Search Results (42)

Green-synthesized metal nanoparticles are increasingly investigated for their antioxidative, antimicrobial, and stress-protective properties as eco-friendly and cost-effective alternatives to conventional chemical synthesis. Although agri-food wastes represent biomolecule-rich and sustainable resources, they remain less explored as biological matrices for green metal nanoparticle synthesis compared with plant and microbial extracts. The aim of this study was to optimize the synthesis and evaluate the bioactivity of silver nanoparticles derived from bergamot pomace, a polyphenol-rich agri-food waste. Synthesis parameters, including extract concentration, pH, extract-to-metal ratio, temperature, and reaction time, were optimized, and the nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and electron microscopy (TEM, STEM). ATR-FTIR and proteomic analyses were employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in nanoparticle reduction, capping, and stabilization. The bergamot pomace-based silver nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak at 430 nm, spherical morphology, good colloidal stability, and average diameters of 15–20 nm, without irreversible aggregation. A putative synthesis mechanism was proposed, involving Ag⁺ bioreduction mediated by polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and oxidoreductase-associated proteins, followed by stabilization through protein corona formation. Seed nanopriming assays on tomato and lettuce, together with in vitro antimicrobial tests against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, demonstrated phytostimulatory and antimicrobial effects at very low nanoparticle concentrations. Overall, this study highlights bergamot pomace as a valuable resource for green silver nanoparticle synthesis, supporting its applicability in sustainable agriculture. Full article

A genomic analysis of the hydrocarbon-oxidizing strain R. qingshengii F2-2 was conducted to characterize the genes responsible for plant growth stimulation and phytopathogen biocontrol. Understanding these mechanisms is vital for developing effective phytoremediation approaches. It was shown that the F2-2 genome consists of a 6.3 Mb chromosome and three plasmids, two of which are linear—pLP156 (155 kb) and pLP337 (337 kb)—and one circular—pCP209 (210 kb). The genes responsible for biosynthesis of phytohormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins), phosphate solubilization, and production of siderophores and antibiotic-active compounds (chloramphenicol and pristinamycin IA) were identified in the strain chromosome. Orthologous genes encoding phenazine antibiotics were found in the linear plasmid pLP156. The phytostimulating properties of the strain, associated with auxin production (2–4 μg/mL); the ability to effectively colonize rapeseed, mustard, and tobacco plants; and protective action against Fusarium spp. under artificial phytopathogenic background conditions, were experimentally confirmed. Thus, the discovered properties of the R. qingshengii F2-2 strain indicate its potential for the phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soils. Full article

Sustainable agriculture requires replacing agrochemicals with environmentally friendly products. One alternative is bacterial inoculants with plant-growth-promoting (PGP) activity. Bacterial consortia offer advantages over single-strain inoculants, as they possess more PGP traits and allow the exploitation of bacterial synergies. Synthetic bacterial communities (SynComs) can be used as inoculants that are thoroughly characterized and assessed for efficiency and safety. Here, we describe the construction of a SynCom composed of seven bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants and other orchard vegetables. The strains were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as Pseudomonas spp. (two isolates), Rhizobium sp., Ensifer sp., Microbacterium sp., Agromyces sp., and Chryseobacterium sp. The metagenome of the combined strains was sequenced, allowing the identification of PGP traits and the assembly of their individual genomes. These traits included nutrient mobilization, phytostimulation, and biocontrol. When inoculated into tomato plants in an agricultural soil, the SynCom caused minor effects in soil and rhizosphere bacterial communities. However, it had a high impact on the gene expression pattern of tomato plants. These effects were more significant at the systemic than at the local level, indicating a priming effect in the plant, as signaling through jasmonic acid and ethylene appeared to be altered. Full article

Aquaponics is an integrated method of aquatic animal and plant cultivation in a closed recycling system where the wastewater from aquatic animals is purified by microbes, which transform pollutants into nutrients for plants at the end of the chain. This technology allows to the efficiency of the area to be increased by a combination of cultivated plants and aquatic animals. Aquaponics produces environmentally friendly products by reducing fertilizer use and wastewater volume, increasing the extent of reuse by up to >90%. A promising way to increase efficiency in aquaponics is to use bacterial preparations (probiotics). This will allow control of the development of pathogens in the growing system, improving water quality and the growth rate of aquatic organisms. This paper overviews the experience of using probiotic preparations in aquaponic systems. It is shown that probiotics are able to increase the survival rate of aquatic organisms, improve the hydrochemical regime in recirculating aquaculture systems, and mitigate the risk of pathogenic contamination. There are a number of problems in aquaponics that prevent it from becoming more widespread and achieving maximum productivity, including problems with optimal pH and temperature, problems with nutrient and oxygen depletion, as well as diseases caused by phytopathogens and fish pathogens. The probiotics used do not take into account the biological needs of all components of the aquaponic system. The development of probiotic preparations from soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus will allow us to create a new class of probiotics specifically for aquaponics. Such preparations will work in a wide pH range, which will allow us to achieve maximum productivity for all components of aquaponics: animals, plants and bacteria. Full article

