SCFA was observed in the feces of piglets on d40, related to the changes in propionic, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids. Therefore, the combination of organic acids and yeast wall used at a dose of 1 kg/ton proved to be an additive option for the diet of piglets in the nursery phase to enhance weight gain and reduce the number of doses of injectable antibiotics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Tract Health in Pigs—2nd Edition)
12 pages, 753 KB  
Article
A Laboratory-Developed Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Aspergillus fumigatus and Pneumocystis jirovecii Pulmonary Pathogens
by Margherita Cacaci, Debora Talamonti, Giulia Menchinelli, Damiano Squitieri, Riccardo Torelli, Elena De Carolis, Giulia De Angelis, Maurizio Sanguinetti and Brunella Posteraro
J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040280 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 765
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases are a significant threat in immunocompromised patients, underscoring the need for rapid and accurate diagnostics. This study describes the development and validation of a real-time PCR-based laboratory-developed assay (LDA) on the Panther Fusion system for the simultaneous detection of Aspergillus [...] Read more.
Invasive fungal diseases are a significant threat in immunocompromised patients, underscoring the need for rapid and accurate diagnostics. This study describes the development and validation of a real-time PCR-based laboratory-developed assay (LDA) on the Panther Fusion system for the simultaneous detection of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) and Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. The assay was evaluated using 239 clinical BALF samples, including cases confirmed positive for AF or PJ by reference mycological methods. Rigorous optimization ensured compatibility with the automated workflow of the Panther Fusion system, which addresses challenges such as BALF viscosity and fungal DNA recovery. No cross-reactivity with non-target fungal species was observed, and the assay demonstrated high analytical sensitivity and specificity. Only two false-negative results were reported, which could plausibly be reclassified as true negatives when interpreted alongside the serum beta-d-glucan and galactomannan assay results. For PJ detection, the assay showed excellent concordance with the OLM PneumID assay, supporting its reliability in clinical settings. The dual-target approach facilitates the simultaneous detection of both pathogens within a single workflow, improving diagnostic efficiency. The AF/PJ LDA represents a robust and scalable alternative to existing molecular assays, with the potential to enhance routine diagnostics for pulmonary fungal infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Human Pathogenic Fungi)
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19 pages, 550 KB  
Systematic Review
Impact of Dietary Supplements on Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
by Luca Scafuri, Carlo Buonerba, Oriana Strianese, Evandro de Azambuja, Michela Palleschi, Vittorio Riccio, Vincenzo Marotta, Concetta Scocca, Giovanni Riccio, Carla Errico, Grazia Arpino and Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060981 - 11 Mar 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6614
Abstract
Background: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dietary supplements in breast cancer patients, focusing on their impact on clinical outcomes, treatment-related side effects, and therapy adherence. Methods: Only RCTs investigating the effects of various orally administered supplements in [...] Read more.
Background: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dietary supplements in breast cancer patients, focusing on their impact on clinical outcomes, treatment-related side effects, and therapy adherence. Methods: Only RCTs investigating the effects of various orally administered supplements in adult breast cancer patients were included. Well-defined substances like vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and specific herbal extracts were explored. The review excluded studies solely based on dietary interventions or non-supplemental approaches. The primary outcome assessed was quality of life. Secondary outcomes included disease-free survival, overall survival, tumor response, and biomarkers indicative of disease progression. Results: A total of 45 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this systematic review. Overall, supplementation was not associated with serious adverse events in the included trials. Vitamin D supplementation showed promise in some studies, with potential immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects, particularly when combined with other interventions. Omega-3 fatty acids and beta-glucan demonstrated potential in alleviating certain symptoms and improving quality of life. Studies on amino acids like acetyl-L-carnitine and L-arginine also yielded mixed results. Beta-glucan exhibited potential for immune-enhancing effects, while melatonin and creatine showed limited or no benefit for fatigue or muscle strength. Herbal extracts, including silymarin, curcumin, and EGCG, had varied effects. Curcumin studies presented mixed results. Silymarin showed potential for hepatoprotective effects. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of specific dietary supplements to improve various aspects of breast cancer care. However, the evidence is mixed across supplement types, and further research is needed to determine the most effective and safe approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)
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22 pages, 3150 KB  
Systematic Review
Species-Specific Sensitivity and Levels of Beta-D-Glucan for the Diagnosis of Candidemia—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Nadir Ullah, Marco Muccio, Laura Magnasco, Chiara Sepulcri, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Antonio Vena, Matteo Bassetti and Malgorzata Mikulska
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020149 - 15 Feb 2025
Viewed by 3140
Abstract
Background: 1, 3-ß-D-Glucan (BDG) is an antigen present in the cell wall of many pathogenic fungi and is used as a marker for the early diagnosis of candidemia and discontinuation of empirical treatment. Changes in the epidemiology of Candida species might have a [...] Read more.
