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Open AccessArticle

Topologically Protected Quantum Teleportation via Majorana Zero Modes: A Perspective on Scalability and Decoherence Immunity

by Horace T. Crogman, To Dang and Daniel Erenso

Quantum Rep. 2025, 7(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum7030042 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 678

Abstract

We present a topologically protected teleportation protocol based on projective parity measurements between spatially separated Majorana zero modes (MZMs), eliminating the need for dynamic braiding. Unlike conventional teleportation schemes, our method preserves logical information through nonlocal encoding and suppresses decoherence exponentially with Majorana [...] Read more.

We present a topologically protected teleportation protocol based on projective parity measurements between spatially separated Majorana zero modes (MZMs), eliminating the need for dynamic braiding. Unlike conventional teleportation schemes, our method preserves logical information through nonlocal encoding and suppresses decoherence exponentially with Majorana separation. We provide a rigorous mathematical framework that includes six theorems and a lemma, proving fidelity bounds, no entropy increase under ideal QND parity measurement under quantum non-demolition (QND) measurements, and compliance with the no-cloning theorem. We demonstrate that all correction operations lie within the Clifford group, enabling efficient, fault-tolerant implementation. Furthermore, we outline a scalable architecture for multi-qubit teleportation and relate our framework to recent experimental advances in quantum-dot-based Kitaev chains and superconducting nanowire platforms. These results position Majorana-based teleportation as a thermodynamically stable and experimentally viable approach to scalable quantum information transfer. All operations discussed are Clifford-only; achieving universality requires non-Clifford resources and lies outside our scope. Full article

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26 pages, 2686 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Quantum Entanglement Between Charge Qubit and Mechanical Cat-States in Nanoelectromechanical System

by Matija Tečer and Danko Radić

Mathematics 2025, 13(13), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132054 - 20 Jun 2025

Viewed by 393

Abstract

We present a detailed mathematical description, both an analytical model and a numerical simulation, of a physical system based on a superconducting nanoelectromechanical setup that generates nanomechanical cat-states entangled with charge qubit states. The system consists of a superconducting grain in a regime [...] Read more.

We present a detailed mathematical description, both an analytical model and a numerical simulation, of a physical system based on a superconducting nanoelectromechanical setup that generates nanomechanical cat-states entangled with charge qubit states. The system consists of a superconducting grain in a regime of the Cooper pair box (the charge qubit) that performs mechanical vibrations between two bulk superconductors. Operation of the device is based on the AC Josephson effect, i.e., the phase difference between superconducting electrodes is controlled by a DC bias voltage following the operational switch on/off protocol. We compare an analytical idealised solution with numerical simulation using experimentally feasible parameters, different decoherence processes, as well as imperfections of experimental procedures such as time-control of the bias voltage, to get insight into how they influence the time-evolution of the realistic system, deteriorate the quantum coherence, and affect the formation of the cat-states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Applied Mathematics)

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15 pages, 1548 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simon’s Algorithm in the NISQ Cloud

by Reece Robertson, Emery Doucet, Ernest Spicer and Sebastian Deffner

Entropy 2025, 27(7), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070658 - 20 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 970

Abstract

Simon’s algorithm was one of the first to demonstrate a genuine quantum advantage in solving a problem. The algorithm, however, assumes access to fault-tolerant qubits. In our work, we use Simon’s algorithm to benchmark the error rates of devices currently available in the [...] Read more.

Simon’s algorithm was one of the first to demonstrate a genuine quantum advantage in solving a problem. The algorithm, however, assumes access to fault-tolerant qubits. In our work, we use Simon’s algorithm to benchmark the error rates of devices currently available in the “quantum cloud”. As a main result, we objectively compare the different physical platforms made available by IBM and IonQ. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the device architectures and topologies when transpiling quantum algorithms onto hardware. For instance, we demonstrate that two-qubit operations on spatially separated qubits on superconducting chips should be avoided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Computing in the NISQ Era)

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12 pages, 1174 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum Surface Topological Code for Bell State Stabilization in Superconducting Physical Qubit Systems

by Jordi Fabián González-Contreras, Erik Zamora, Jesús Yaljá Montiel-Pérez, Juan Humberto Sossa-Azuela, Elsa Rubio-Espino and Víctor Hugo Ponce-Ponce

Mathematics 2025, 13(13), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132041 - 20 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1414

Abstract

Stabilizing quantum states in physical qubits quantum computers has been a widely explored topic in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum era. However, much of this work has focused on simulation rather than practical implementation. In this study, an experimental advancement in Bell state stabilization [...] Read more.

