Search Results (26,442)

The industrial potential of Clostridium beijerinckii for acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation is limited by oxygen sensitivity and suboptimal solvent productivity. Peroxide repressor (PerR), a key negative regulator protein, is reported to suppress the oxidative stress defense system in anaerobic clostridia, leading to poor survival of bacteria under aerobic conditions. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. This study demonstrates that targeted deletion of perR (Cbei_1336) in the solvent-deficient strain C. beijerinckii DS confers robust oxygen tolerance and enhances ABE fermentation performance. The engineered perR mutant exhibited unprecedented aerobic growth under atmospheric oxygen (21% O₂), achieving a (3.79 ± 0.09)-fold increase in biomass accumulation, a (2.84 ± 0.12)-fold improvement in glucose utilization efficiency, a (57.23 ± 0.01)-fold elevation in butanol production, and a (32.78 ± 0.02)-fold amplification in acetone output compared to the parental strain. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that perR knockout simultaneously upregulated oxidative defense systems and activated ABE pathway-related genes. This genetic rewiring redirected carbon flux from acidogenesis to solventogenesis, yielding a (9.64 ± 0.90)-fold increase in total solvent titer (15.61 ± 0.89 vs. 1.62 ± 0.12 g/L) and a (2.71 ± 0.04)-fold rise in volumetric productivity (0.19 ± 0.01 vs. 0.07 ± 0.01 g/L/h). Our findings establish PerR as a master regulator of both oxygen resilience and metabolic reprogramming, providing a scalable engineering strategy for industrial oxygen-tolerant ABE bioprocessing toward low-cost biobutanol production. Full article

The Atlas cedar Cedrus atlantica is a relict and endemic conifer from Morocco and Algeria, although plantations may be found in several locations aside from its natural range. Recurrent droughts have been widely related to Atlas cedar dieback, growth decline, and mortality, but the genetic basis of potential adaptive capacity is unknown. We used the double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing technique (ddRAD-seq) to describe the genetic structure and variability of Atlas cedar along an aridity gradient in Morocco. Furthermore, we investigated the potential genetic origin of three Spanish plantations, also along an aridity gradient. The obtained single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to perform genotype–environment associations (GEAs) to define SNPs related to bioclimatic variables of temperature and precipitation. The vulnerability of this species to environmental variations was also estimated by its risk of non-adaptedness (RONA). Population structure showed a divergence between the Moroccan natural stands and some of the Spanish plantations, with each Moroccan nucleus being genetically distinct. The genetic variability was significantly lower in plantations than in natural populations. The drier Spanish plantations (easternmost) were genetically very similar to the driest Moroccan population (southernmost), suggesting that as its origin. A total of 41 loci under selection were obtained with the Moroccan dataset. In relation to temperature and precipitation variables, isothermality showed the highest number of associated loci (10) in GEA studies, and genotype–phenotype associations (GPAs) showed one locus associated with the Specific Leaf Area. RONA value was higher in the southernmost High Atlas population, where rising temperature was the main driver of expected genetic offset by allele frequency changes under the worst emissions scenario. In contrast, Spanish plantations would need smaller genetic changes to cope with the expected climate change. Likely gene flow from southern to northern areas suggests a latitudinal heading, where Spanish plantations might operate as an assisted migration. Moreover, one locus showed a northern/southern pattern in saplings but not in adults, suggesting a potential latitudinal pattern of selection. Our results are discussed on the basis of their management and conservation. Full article