Background: 1, 3-ß-D-Glucan (BDG) is an antigen present in the cell wall of many pathogenic fungi and is used as a marker for the early diagnosis of candidemia and discontinuation of empirical treatment. Changes in the epidemiology of Candida species might have a negative impact on the performance of serum BDG. The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of BDG in candidemia diagnosis focusing on species-specific differences in BDG sensitivity and BDG levels. Methods: The PRISMA system was used for the systematic search. The following databases were searched for articles published from January 2010 to November 2023: PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. Results: A total of 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included, reporting data from 1633 patients with candidemia; 11 reported both sensitivity and specificity, 15 reported species-specific sensitivity, and nine reported species-specific BDG levels. The pooled sensitivity of BDG in all studies was 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66-0.80), while the pooled sensitivity and specificity in 11 studies were 0.81 (95% CI 0.73-0.89) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.74-0.87). BDG pooled sensitivity (all assays) and BDG levels (for assays with cutoff of 80 pg/mL) were the highest in C. krusei (currently Pichia kudriavzevii) and the lowest in C. auris: 0.76 and 417 pg/mL for C. krusei, 0.73 and 345 pg/mL for C. albicans, 0.74 and 356 pg/mL for C. glabrata (currently Nakaseomyces glabrata), 0.70 and 324 pg/mL for C. tropicalis, 0.63 and 95 pg/mL for C. parapsilosis, 0.51 and 62 pg/mL for C. auris, and 0.44 and 79 pg/mL for other Candida species. These differences were statistically significant for BDG sensitivity and levels of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis compared to C. auris, C. parapsilosis, and other Candida species. Conclusion: The sensitivity of BDG in candidemia diagnosis depends on the Candida species, with the lowest being for C. auris and C. parapsilosis. This might have a clinical impact in centers where these species are prevalent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Invasive Candidiasis)
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11 pages, 635 KB  
Viewpoint
Reevaluating the Value of (1,3)-β-D-Glucan for the Diagnosis of Intra-Abdominal Candidiasis in Critically Ill Patients: Current Evidence and Future Directions
by Emmanuel Novy, Mathieu Esposito, Anne Debourgogne and Claire Roger
J. Fungi 2025, 11(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11020091 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 2134
Abstract
Intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC) is associated with significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in critically ill patients. Traditional fungal cultures are slow, delaying appropriate antifungal treatment. (1,3)-β-D-glucan (BDG), a component of the fungal cell wall, has emerged as a potential biomarker for IAC, but its [...] Read more.
Intra-abdominal candidiasis (IAC) is associated with significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in critically ill patients. Traditional fungal cultures are slow, delaying appropriate antifungal treatment. (1,3)-β-D-glucan (BDG), a component of the fungal cell wall, has emerged as a potential biomarker for IAC, but its use in ICU settings is complicated by frequent false-positives results from invasive procedures and underlying conditions. This review examines the diagnostic value of BDG when present in serum and peritoneal fluid. While serum BDG is effective for excluding invasive fungal infections like candidemia, its specificity for IAC remains low in critically ill patients. Recent studies suggest that BDG levels in peritoneal fluid may provide better diagnostic accuracy, distinguishing IAC from bacterial peritonitis with higher specificity. We discuss the advantages, limitations, and practical aspects of BDG testing, emphasizing the potential of peritoneal BDG as a complementary tool. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic thresholds, validate its clinical utility, and establish the role of peritoneal BDG in improving timely, targeted antifungal treatment for IAC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Infections in Non-neutropenic Patients)
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18 pages, 8434 KB  
Article
Unlocking the Growth Potential of Poplar: A Novel Transcriptomic-Metabolomic Approach to Evaluating the Impact of Divergent Pruning Strategies
by Xiaoting Liu, Kewei Cai, Qinhui Zhang, Weizi An, Guanzheng Qu, Luping Jiang, Fusen Wang and Xiyang Zhao
Plants 2024, 13(23), 3391; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233391 - 3 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 850
Abstract
Pruning is a common forest-tending method; its purpose is to promote growth and improve the overall stand quality. Poplar is a fast-growing, broad-leaved tree species with high ecological and economic value. It is a common management method to promote its growth by pruning [...] Read more.