In recent years, a significant increase in the market availability of products with a phytostimulant effect on plants has occurred. However, these products are not always low-cost, and their effects on crops are not always reproducible. In this study, an alternative use of lavender, already known for its antimicrobial activity, is proposed: an aqueous extract from self-produced lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill., var. Hidcote) flowering tops was tested for its phytostimulant activity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Bionda d’estate) cultivated under organic farming management. Lettuce plants were planted in an open field on a private farm (in the Lazio region, Italy): lettuce plants were treated weekly for two months with lavender aqueous extracts while control plants were sprayed with water. Results showed that treatment with lavender extract enhanced fresh edible production and dry biomass (12.08% and 15.09%, respectively) in lettuce plants, as well as leaf area index (28.01%) and photosynthetic efficiency (increased SPAD). At the same time, an increase in mineral content was observed: compared to the control, a 30.46% increase was observed for N, 31.10%, 35.52%, 36.19%, 47.51%, 48.11%, and 91.44% for K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, and Fe, respectively. All these factors contribute to enhancing the commercial and nutritional quality of lettuce, as well as strengthening its self-defense and extending its shelf life. Results of this study showed that lavender aqueous extract exhibits phytostimulant activity and could be a useful product for obtaining higher yield and better nutritional quality of lettuce in organic farming. Full article

Horticulture is mainly based on transplanting seedlings produced by specialized nurseries. The recent European authorization of frass in organic farming presents new opportunities for the development of organic seedling production. Frass, a by-product of insect farming, offers innovative solutions for this sector. It mainly consists of insect excrement, exuviae, and uningested feed. Their fertilizing and biostimulating effects have been demonstrated in various pot and field crops experiments. However, the current knowledge regarding the application of frass in seedling production remains insufficient. This study aims to assess the optimal dose of mealworm frass in germination substrates for Allium cepa L., Beta vulgaris L., and Brassica rapa L. Germination and phytotoxicity tests were carried out, with seedlings evaluated one month after sowing in substrates containing frass at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% of frass. The germination test revealed that the dilution of the frass at 1:100 produced a phytostimulant effect on A. cepa and a moderate phytotoxic effect on B. vulgaris and B. rapa. The application of mealworm frass at a concentration of 0.5–1% was generally the most effective dose, although all doses of frass in the substrate resulted in seedlings whose root length, leaf length, number of leaves, and biomass were significantly higher than the control. In conclusion, the application of low doses of mealworm frass in organic seedling production is promising and allows the management of potential phytotoxicity. Full article

Propolis is a sustainable and environmentally friendly agrochemical of natural origin, a resinous mixture produced by honeybees. It is used as a natural remedy in multiple pathologies., but it is also a natural defense enhancer, a phytostimulator that helps to bind, bloom, and pollinate plants. Propolis is used in organic farming as a phytoprotector and phytostimulator. The present study investigates the main physical–chemical parameters of Romanian propolis, its antifungal activity against five fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizopus stolonifer) and its phyto-inhibitory activity when it is applied on the layer and under the layer for different grain crops (wheat, maize, oats, and barley). Different doses were used—1, 5, and 10 g of propolis powder—and the growth of the plume was monitored for 13 days. The physical–chemical parameters investigated are volatile oils, wax, oxidation index, melting point, dry matter, ash, and resin, and maximum values were obtained for phenols (189.4 mgGAE/g), flavonoids (84.31 mgQE/g), and IC₅₀ (0.086 µg/mL). Propolis demonstrates high antifungal activity against all fungal strains. The results showed that propolis has the best phyto-inhibition potential among the studied grain crops when it is applied on the layer, with the lowest plume growth for maize (14 mm), followed by oats, barley, and lastly wheat (24 mm). Propolis can find increasing application in sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture and the obtaining of organic food. Full article

