Search Results (33)

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a vital climate mitigation strategy aimed at reducing CO₂ emissions from industrial and energy sectors. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of CCS technologies, focusing on capture methods, transport systems, geological storage, geomechanical and geochemical aspects, modeling, risk assessment, monitoring, and economic feasibility. Among capture technologies, pre-combustion capture is identified as the most efficient (90–95%) due to its high purity and integration potential. Notably, most operational CCS projects in 2025 utilize pre-combustion capture, particularly in hydrogen production and natural gas processing. For geological storage, saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs are highlighted as the most promising due to their vast capacity and proven containment. In the transport phase, pipeline systems are considered the most effective and scalable method, offering high efficiency and cost-effectiveness for large-scale CO₂ movement, especially in the supercritical phase. The study also emphasizes the importance of hybrid integrated risk assessment models, such as NRAP-Open-IAM, which combine deterministic simulations with probabilistic frameworks for robust site evaluation. In terms of monitoring, Seismic monitoring methods are regarded as the most reliable subsurface technique for tracking CO₂ plume migration and ensuring storage integrity. Economically, depleted reservoirs offer the most feasible option when integrated with existing infrastructure and supported by incentives like 45Q tax credits. The review concludes that successful CCS deployment requires interdisciplinary innovation, standardized risk protocols, and strong policy support. This work serves as a strategic reference for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals aiming to scale CCS technologies for global decarbonization. Full article

Carbon capture technologies are largely considered to play a crucial role in meeting the climate change and global warming target set by Net Zero Emission (NZE) 2050. These technologies can contribute to clean energy transitions and emissions reduction by decarbonizing the power sector and other CO₂ intensive industries such as iron and steel production, natural gas processing oil refining and cement production where there is no obvious alternative to carbon capture technologies. While the progress of carbon capture technologies has fallen behind expectations in the past, in recent years there has been substantial growth in this area, with over 700 projects at various stages of development. Moreover, there are around 45 commercial carbon capture facilities already in operation around the world in different industrial processes, fuel transformation and power generation. Carbon capture technologies including pre/post-combustion, oxyfuel and chemical looping combustion have been widely exploited in the recent years at different Technology Readiness level (TRL). Although, a large number of review studies are available addressing different carbon capture strategies, however, studies related to the commercial status of the carbon capture technologies are yet to be conducted. In this review article, we summarize the state-of-the-art of different carbon capture technologies applied to different emission sources, focusing on emission reduction, net-zero emission, and negative emission. We also highlight the commercial status of the different carbon capture technologies including economics, opportunities, and challenges. Full article

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has been validated as one of the most promising technologies for fossil fuel combustion, which can produce high-purity CO₂ streams ready for capture and sequestration in power production. The selection of an appropriate oxygen carrier is one of the most important issues for the CLC process, and the reduction kinetics investigation of the oxygen carrier with fuel gas can provide the basis for CLC reactor design and simulation optimization. In this study, copper ore was chosen as an oxygen carrier, and the oxygen release property of copper ore under a nitrogen environment at various temperatures (1073–1193 K) was first investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Subsequently, the reduction kinetics of copper ore with CO and H₂ were evaluated by the TGA at temperatures ranging from 773 K to 1073 K, using a continuous stream of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 vol. % of CO or H₂ balanced by CO₂ or N₂. It was found that the reaction rates of these reactions accelerated with the increase in temperature and fuel gas concentration in inlet gas. Both the oxygen release process of copper ore and the reduction process of copper ore with reducing gases can be described by the unreacted shrinking core model (USCM). The reaction mechanism function for the oxygen-releasing and reduction process of copper ore oxygen carrier was varied. The activation energy of the oxygen-releasing process, reduction process with CO, and reduction process with H₂ were calculated as 99.35, 5.08, and 4.28 kJ/mol, respectively. The pre-exponential factor ranged from 1.96 × 10⁻¹ to 1.84 × 10³. The reaction order depended on the fuel gas, which was 1 and 0.86, respectively, for reaction with CO and H₂. Full article