Pruning is a common forest-tending method; its purpose is to promote growth and improve the overall stand quality. Poplar is a fast-growing, broad-leaved tree species with high ecological and economic value. It is a common management method to promote its growth by pruning and adjusting the spatial structure of the stand, but its potential regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome data of different parts at all pruning intensities were determined and analyzed. The results showed that 7316 differentially expressed genes were identified in this study. In the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, candidate genes were found in eight kinds of plant hormones, among which the main expression was gibberellin, auxin, and brassinosteroid. Some candidate gene structures (beta-glucosidase, endoglucanase, hexokinase, glucan endo-1, 3-beta-D-glucosidase, beta-fructofuranosidase, fructokinase, maltase-glucoamylase, phosphoglucomutase, and sucrose) were specifically associated with starch and sucrose biosynthesis. In the starch and sucrose biosynthesis pathway, D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate, and glucose-1-phosphate were the highest in stems and higher in the first round of pruning than in no pruning. The bHLH plays a key role in the starch and sucrose synthetic pathway, and AP2/ERF-ERF is important in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. These results laid a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanism of starch and sucrose biosynthesis and provided a theoretical basis for promoting tree growth through pruning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)
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9 pages, 835 KB  
Communication
Diagnostic Value of Serum Biomarkers for Invasive Aspergillosis in Haematologic Patients
by Isabel Montesinos, Imane Saad Albichr, Elodie Collinge, Bénédicte Delaere, Te-Din Huang, Pierre Bogaerts, Corentin Deckers, Mai Hamouda, Patrick M. Honoré, Pierre Bulpa and Anne Sonet
J. Fungi 2024, 10(9), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10090661 - 20 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1993
Abstract
Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with haematological malignancies. Accurate diagnosis of IA is challenging due to non-specific symptoms and the impact of antifungal prophylaxis on biomarker sensitivity. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the diagnostic [...] Read more.
Background: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with haematological malignancies. Accurate diagnosis of IA is challenging due to non-specific symptoms and the impact of antifungal prophylaxis on biomarker sensitivity. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the diagnostic performance of three serum biomarkers: Aspergillus Galactomannan Ag VirClia Monotest® (VirClia), Wako β-D-Glucan Test® (Wako BDG), and MycoGENIE Real-Time PCR® (MycoGENIE PCR). True positives were defined as patients with proven or probable IA (n = 14), with a positive Platelia Aspergillus Antigen® (Platelia) serving as a mycological criterion. True negatives were identified as patients with a positive Platelia assay but classified as non-probable IA (n = 10) and outpatients who consistently tested negative with the Platelia test throughout the study period (n = 20). Results: Most patients diagnosed with proven or probable IA were acute myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome patients receiving mould-active antifungal prophylaxis or treatment (71%). VirClia demonstrated high sensitivity (100%) for detecting IA, with a specificity of 83%. Wako BDG and MycoGENIE PCR showed lower sensitivities for IA (57% and 64%, respectively). MycoGENIE PCR detected Aspergillus spp. and Mucorales in two patients. Conclusions: Accurate diagnosis of IA remains challenging, especially in patients who have received mould-active antifungal treatment. VirClia showed comparable performance to Platelia, suggesting its potential for routine use. However, Wako BDG and MycoGENIE PCR results were less favourable in our study cohort. Nevertheless, MycoGENIE PCR detected two probable co-infections with Aspergillus spp. and Mucorales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases)
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15 pages, 1129 KB  
Article
In Vitro Utilization of Prebiotics by Listeria monocytogenes
by Tereza Kodešová, Anna Mašlejová, Eva Vlková, Šárka Musilová, Kristýna Horváthová and Hana Šubrtová Salmonová
Microorganisms 2024, 12(9), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091876 - 11 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Listeria monocytognes is an emerging pathogen responsible for the serious foodborne disease, listeriosis. The commensal gut microbiota is the first line of defense against pathogen internalization. The gut microbiome can be modified by prebiotic substrates, which are frequently added to food products and [...] Read more.