Background and Objectives: Third-trimester screening is widely used to identify small for gestational age (SGA) and fetal growth restriction (FGR), but optimal models and timing remain under investigation. This study aimed to assess the performance of combined maternal factors and biomarkers, including ultrasound estimated fetal weight (EFW), Doppler indices, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and angiogenic biomarkers, for predicting SGA neonates after a routine 35–36 weeks’ scan in an unselected population. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in three Spanish centers offering universal third-trimester ultrasound. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to predict birthweight < 10th and <5th percentile using maternal characteristics and medical history, EFW, MAP, Doppler indices, and the angiogenic biomarkers placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1). Using a 10-fold cross-validation, we estimated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), detection rates (DRs), false-positive rates (FPRs), and their corresponding screen-positive rates (SPRs). External validation was performed using an independent cohort. Results: Among 3992 pregnancies, the DR of ultrasound alone for birthweight <10th percentile was 47.9% (95% CI: 44.0 to 51.9), with an FPR of 7.3%. Adding maternal factors increased DR to 57.0% (95% CI: 53.0 to 60.9) at 10% FPR and to 83.0% (95% CI: 79.9 to 85.9) at 30% FPR. Similarly, the DR of ultrasound alone for birthweight < 5th percentile was 48.4% (95% CI: 43.1 to 53.6), with an FPR of 4.5%. Adding maternal factors increased DR to 65.7 (95% CI: 60.5 to 70.5) at 10% FPR and to 88.2 (95% CI: 84.4 to 91.3) at 30% FPR. The inclusion of MAP, Doppler, and biomarkers provided marginal additional gains, particularly for <5th percentile prediction. To achieve a DR > 80%, an SPR of approximately 40% was required. Performance improved when focusing on neonates born before 38 weeks, with a DR of 77.5 (95% CI: 68.6 to 84.9) at 10% FPR for SGA < 10th percentile. However, less than 40% of screen-positive women remained undelivered by 40 weeks, limiting the number requiring further surveillance. Conclusions: A third-trimester screening at 35–36 weeks using maternal characteristics and EFW identifies most SGA neonates, particularly those delivering before 38 weeks. Even including other biomarkers, an SPR of about 40% should be necessary to achieve a high DR. However, less than 40% of the women would remain undelivered before a subsequent follow-up is required. Full article

Sonchus tenerrimus L. is a wild leafy plant valued for its nutritional and functional properties. This study evaluated how different levels of electrical conductivity (EC) in nutrient solutions and lighting conditions affect the accumulation of bioactive compounds and growth performance in hydroponically cultivated S. tenerrimus. Plants were exposed to four EC treatments (1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0 dS m⁻¹), four lighting regimens of natural light, and four artificial-lighting spectra. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), vitamin C, and antioxidant activity (via DPPH and ABTS assays) were measured. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to assess the relationships among treatments and biochemical responses. The 2.4 dS m⁻¹ EC level, particularly under natural light, led to the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity, indicating that moderate salinity enhances phytochemical production. Excessive EC (3.0 dS m⁻¹) reduced antioxidant levels and plant growth, likely due to stress. Light conditions also influenced results, with natural light generally supporting greater bioactive accumulation and biomass than artificial lighting. These findings suggest that optimizing EC and light exposure can improve both the nutritional value and growth of S. tenerrimus. Future studies should explore the long-term effects, genotype-specific responses, and interaction of these factors with other environmental variables. Full article

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the research landscape on Stormwater Quality Improvement Devices (SQIDs) covering 1992–2024. Using data from the Web of Science (WoS) and utilizing Bibliometrix R-package 5.1.0 and VOSviewer 1.6.20, this study identifies key trends, influential contributors, and the thematic evolution within SQIDs research. The findings reveal distinct growth phases driven by policy shifts, scientific advancements, and an increasing global emphasis on sustainability. Keyword analysis highlights a significant thematic transition post-2015, with terms like performance, runoff, and management (Keyword Plus), and stormwater management, green infrastructure, and stormwater (Author Keywords) indicating a strong shift toward sustainable, nature-based solutions. Bioretention system has emerged as the most researched SQIDs, reflecting widespread academic and practical interest. The most prolific countries in SQIDs research are the USA, China, and Australia, while prominent thought leaders include Fletcher (Monash University), Wang (Guangzhou University), Shuster (US EPA), and Deletic (UNSW). Leading publication outlets include the Journal of Environmental Management, Science of the Total Environment, Journal of Hydrology, and Water. Overall, this study underscores the field’s maturation toward policy-relevant and interdisciplinary innovations, long-term performances and smart SQIDs using artificial intelligence positioning SQIDs as vital tools in addressing urban stormwater management challenges globally. Full article