Despite the growth of renewable energy, fossil fuels dominate the global energy matrix. Due to expanding proved reserves and energy demand, an increase in natural gas power generation is predicted for future decades. Oil reserves from the Brazilian offshore Pre-Salt basin have a high gas-to-oil ratio of CO₂-rich associated gas. To deliver this gas to market, high-depth long-distance subsea pipelines are required, making Gas-to-Pipe costly. Since it is easier to transport electricity through long subsea distances, Gas-to-Wire instead of Gas-to-Pipe is a more convenient alternative. Aiming at making offshore Gas-to-Wire thermodynamically efficient without impacting CO₂ emissions, this work explores a new concept of an environmentally friendly and thermodynamically efficient Gas-to-Wire process firing CO₂-rich natural gas (CO₂ > 40%mol) from high-depth offshore oil and gas fields. The proposed process prescribes a natural gas combined cycle, exhaust gas recycling (lowering flue gas flowrate and increasing flue gas CO₂ content), CO₂ post-combustion capture with aqueous monoethanolamine, and CO₂ dehydration with triethylene glycol for enhanced oil recovery. The two main separation processes (post-combustion carbon capture and CO₂ dehydration) have peculiarities that were addressed at the light shed by thermodynamic analysis. The overall process provides 534.4 MW of low-emission net power. Second law analysis shows that the thermodynamic efficiency of Gas-to-Wire with carbon capture attains 33.35%. Lost-Work analysis reveals that the natural gas combined cycle sub-system is the main power destruction sink (80.7% Lost-Work), followed by the post-combustion capture sub-system (14% Lost-Work). These units are identified as the ones that deserve to be upgraded to rapidly raise the thermodynamic efficiency of the low-emission Gas-to-Wire process. Full article

A greater H/C ratio and energy demand are factors that boost natural gas conversion into electricity. The Brazilian offshore pre-salt basin has large reserves of CO₂-rich associated gas. Selling this gas requires high-depth long-distance subsea pipelines, making gas-to-pipe costly; in particular, gas-to-wire instead of gas-to-pipe is more practical since it is easier to transmit electricity via long subsea distances. This research proposes and investigates an innovative low-emission gas-to-wire alternative consisting of installing supercritical direct-methane-to-methanol upstream to gas-to-wire, which is embedded in an exhaust-gas recycle loop that reduces the subsequent carbon capture costs. The process exports methanol and electricity from remote offshore oil-and-gas fields with available CO₂-rich natural gas, while capturing CO₂. Techno-economic, thermodynamic and lost work analyses assess the alternative. Supercritical direct-methane-to-methanol is conducted in supercritical water with air. This route is chosen because supercritical water readily dissolves methanol and CO₂, helping to preserve methanol via stabilization against further oxidation by gaseous air. Besides being novel, this process has intensification since it implements exhaust-gas recycle for –flue-gas reduction, CO₂ abatement via post-combustion capture with aqueous monoethanolamine, CO₂ dehydration with triethylene glycol and CO₂ densification for enhanced oil recovery. The process is fed with 6.5 MMS m³/d of CO₂-rich natural gas (CO₂ > 40%mol) exporting methanol (2.2 t/h), electricity (457.1 MW) and dense CO₂ for enhanced oil recovery, with an investment of 1544 MMUSD, 452 MMUSD/y in manufacturing costs and 820 MMUSD/y in revenues, reaching 1021 MMUSD net present value (50 years) and a 10 year payback time. The Second Law analysis reveals overall thermodynamic efficiency of 28%. The lost work analysis unveils the gas-combined-cycle sub-system as the major lost work sink (76% lost work share), followed by the post-combustion capture plant (14% lost work share), being the units that prominently require improvements for better economic and environmental performance. This work demonstrates that the newly proposed process is techno-economically feasible, environmentally friendly, thermodynamically efficient and competitive with the gas-to-wire processes in the literature. Full article