Listeria monocytognes is an emerging pathogen responsible for the serious foodborne disease, listeriosis. The commensal gut microbiota is the first line of defense against pathogen internalization. The gut microbiome can be modified by prebiotic substrates, which are frequently added to food products and dietary supplements. Prebiotics should selectively support the growth of beneficial microbes and thus improve host health. Nevertheless, little is known about their effect on the growth of L. monocytogenes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth ability of four L. monocytogenes strains, representing the most common serotypes, on prebiotic oligosaccharides (beta-(1,3)-D-glucan, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, lactulose, raffinose, stachyose and 2′-fucosyllactose and a mixture of human milk oligosaccharides) as a sole carbon source. The results showed that only beta-(1,3)-D-glucan was metabolized by L. monocytogenes. These cell culture data suggest that beta-(1,3)-D-glucan may not be selectively utilized by healthy commensal bacteria, and its role in intestinal pathogen growth warrants further exploration in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
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6 pages, 1210 KB  
Case Report
Atypical Presentation of Invasive Aspergillosis during Treatment with Mogamulizumab
by Paolo Pavone, Laura Arletti, Fiorella Ilariucci, Tommaso Albano, Deborah Lusetti, Romina Corsini, Francesco Merli and Sergio Mezzadri
J. Fungi 2024, 10(8), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10080584 - 17 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1530
Abstract
Treatment with CCR-4 antagonists has been shown to be protective against the development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in animal models. Herein, we present a case of fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient receiving Mogamulizumab. A 64-year-old man with refractory mycosis fungoides was [...] Read more.
Treatment with CCR-4 antagonists has been shown to be protective against the development of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in animal models. Herein, we present a case of fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient receiving Mogamulizumab. A 64-year-old man with refractory mycosis fungoides was found to have diffuse bilateral pulmonary nodules during a chest CT in June 2022. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fungal and bacterial cultures and galactomannan were negative, as well as serum beta-glucan and galactomannan. Histology showed a lymphoid infiltrate with a negative fungal stain, so a presumptive diagnosis of lymphoma infiltration was made, and the patient started the CCR-4 antagonist Mogamulizumab treatment in August 2022. He had no symptoms until November when he presented to the hematology clinic reporting dyspnea. He had neutrophilic leukocytosis (18.610 cells/µL), his c-reactive protein was 27 mg/dL, and his skin lesions from mycosis fungoides were just starting to improve. A CT scan showed large diffuse bilateral severely necrotic cavitated lesions with thick walls and apparently synchronous evolution. Beta-glucan was 31 pg/mL (wako method), while serum galactomannan 3.6. BAL was positive for Aspergillus fumigatus culture and galactomannan. Patient started voriconazole but, despite being in a stable condition, he suddenly died after two days. Discussion: Paradoxically, worsening of the chronic pulmonary aspergillosis has been reported after nivolumab treatment, and immune reconstitution syndromes are usually seen during neutrophil recovery after intensive chemotherapy. Our patient already presented indolent lung lesions from 5 months before and he remained completely asymptomatic until the aspergillosis diagnosis when he quickly passed away. Even if a progression of the lesions was expected in 5 months, this case had an atypical presentation. During the 5-month period, he had no pulmonary symptoms, and his c-reactive protein was negative. Furthermore, in the setting of the natural progression of subacute/chronic aspergillosis, a different radiological picture was expected with a less severe and probably asynchronous evolution. We think that the immune restoration associated with Mogamulizumab (also supported by the concurrent clinical response of the skin lesions) could have been detrimental in this case, exacerbating a catastrophic immune response or alternatively masquerading the clinical progression of aspergillosis. Clinicians should be aware of immune reconstitution syndromes possibly leading to fatal outcomes in immunocompromised patients starting CCR-4 antagonists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases)
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20 pages, 6724 KB  
Article
Comprehensive Nutritional and Functional Characterization of Novel Mycoprotein Derived from the Bioconversion of Durvillaea spp.