Drawing inspiration from the bionic nacre structure, graphene was incorporated into the epoxy solvent-borne adhesive to construct a laminated architecture. At the same time, ferrocene was employed as a catalyst to induce the in situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) under high-temperature conditions. This modification endowed the epoxy solvent-borne adhesive with not only high strength in atmospheric environments but also the capability to retain considerable mechanical performance at elevated temperatures. Experimental results demonstrated that when the graphene content in the epoxy solution fell within the range of 3.2–4%, the bonding strength exceeded 3 MPa within the temperature range of 1000–1300 °C. In particular, the adhesive exhibited excellent thermal shock resistance, with no degradation in strength observed after 15 thermal shock cycles at 1300 °C. Such exceptional performance was attributed to the formation of interlaminar CNTs generated after high-temperature treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations clearly revealed the laminated graphene sheets and in situ grown CNTs, confirming the feasibility of the strategy to enhance bonding efficacy by mimicking the nacre structure. This approach represented an innovative breakthrough for further research on the application of the “brick-and-mortar” structure in the bonding layer and the in situ growth of CNTs among lamellar graphene, while also providing detailed supporting data. Full article

Several fluoro phenyl triazoles were synthesized using click chemistry between fluoro phenyl azides and phenyl acetylene. Under ultrasound irradiation, this synthetic procedure was performed with Cu (I) in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline. It is fast with high yields of target compounds. In addition, fluoro phenyl triazoles were evaluated against Candida albicans. The inhibition percentage of yeast growth was investigated using different concentrations of triazoles. Compounds containing a fluorine atom in 2, 4, 2,6, and 2,4,6 positions inhibited a higher percentage of yeast growth. All of the triazoles showed inhibition of the yeast–mycelium transition, which was related to pathogenicity of yeast strain C. albicans. Full article

Mathematical modeling is indispensable in oncology for unraveling the interplay between tumor growth, vascular remodeling, and therapeutic resistance. We present a hybrid modeling framework (continuum-discrete) and present its hybrid mathematical formulation as a coupled partial differential equation–agent-based (PDE-ABM) system. It couples reaction–diffusion fields for oxygen, drug, and tumor angiogenic factor (TAF) with discrete vessel agents and stochastic phenotype transitions in tumor cells. Stochastic phenotype switching is handled with an exact Gillespie algorithm (a Monte Carlo method that simulates random phenotype flips and their timing), while moment-closure methods (techniques that approximate higher-order statistical moments to obtain a closed, tractable PDE description) are used to derive mean-field PDE limits that connect microscale randomness to macroscopic dynamics. We provide existence/uniqueness results for the coupled PDE-ABM system, perform numerical analysis of discretization schemes, and derive analytically tractable continuum limits. By linking stochastic microdynamics and deterministic macrodynamics, this hybrid mathematical formulation—i.e., the coupled PDE-ABM system—captures bidirectional feedback between hypoxia-driven angiogenesis and resistance evolution and provides a rigorous foundation for predictive, multiscale oncology models. Full article

The Kazakh horse, a versatile breed, is renowned for stable genetic performance and strong tolerance to coarse feed. Sex is a key factor influencing skeletal muscle development. However, the mechanisms underlying sex-specific regulation of equine muscle growth remain obscure. This study employed transcriptomic analysis to investigate sex-associated molecular differences in skeletal muscle of Kazakh horses. The experimental cohort comprised four three-year-old Kazakh stallions and four three-year-old Kazakh mares. After slaughter, six groups of muscle samples were collected immediately, including the longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, and diaphragm muscles of both sexes, with four biological replicates per group. RNA-seq analysis revealed 361, 230, and 236 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the longissimus dorsi of stallion Kazakh horses (Mb) vs. the longissimus dorsi of mare Kazakh horses (Gb), the rectus abdominis of stallion Kazakh horses (Mf) vs. the rectus abdominis of mare Kazakh horses (Gf), and the diaphragm of stallion Kazakh horses (Mg) vs. the diaphragm of mare Kazakh horses (Gg), respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that DEGs such as TPM1, MYL1, MYH3, and PYGM were primarily enriched in muscle system processes (BP), contractile fibers (CC), and adenosine ribonucleotide binding (MF). Furthermore, these genes were significantly associated with pathways such as the Cytoskeleton in muscle cells and the Thyroid hormone signaling pathway. The data demonstrate pronounced sex-related differences in gene expression and muscle structure in Kazakh horses, likely mediated by cytoskeleton-associated genes. Notably, TPM1, MYL1, MYH3, and PYGM may act as key regulators of sex-specific muscle development. These findings provide molecular insights into the mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in equine muscle growth. Full article