The study objective was to field-validate the technical feasibility of a membrane- and adsorption-enhanced water gas shift reaction process employing a carbon molecular sieve membrane (CMSM)-based membrane reactor (MR) followed by an adsorptive reactor (AR) for pre-combustion CO₂ capture. The project was carried out in two different phases. In Phase I, the field-scale experimental MR-AR system was designed and constructed, the membranes, and adsorbents were prepared, and the unit was tested with simulated syngas to validate functionality. In Phase II, the unit was installed at the test site, field-tested using real syngas, and a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) of the technology was completed. All project milestones were met. Specifically, (i) high-performance CMSMs were prepared meeting the target H₂ permeance (>1 m³/(m².hbar) and H₂/CO selectivity of >80 at temperatures of up to 300 °C and pressures of up to 25 bar with a <10% performance decline over the testing period; (ii) pelletized adsorbents were prepared for use in relevant conditions (250 °C < T < 450 °C, pressures up to 25 bar) with a working capacity of >2.5 wt.% and an attrition rate of <0.2; (iii) TEA showed that the MR-AR technology met the CO₂ capture goals of 95% CO₂ purity at a cost of electricity (COE) 30% less than baseline approaches. Full article

For pre-combustion carbon capture, the high syngas pressure provides a sufficient mass transfer driving force to make the gas membrane separation process an attractive option. Comparisons of combined different membrane materials (H₂-selective and CO₂-selective membranes) and membrane process layouts are very limited. Especially, the multi-objective optimization of such processes requires further investigation. Therefore, this paper proposes 16 two-stage combined membranes system for pre-combustion CO₂ capture, including 4 two-stage H₂-selective membrane systems, 4 two-stage CO₂-selective membrane systems, and 8 two-stage hybrid membrane systems. A tri-objective optimization method of energy, economy, and environment is proposed for comprehensive evaluation of the proposed systems. Results show that with the targets of 90% CO₂ purity and recovery, six gas membrane separation systems could be satisfied. After further multi-objective optimization and comparison, the C1H2-4 system (the hybrid system with H₂-selective membranes and CO₂-selective membranes) has the best performance. Feed composition and separation requirements also have an important influence on the multi-objective optimization results. The effects of selectivity and permeance of H₂-selective and CO₂-selective membranes on the performance of the C1H2-4 system are also significant. Full article

CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage) is a cornerstone of most proposed carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions strategies, as it is necessary to keep atmospheric CO₂ concentrations below 450 parts per million by the year 2100 and, as such, prevent global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts a removal capacity of 12 GtCO₂/yr by 2050, whereas the present capability is 41 MtCO₂/yr. Decarbonization may not be able to proceed quickly enough to reach net-zero emissions without CCUS technologies. In the maritime sector, CCUS serves a dual purpose: capturing CO₂ from fossil fuel combustion and transporting the captured CO₂ for its storage or utilization. This paper examines the importance of vessels as liquid CO₂ carriers, emphasizing the transportation conditions associated with CO₂. A techno-energetic analysis is carried out by studying various combinations of temperature and pressure. From a transport viewpoint, the findings indicate that reducing CO₂ pressure is more cost-effective. In terms of pre-processing, higher CO₂ pressures may lead to energy and, potentially, cost savings. However, the optimal pressure in the entire logistical chain remains uncertain. Further research is advised to broaden the scope of the chain to be analyzed. Full article