by Catalina Landeta-Salgado, Nicolás Salas-Wallach, Javiera Munizaga, María Paz González-Troncoso, César Burgos-Díaz, Lhaís Araújo-Caldas, Patricia Sartorelli, Irene Martínez and María Elena Lienqueo
Foods 2024, 13(15), 2376; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13152376 - 27 Jul 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2993
Abstract
This study aimed, for the first time, to determine the nutritional composition, beta-glucan and ergosterol contents, phenolic compound composition, and biological and functional activities of a novel mycoprotein produced through a bioconversion process of Durvillaea spp., a brown seaweed. An untargeted metabolomics approach [...] Read more.
This study aimed, for the first time, to determine the nutritional composition, beta-glucan and ergosterol contents, phenolic compound composition, and biological and functional activities of a novel mycoprotein produced through a bioconversion process of Durvillaea spp., a brown seaweed. An untargeted metabolomics approach was employed to screen metabolites and annotate molecules with nutraceutical properties. Two products, each representing a distinct consortia of co-cultured fungi, named Myco 1 and Myco 2, were analysed in this study. These consortia demonstrated superior properties compared to those of Durvillaea spp., showing significant increases in total protein (~238%), amino acids (~219%), and β-D-glucans (~112%). The protein contains all essential amino acids, a low fatty acid content, and exhibits high antioxidant activity (21.5–25.5 µmol TE/g). Additionally, Myco 2 exhibited the highest anti-alpha-glucosidase activity (IC50 = 16.5 mg/mL), and Myco 1 exhibited notable anti-lipase activity (IC50 = 10.5 mg/mL). Among the 69 top differentially abundant metabolites screened, 8 nutraceutical compounds were present in relatively high concentrations among the identified mycoproteins. The proteins and polysaccharides in the mycoprotein may play a crucial role in the formation and stabilization of emulsions, identifying it as a potent bioemulsifier. In conclusion, the bioconversion of Durvillaea spp. results in a mycoprotein with high-quality protein, significant nutritional and functional value, and prebiotic and nutraceutical potential due to the production of unique bioactive compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Future Foods from the Sea)
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10 pages, 826 KB  
Case Report
Phenotypical Differences at the Physiological and Clinical Level between Two Genetically Closely Related Clavispora lusitaniae Strains Isolated from Patients
by Debora Casagrande Pierantoni, Simone Giuliano, Angela Conti, Laura Corte, Jacopo Angelini, Gianluigi Cardinali and Carlo Tascini
J. Fungi 2024, 10(7), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10070460 - 28 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1467
Abstract
The occurrence of non-albicans species within the genus Candida poses a major challenge in the clinical setting. Clavispora lusitaniae, formerly known as Candida lusitaniae, has gained attention due to its potential multidrug resistance, particularly to amphotericin B (AmB). While intrinsic resistance [...] Read more.
The occurrence of non-albicans species within the genus Candida poses a major challenge in the clinical setting. Clavispora lusitaniae, formerly known as Candida lusitaniae, has gained attention due to its potential multidrug resistance, particularly to amphotericin B (AmB). While intrinsic resistance to AmB is rare, secondary resistance may develop during treatment due to phenotypic rearrangement and the reorganization of the cell wall. Although there is evidence of genetic variability within C. lusitaniae, comprehensive genomic studies are lacking. This study examines the physiological differences within Candida species and focuses on the medical implications of this. Using two case reports, significant physiological and resistance differences between two strains of C. lusitaniae are demonstrated, highlighting the need for further research into genetic variability. While one strain showed higher resistance to antifungal drugs and slower growth compared to Strain 2, both strains showed minimal beta-D-glucan production, suggesting alternative pathogenic mechanisms. The study underlines the importance of understanding microbial adaptation and selection mechanisms, especially in the clinical setting, to effectively combat emerging drug resistance. Furthermore, research is needed to clarify the complex interplay between environmental causes, physiological traits, and the mechanisms of drug resistance in C. lusitaniae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidrug-Resistant Fungi: New Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment)
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13 pages, 1705 KB  
Article
Effect of Live and Fragmented Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Feed of Pigs Challenged with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
by Gabriela Vega-Munguía, Alejandro Vargas Sánchez, Juan E. Camacho-Medina, Luis Suárez-Vélez, Gabriela Bárcenas-Morales, David Quintar Guerrero, Abel Ciprian-Carrasco and Susana Mendoza Elvira
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040322 - 14 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2199
Abstract
Currently, the responsible use of antimicrobials in pigs has allowed the continuous development of alternatives to these antimicrobials. In this study, we describe the impact of treatments with two probiotics, one based on live Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and another based [...] Read more.