Manufacturing global value chains (GVCs) play a central role in shaping countries’ export competitiveness. However, existing studies have given limited attention to the impact of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on manufacturing GVCs. This study examines the effects of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on manufacturing GVCs. Using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, based on the GTAP 10 database with dynamic recursion to 2025, this study simulates various scenarios of tariff and non-tariff barrier (NTB) reductions. This model is linked to a GVC accounting framework to evaluate member countries’ trade performance in manufacturing value added, as well as their participation and position in GVCs. The results show that the CPTPP and RCEP, when implemented separately, significantly boost bilateral value-added trade within their regions, with increases of 99.4% and 65.7%, respectively. Their combined effect further strengthens global value-added trade, raising it by 5.1%. Both agreements also promote greater GVC participation in most manufacturing sectors across member economies, although their influence on sectoral positioning differs across countries. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the CPTPP and RCEP are reshaping regional production networks and affecting manufacturing development in member states. They highlight the growing importance of RTAs in shaping value chains and underscore the need to revitalize global partnerships for sustainable development. For policymakers, the results provide timely evidence on how RTAs can be leveraged to support sustainable growth in manufacturing. Full article

Background: Salmonella Kentucky comprises two major lineages, ST152 and fluoroquinolone-resistant (Flu^R) ST198, which have diverged genotypically and phenotypically along distinct evolutionary and epidemiological trajectories. ST198 is linked to global human disease, while ST152 is primarily animal-associated in the U.S. We hypothesized that lineage-specific metabolic adaptations contribute to their differing host associations and pathogenicity. Methods: We performed comparative metabolic profiling of ST198 (n = 3) and ST152 (n = 4) strains across 948 substrates and environmental conditions. Growth assays tested the ability of these lineages and other non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars (n = 5) to utilize myo-inositol and lactulose as sole carbon sources. Comparative genomic analyses of 294 ST198, 173 ST152, and 1300 other NTS serovars identified nutrient utilization genes. Results: ST198 exhibited significantly higher respiratory activity and broader metabolic versatility across carbon, nitrogen/sulfur sources, and stress conditions. The canonical iol gene cluster for myo-inositol catabolism was conserved in ST198 but absent in ST152, which nonetheless showed weak growth on myo-inositol, suggesting an alternative metabolic pathway for myo-inositol may exist. We also report for the first time that, despite lineage-specific differences in metabolic efficiency, multiple NTS serovars, including S. Kentucky, can metabolize lactulose, a synthetic disaccharide traditionally associated with beneficial gut microbes. These results suggest the potential existence of a novel lactulose metabolic pathway in NTS. Conclusions: These findings highlight ST198’s metabolic adaptability and reveal novel metabolic capacities in NTS. A mechanistic understanding of nutrient utilization pathways, particularly of myo-inositol and lactulose, will provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying nutrient metabolism that likely modulate the ecological success and pathogenic potential of NTS in human and animal hosts. Full article

The global demand for high-protein soybeans is rapidly increasing, driven by the growing popularity of healthy foods and plant-based protein products. To address this demand, a novel high-protein soybean variety, Jinyuan 601, was developed through a systematic breeding program. This study details the breeding process, agronomic characteristics, and performance evaluation of Jinyuan 601, which was derived from a cross between Heihe YX10-534 (female parent) and Heihe No. 45 (male parent). The variety was selected over multiple generations (F₂–F₇) and stabilized as Heihe 18-250, demonstrating excellent quality, upright stalks, and resistance to diseases and pests. Jinyuan 601 exhibits a protein content of 43.66% and a fat content of 17.21%, meeting the standard for high-protein soybeans (≥43% protein). It has a growth period of 111 days, with a plant height of 93.2 cm, and shows moderate resistance to soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Yield trials conducted over two years (2021–2022) produced an average of 2292 kg ha⁻¹, representing a 3.0% increase over the control variety (Huajiang No. 2). This variety holds significant potential for applications in health foods, plant-based products, and sustainable agriculture, contributing to food security and reducing reliance on soybean imports. Full article