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are a serious hazard to human life and the ecosystem. This is the reason that many measures have been put in place by the International Energy Agency (IEA) to reduce the anthropogenic-derived CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. Today, the potential of renewable energy sources has led to an increased interest in investment in carbon capture and storage technologies worldwide. The aim of this paper is to investigate state-of-the-art carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies and their derivations for the identification of effective methods during the implementation of evidence-based energy policies. To this extent, this study reviews the current methods in three concepts: post-combustion; pre-combustion; and oxy-fuel combustion processes. The objective of this study is to explore the knowledge gap in recent carbon capture methods and provide a comparison between the most influential methods with high potential to aid in carbon capture. The study presents the importance of using all available technologies during the post-combustion process. To accomplish this, an ontological approach was adopted to analyze the feasibility of the CCS technologies available on the market. The study findings demonstrate that priority should be given to the applicability of certain methods for both industrial and domestic applications. On the contrary, the study also suggests that using the post-combustion method has the greatest potential, whereas other studies recommend the efficiency of the oxy-fuel process. Furthermore, the study findings also highlight the importance of using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods for the implementation of carbon capture technologies in buildings. This study contributes to the energy policy design related to carbon capture technologies in buildings. Full article

The objective of this paper is to explore the utilisation of plastic waste via the gasification process to produce electricity with low carbon dioxide emissions. Worldwide, plastic production has increased, reaching 390 million tons in 2021, compared to 1.5 million tons in 1950. It is known that plastic incineration generates approximately 400 million tons of CO₂ annually, and consequently, new solutions for more efficient plastic reuse in terms of emissions generated are still expected. One method is to use plastic waste in a gasifier unit and the syngas generated in a gas turbine for electricity production. The co-gasification process (plastic waste with biomass) was analysed in different ratios. Gasification was carried out with air for an equivalent ratio (ER) between 0.10 and 0.45. The volume concentration of CO₂ in syngas ranged from 2 to 12%, with the highest value obtained when the poplar content in the mix was 95%. In this study, the option of pre- and post-combustion integration of the chemical absorption process (CAP) was investigated. As a result, CO₂ emissions decreased by 90% compared to the case without CO₂ capture. The integration of the capture process reduced global efficiency by 5.5–6.1 percentage points in a post-combustion case, depending on the plastic content in the mix. Full article

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is characterized by high CO₂ capture yield under mild pressures and temperatures. A morphological modification of powdery amorphous PMMA (pPMMA) is carried out by electrospinning to increase the surface/volume ratio of the resulting electrospun PMMAs (ePMMAs). This modification improves the kinetics and the capture yields. The rate constants observed for ePMMAs are two to three times higher than those for pPMMA, reaching 90% saturation values within 5–7 s. The amount of sorbed CO₂ is up to eleven times higher for ePMMAs at 1 °C, and the highest difference in captured CO₂ amount is observed at the lowest tested pressure of 1 MPa. The operating life of the ePMMAs shows a 5% yield loss after ten consecutive runs, indicating good durability. Spent electrospun PMMAs after several cycles of CO₂ sorption-desorption can be regenerated by melting and again electrospinning the molten mass, resulting in a CO₂ capture performance that is undistinguishable from that observed with fresh ePMMA. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopies show a reduction in surface roughness after gas exposure, possibly due to the plasticization effect of CO₂. This study shows the potential of electrospun PMMAs as solid sorbents for carbon capture from natural gas or pre-combustion and oxyfuel combustion processes. Full article

Cement production is one of the key industries responsible for emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO₂), which influence climate change. In order to reach zero carbon in the cement industry, various deep decarbonization pathways involving carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCSU), using low-carbon material and fuel, optimal process control, and waste heat utilization techniques must be implemented. As for the example of Uzbekistan, approximately 30 facilities generate more than 15 Mt of cement annually and are responsible for 11.3% of the country’s total CO₂ emissions. In this study, decarbonization pathways for cement plants in Uzbekistan, including CCSU, the use of alternative fuels, electrification, and waste heat integration techniques, are compared based on existing challenges and opportunities. The availability of alternative fuel and material resources suitable for the total production capacity, the comparison of post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion CCSU methods for the cement plant, and the use of energy-efficient technologies are discussed. Full article