The determination of the maturity of compost and other organic fertilizers is very important because of possible phytotoxic or phytostimulating effects. The maturity of compost can be assessed on the basis of chemical analyses, and a germination test with different test plants is most often used to determine phytotoxicity. In this research, the maturity of compost produced from the plant residues subsequent to the maintenance of green public areas was assessed using the results of chemical analyses. Simultaneously, a germination test was carried out with the four test plant species (cucumber, garden cress, triticale, and barley) to determine the phytotoxicity of compost extract in a ratio of 1:2.5 v/v (1:3.3 w/v) and 1:10 v/v (1:13.3 w/v) and the three ammonium N solutions (in the concentrations of 200, 400, and 600 mg/L NH₄-N). According to the chemical properties of compost (primarily the C/N, NH₄-N/NO₃-N ratios, and the NH₄-N concentration) and the germination test with cucumber and garden cress, we may conclude that the tested compost was mature and that we did not expect a phytotoxic effect. The choice of a plant is very significant because the germination test with a compost extract demonstrated an undoubted phytostimulating effect on the garden cress and cucumber, with a more pronounced phytostimulating effect of the 1:10 than that of the 1:2.5 v/v compost extract. No such effect was detected on the monocotyledonous test plants triticale and barley since the 1:10 v/v extract had no significant effect, and the 1:2.5 v/v extract had a phytotoxic effect, moderate on the triticale and high on barley. The conclusion is that garden cress and cucumber are suitable test plants for the determination of compost’s phytostimulative effect, but they are not suitable for the determination of phytotoxicity for monocotyledonous plants, especially if the cause of phytotoxicity is a non-ammonium component. Barley is the most suitable species for the determination of compost’s non-ammonium phytotoxicity and nitrogen’s ammonium-form phytostimulative or phytotoxic effect. It would be very useful to conduct a comparative germination test with the compost extracts in the ratios 1:2.5 and 1:10, whereby the 1:2.5 extract would be used as a test of phytotoxicity, and the 1:10 extract for the test of a phytostimulating effect. Full article

Forest cover is deteriorating rapidly due to anthropogenic causes, making its restoration urgent. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) could offer a viable solution to ensure successful reforestation efforts. This study aimed to select bacterial strains with mechanisms that promote plant growth and enhance seedling development. The bacterial strains used in this study were isolated from the rhizosphere and endophyte regions of Pinus montezumae Lamb. and Pinus patula Schl. et Cham., two Mexican conifer species commonly used for reforestation purposes. Sixteen bacterial strains were selected for their ability to produce auxins, chitinase, and siderophores, perform nitrogen fixation, and solubilize inorganic phosphates; they also harbored genes encoding antimicrobial production and ACC deaminase. The adhesion to seeds, germination rate, and seedling response of P. montezumae and P. patula were performed following inoculation with 10 bacterial strains exhibiting high plant growth-promoting potential. Some strains demonstrated the capacity to enhance seedling growth. The selected strains were taxonomically characterized and belonged to the genus Serratia, Buttiauxella, and Bacillus. These strains exhibited at least two mechanisms of action, including the production of indole-3-acetic acid, biological nitrogen fixation, and phosphate solubilization, and could serve as potential alternatives for the reforestation of affected areas. Full article

Real textile wastewater (RTWW) poses significant environmental challenges. RTWW typically contains high levels of organic compounds, such as dyes, as well as inorganic substances like salts. These contaminants can harm aquatic life when released into water bodies without appropriate treatment. RTWW was subjected to a series of sequential treatments: exchange resins for removing ions, advanced oxidation with bicarbonate-activated peroxide to degrade organic matter, and a biological treatment based on the Zahn–Wellens test to remove remaining chemical oxygen demand (COD) The advanced oxidation process based on the activation of H₂O₂ with NaHCO₃ (catalyzed with cobalt impregnated on a pillared clay, Co/Al–PILC)) was optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). After the process integration, reductions in ion concentrations, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon content (TOC) were achieved. Reduced hardness (99.94%) and ions (SO₄²⁻ and acid black 194 dye of 99.88 and 99.46%, respectively), COD (96.64%), and TOC (96.89%), guaranteeing complete treatment of RTWW, were achieved. Additionally, the biodegradability index of RTWW increased from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.90 ± 0.01, and phytotoxicity was reduced, going from a phytotoxic that inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds to a phytostimulant after biological treatment with activated sludge. Full article

Frass generated during the production of black soldier fly larvae is attracting the interest of scientists and horticultural producers because it is a material made from the biotransformation of organic waste, it contains several nutrients that can be used by plants, and it has a biostimulant capacity that has become a recent focus. Thermal composting is a stabilization process that improves the physical and chemical properties of treated wastes, allowing better performance in plants compared to the waste in its fresh state. In this research, thermocomposted frass was evaluated as a germination substrate for kale seeds (Brassica oleracea). To achieve this, the phytotoxicity of increasing concentrations of frass was evaluated by examining the germination of kale seeds, and seedlings were grown for 30 days in germination substrates mixed with 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% frass under greenhouse conditions. The treatment with 20% frass showed the highest values of seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, length and width of the first true leaf and length and width of cotyledons, and reduced the contents of phenols, tannins and antioxidants. However, the content of flavonoids increased compared to the control and the rest of the mixtures. Full article