Currently, the responsible use of antimicrobials in pigs has allowed the continuous development of alternatives to these antimicrobials. In this study, we describe the impact of treatments with two probiotics, one based on live Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and another based on fragmented S. cerevisiae (beta-glucans), that were administered to piglets at birth and at prechallenge with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-two pigs were divided into four groups of eight animals each. The animals had free access to water and food. The groups were as follows: Group A, untreated negative control; Group B, inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae positive control; Group C, first treated with disintegrated S. cerevisiae (disintegrated Sc) and inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae; and Group D, treated with live S. cerevisiae yeast (live Sc) and inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae. In a previous study, we found that on Days 1 and 21 of blood sampling, nine proinflammatory cytokines were secreted, and an increase in their secretion occurred for only five of them: TNF-α, INF-α, INF-γ, IL-10, and IL-12 p40. The results of the clinical evolution, the degree of pneumonic lesions, and the productive parameters of treated Groups C and D suggest that S. cerevisiae has an immunomodulatory effect in chronic proliferative M. hyopneumoniae pneumonia characterized by delayed hypersensitivity, which depends on the alteration or modulation of the respiratory immune response. The data presented in this study showed that S. cerevisiae contributed to the innate resistance of infected pigs. Full article
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14 pages, 893 KB  
Article
A Phase I/IIa Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Nebulized Liposomal Amphotericin for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
by Jesús Fortún, Elia Gómez-García de la Pedrosa, Alberto Martínez-Lorca, Patricia Paredes, Pilar Martín-Dávila, Alicia Gómez-López, María José Buitrago, Javier López-Jiménez, Francesca Gioia, Rosa Escudero, Maria Elena Alvarez-Alvarez, Cruz Soriano, Javier Moreno-García, Diana San Miguel, Noelia Vicente and Santiago Moreno
J. Fungi 2024, 10(3), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10030191 - 1 Mar 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3116
Abstract
Although nebulized liposomal amphotericin B (NLAB) is being used in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) prophylaxis, no clinical trial has shown its efficacy as a therapeutic strategy. NAIFI is the inaugural randomized, controlled clinical trial designed to examine the safety and effectiveness of NLAB [...] Read more.
Although nebulized liposomal amphotericin B (NLAB) is being used in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) prophylaxis, no clinical trial has shown its efficacy as a therapeutic strategy. NAIFI is the inaugural randomized, controlled clinical trial designed to examine the safety and effectiveness of NLAB (dosage: 25 mg in 6 mL, three times per week for 6 weeks) against a placebo, in the auxiliary treatment of IPA. Throughout the three-year clinical trial, thirteen patients (six NLAB, seven placebo) were included, with 61% being onco-hematological with less than 100 neutrophils/μL. There were no significant differences noted in their pre- and post-nebulization results of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and oxygen saturation between the groups. Neither bronchospasm nor serum amphotericin B levels were reported in any patients given NLAB. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET-TC) was carried out at the baseline and after 6 weeks. A notable decrease in median SUV (standardized uptake value) was observed in NLAB patients after 6 weeks (−3.6 vs. −0.95, p: 0.039, one tail). Furthermore, a reduction in serum substance galactomannan and beta-D-Glucan was identified within NLAB recipients. NLAB is well tolerated and safe for patients with IPA. Encouraging indirect efficacy data have been derived from image monitoring or biomarkers. However, further studies involving more patients are necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Invasive Fungal Infections 2024)
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