Membrane separation technology for CO₂ capture in pre-combustion has the advantages of easy operation, minimal land use and no pollution and is considered a reliable alternative to traditional technology. However, previous studies only focused on the H₂-selective membrane (HM) or CO₂-selective membrane (CM), paying little attention to the combination of different membranes. Therefore, it is hopeful to find the optimal process by considering the potential combination of H₂-selective and CO₂-selective membranes. For the CO₂ capture process in pre-combustion, this paper presents an optimization model based on the superstructure method to determine the best membrane process. In the superstructure model, both CO₂-selective and H₂-selective commercial membranes are considered. In addition, the changes in optimal membrane performance and capture cost are studied when the selectivity and permeability of membrane change synchronously based on the Robeson upper bound. The results show that when the CO₂ purity is 96% and the CO₂ recovery rate is 90%, the combination of different membrane types achieves better results. The optimal process is the two-stage membrane process with recycling, using the combination of CM and HM in all situations, which has obvious economic advantages compared with the Selexol process. Under the condition of 96% CO₂ purity and 90% CO₂ recovery, the CO₂ capture cost can be reduced to 11.75$/t CO₂ by optimizing the process structure, operating parameters, and performance of membranes. Full article

Global fossil fuel consumption has induced emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂), which has emanated global warming. Significant levels of CO₂ are released continually into the atmosphere from the extraction of fossil fuels to their processing and combustion for heat and power generation including the fugitive emissions from industries and unmanaged waste management practices such as open burning of solid wastes. With an increase in the global population and the subsequent rise in energy demands and waste generation, the rate of CO₂ release is at a much faster rate than its recycling through photosynthesis or fixation, which increases its net accumulation in the atmosphere. A large amount of CO₂ is emitted into the atmosphere from various sources such as the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, vehicles and manufacturing industries. Thus, carbon capture plays a key role in the race to achieve net zero emissions, paving a path for a decarbonized economy. To reduce the carbon footprints from industrial practices and vehicular emissions and attempt to mitigate the effects of global warming, several CO₂ capturing and valorization technologies have become increasingly important. Hence, this article gives a statistical and geographical overview of CO₂ and other greenhouse gas emissions based on source and sector. The review also describes different mechanisms involved in the capture and utilization of CO₂ such as pre-combustion, post-combustion, oxy-fuels technologies, direct air capture, chemical looping combustion and gasification, ionic liquids, biological CO₂ fixation and geological CO₂ capture. The article also discusses the utilization of captured CO₂ for value-added products such as clean energy, chemicals and materials (carbonates and polycarbonates and supercritical fluids). This article also highlights certain global industries involved in progressing some promising CO₂ capture and utilization techniques. Full article

Presently, the utilization of biomass as an energy source has gained significant attention globally due to its capacity to provide constant feedstock. In 2020, biomass combustion generated 19 Mt of CO₂, representing an increase of 16% from the previous year. The increase in CO₂ emissions is fundamentally due to biomass gasification in power plants. Due to the growing demand to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, this paper aims to improve CO₂ capture technologies to face this challenge. In this context, the utilization of three stages of the polymer membrane process, using different compressor pressure values, has been technically and economically analyzed. The proposed solution was combined pre-combustion in a BIGCC process equipped with a Siemens gas turbine with an installed power capacity of 50 MW. The article simulated energy operations by using membranes of polymer and CHEMCAD software improved in the CO₂ integration research project. Consequently, polymeric membranes with CO₂ permeability of 1000 GPU were examined while CO₂ selectivity towards nitrogen was investigated to be 50. It was observed that by increasing the surface area of the polymer membrane (400,000–1,200,000 m²) an increase of 37% occurs in CO₂ capture efficiency. On the other hand, LCOE increased from 97 to 141 EUR/MWh. The avoided cost of CO₂ captured was 52.9 EUR/ton. Full article