Higher-fungi xylotrophic basidiomycetes are known to be the reservoirs of bioactive metabolites. Currently, a great deal of attention has been paid to the exploitation of mycelial fungi products as an innovative alternative in crop protection. No data exist on the mechanisms behind the interaction between xylotrophic mushrooms’ glycopolymeric substances and plants. In this study, the effects of basidiomycete metabolites on the morphophysiological and biochemical variables of wheat plants have been explored. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Saratovskaya 29) seedlings were treated with extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) isolated from the submerged cultures of twenty basidiomycete strains assigned to 13 species and 8 genera. The EPS solutions at final concentrations of 15, 40, and 80 mg/L were applied to wheat seedlings followed by their growth for 10 days. In the plant samples, the biomass, length of coleoptile, shoot and root, root number, rate of lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde concentration, content of hydrogen peroxide, and total phenols were measured. The peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were defined. Most of the EPS preparations improved biomass yields, as well as the morphological parameters examined. EPS application enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreased oxidative damage to lipids. Judging by its overall effect on the growth indices and redox system of wheat plants, an EPS concentration of 40 mg/L has been shown to be the most beneficial compared to other concentrations. This study proves that novel bioformulations based on mushroom EPSs can be developed and are effective for wheat growth and antioxidative response. Phytostimulating properties found for EPSs give grounds to consider extracellular metabolites produced in the xylotrophic basidiomycete cultures as an active component capable of inducing plant responses to stress. Full article

This work aimed to study the genome organization and the metabolic potential of Streptomyces carpaticus strain SCPM-O-B-9993, a promising plant-protecting and plant-stimulating strain isolated from brown semi-desert soils with very high salinity. The strain genome contains a linear chromosome 5,968,715 bp long and has no plasmids. The genome contains 5331 coding sequences among which 2139 (40.1%) are functionally annotated. Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of secondary metabolites exhibiting antimicrobial properties (ohmyungsamycin, pellasoren, naringenin, and ansamycin) were identified in the genome. The most efficient period of SCPM-O-B-9993 strain cultivation was 72 h: during this period, the culture went from the exponential to the stationary growth phase as well as exhibited excellent phytostimulatory properties and antiviral activity against the cucumber mosaic virus in tomatoes under laboratory conditions. The Streptomyces carpaticus SCPM-OB-9993 strain is a biotechnologically promising producer of secondary metabolites exhibiting antiviral and phytostimulatory properties. Full article

This study aimed to explore alternative substrates for growing forest species using eucalyptus bark. It evaluated the potential of extracted Eucalyptus globulus fiber bark as a substitute for commercial growing media such as coconut fiber, moss, peat, and compost pine. We determined the physicochemical parameters of the growing media, the germination rate, and the mean fresh and dry weights of seedlings. We used the Munoo-Liisa Vitality Index (MLVI) test to evaluate the phytotoxicity of the bark alone and when mixed with commercial substrates. Generally, the best mixture for seed growth was 75% extracted eucalyptus bark fiber and 25% commercial substrates. In particular, the 75E-25P (peat) mixture is a promising substitute for seedling growth of Pinus radiata, achieving up to 3-times higher MLVI than the control peat alone. For Quillaja saponaria, the best growth substrate was the 50E-50C (coconut fiber) mixture, which had the most significant MLVI values (127%). We added chitosan and alginate-encapsulated fulvic acid phytostimulants to improve the performance of the substrate mixtures. The fulvic acid, encapsulated or not, significantly improved MLVI values in Q. saponaria species and P. radiata in concentrations between 0.05 and 0.1% w/v. This study suggests that mixtures with higher levels of extracted fiber are suitable for growing forest species, thus promoting the application of circular economy principles in forestry. Full article

Increasing awareness of the problems caused by synthetic agrochemicals, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, makes it crucial to discover substitute approaches that can guarantee competitive plant production and protect the environment while maintaining the natural balance in agroecosystems. One of the leading alternatives is utilizing rhizobacterial strains named plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The utilization of PGPR-based biofertilizers for advancement in the sustainability of farming productions has received considerable critical attention all over the world because of their contribution to not only improving plant growth but also inducing biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. This review updates the aforementioned eco-friendly strategy in sustainable agroecosystems and provides new insights into the phytostimulation and bioprotection ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), an emerging taxon of PGPR. In this regard, the ability of LAB to synthesize metabolites, including organic acids, phenolic acids and their flavonoid derivatives, phytohormones, and antimicrobial substrates, is presented. The use of LAB provides a bridge between PGPR and environmentally friendly crop productivity, which can lead to sustainable production systems by reducing the use of agrochemicals, improving soil quality, and minimizing environmental pollution. All the beneficial aspects of LAB need to be addressed by future research to plan systematic methodologies for their use and/or to combine the use of PGPR along with other organic or inorganic inputs in sustainable production systems. Full article