The present study concentrates on the role and underlying mechanisms of in situ crystallization (employed for nanocrystal formation) in influencing the solidification microstructure and properties of aluminum alloys. By systematically analyzing the effects on α-Al refinement, silicon phase modification, and secondary phase control, as well as exploring the impact on room-temperature mechanical properties, high-temperature deformation behavior, and fatigue performance, this work reveals the potential physical mechanisms of improving mechanical properties by providing nucleation sites and inhibiting grain growth, such as fine-grain strengthening and dispersion strengthening. Moreover, stabilization of the second phase optimizes high-temperature deformation behavior, and a reduction in stress concentration improves fatigue performance. Compared with traditional microstructure control methods, in situ crystallization can achieve deeper grain refinement from micron to nanometer scale, ensuring high uniformity of grain distribution and showing good compatibility with existing processes. By defining the regulation of in situ crystallization on the microstructure and properties of aluminum alloy, the existing research provides a feasible material solution for high stress, high temperature, and high reliability. Its core significance lies in breaking through the performance bottlenecks of traditional modification technology, such as unstable refining effect, element segregation, and so on. The co-promotion of “strength–plasticity–stability” of aluminum alloys and the consideration of process compatibility and cost controllability lay a theoretical and technical foundation for the industrialization of high-performance aluminum alloys. Full article

Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to repurpose methylstat, a selective histone demethylase inhibitor, as a novel anti-glioma agent. We characterized its anti-proliferative efficacy, elucidated mechanisms of cell cycle regulation, and evaluated its blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability potential. Methods: Compounds with transcriptional profiles enriched for cell cycle arrest and tumor-suppressive pathways were identified via Connectivity Map (CMAP) analysis. Methylstat was selected based on its high connectivity score and favorable physicochemical properties. In vitro assays were performed to evaluate its effects on cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and expression of related molecular markers in U251 and HOG glioma cell lines. Molecular docking and 200 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to evaluate the binding mode and stability of the Methylstat–JMJD2A complex. An in vitro BBB model was established to assess the ability of Methylstat to cross the BBB. Results: Methylstat significantly inhibited glioma cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner without inducing apoptosis. It caused G1-phase arrest in U251 cells and G2-phase arrest in HOG cells. Mechanistically, methylstat downregulated cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases via the p53/p21 pathway. Additionally, methylstat reduced the expression of JMJD2A and its downstream targets, including PDK1, AKT, and mTOR. Molecular docking studies and 200 ns MD simulations confirmed the stable binding of methylstat to the catalytic pocket of JMJD2A, effectively inhibiting its enzymatic activity. HPLC analysis confirmed that methylstat could penetrate the in vitro BBB model to varying extents. Conclusions: Methylstat is a promising small-molecule agent that effectively suppresses glioma cell growth by modulating key cell cycle regulators. Its ability to cross the BBB highlights its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for GBM and other brain tumors. Full article

Humic substances and beneficial microorganisms are key biostimulants for sustainable agriculture and global food security in the face of climate change. Marine bacteria are emerging as a promising source of plant-beneficial microbes, tapping into a microbial diversity as immense as the oceans themselves. However, their potential, limitations, and mechanisms of action––especially in combination with other biostimulants––remain largely unexplored. In this study, we isolated the Streptomyces sp. LAP3 strain from the giant limpet Scutellastra mexicana. We evaluated the efficacy of the marine bacterium, applied alone or in combination with the humic product Leonardite hydrolate (L), in enhancing tomato performance under field conditions. Treatments included: (1) marine Streptomyces (MS), (2) Leonardite hydrolate (L), (3) both biostimulants (MS + L), and (4) a control (CTRL). We assessed growth, photosynthetic performance, antioxidant responses, and fruit yield and quality. Both biostimulants individually improved plant performance, but their combination had a significant synergistic effect, markedly boosting tomato productivity, thermotolerance, and resilience during a heatwave. Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity were associated with improved agronomic traits. These results highlight the potential of combining Streptomyces sp. LAP3 and Leonardite hydrolate as an eco-friendly strategy to increase crop productivity, strengthen stress resilience, promote sustainable agriculture, and reduce reliance on agrochemicals. Full article