Stabilizing quantum states in physical qubits quantum computers has been a widely explored topic in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum era. However, much of this work has focused on simulation rather than practical implementation. In this study, an experimental advancement in Bell state stabilization is presented, which utilizes surface codes for quantum error correction across three quantum computers: ibm_fez, ibm_torino, and ibm_brisbane. Our findings indicate that error correction produces an improvement of approximately 3% in accuracy for 127-qubit systems while demonstrating a more significant enhancement of around 20% for 156-qubit systems in stabilizing the Bell state with fidelity up to 0.6 in all the experiments. This paper outlines the methodology for implementing this strategy in other applications, offering a pathway to improve results (

\approx 20 %

) when experimenting with superconducting quantum computers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Codes, Designs, Cryptography and Optimization, 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 371 KB

Open AccessArticle

Circuit-QED for Multi-Loop Fluxonium-Type Qubits

by Larisa-Milena Pioraş-Ţimbolmaş, Levente Máthé and Liviu P. Zârbo

Photonics 2025, 12(5), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050417 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1353

Abstract

Fluxonium qubits, designed to mitigate charge noise and enhance anharmonicity, are among the most promising superconducting platforms for quantum computing. To understand and exploit their quantum properties and design novel fluxonium-based architectures with improved functionalities, these systems require an accurate Hamiltonian formulation to [...] Read more.

Fluxonium qubits, designed to mitigate charge noise and enhance anharmonicity, are among the most promising superconducting platforms for quantum computing. To understand and exploit their quantum properties and design novel fluxonium-based architectures with improved functionalities, these systems require an accurate Hamiltonian formulation to capture their energy level structure and quantum dynamics. This work presents a systematic method for constructing the Hamiltonian for multi-loop circuits that partitions the system into a set of uncoupled harmonic oscillators and a coupled anharmonic part originating from the Josephson circuit elements, allowing clear identification of independent modes and isolating the nonlinearity in the Josephson terms. While demonstrated for fluxonium-type multi-loop circuits, this method can be generalized to other superconducting qubit architectures within the broader context of circuit QED, making it a versatile tool for exploring different circuit configurations. Our systematic and flexible modeling approach forms the theoretical basis for the qubit measurement and control experiments validating multi-loop fluxonium architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes: Innovations and Applications)

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5 pages, 259 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Practitioners’ Rule of Thumb for Quantum Volume

by Emanuele G. Dalla Torre

Quantum Rep. 2025, 7(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum7010011 - 28 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1722

Abstract

Quantum volume (QV) is a widely recognized metric for assessing the practical capabilities of quantum computers, as it provides an estimate of the largest quantum circuit that can be reliably executed. However, measuring QV on a real device requires comparing experimental outcomes with [...] Read more.

Quantum volume (QV) is a widely recognized metric for assessing the practical capabilities of quantum computers, as it provides an estimate of the largest quantum circuit that can be reliably executed. However, measuring QV on a real device requires comparing experimental outcomes with ideal theoretical results—a process that rapidly becomes computationally expensive. By examining the cumulative impact of errors in two-qubit gates, we present a simple, accessible `rule of thumb’ that relates the quantum volume directly to the average error rate of native gates. Our formula shows a strong agreement with experimental data from leading quantum computing platforms, including both superconducting and trapped-ion systems. This straightforward model offers a clear, intuitive guideline for predicting quantum hardware performance, enabling more informed decisions regarding circuit design and resource allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers of Quantum Reports in 2024–2025)

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13 pages, 4875 KB

Open AccessArticle

Probing Non-Equilibrium Pair-Breaking and Quasiparticle Dynamics in Nb Superconducting Resonators Under Magnetic Fields

by Joong-Mok Park, Zhi Xiang Chong, Richard H. J. Kim, Samuel Haeuser, Randy Chan, Akshay A. Murthy, Cameron J. Kopas, Jayss Marshall, Daniel Setiawan, Ella Lachman, Joshua Y. Mutus, Kameshwar Yadavalli, Anna Grassellino, Alex Romanenko and Jigang Wang

Materials 2025, 18(3), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030569 - 27 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1506

Abstract

We conducted a comprehensive study of the non-equilibrium dynamics of Cooper pair breaking, quasiparticle (QP) generation, and relaxation in niobium (Nb) cut from superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, as well as various Nb resonator films from transmon qubits. Using ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy, we were [...] Read more.

We conducted a comprehensive study of the non-equilibrium dynamics of Cooper pair breaking, quasiparticle (QP) generation, and relaxation in niobium (Nb) cut from superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, as well as various Nb resonator films from transmon qubits. Using ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy, we were able to isolate the superconducting coherence and pair-breaking responses. Our results reveal both similarities and notable differences in the temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent dynamics of the SRF cavity and thin-film resonator samples. Moreover, femtosecond-resolved QP generation and relaxation under an applied magnetic field reveals a clear correlation between non-equilibrium QPs and the quality factor of resonators fabricated by using different deposition methods, such as DC sputtering and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering. These findings highlight the pivotal influence of fabrication techniques on the coherence and performance of Nb-based quantum devices, which are vital for applications in superconducting qubits and high-energy superconducting radio-frequency applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Novel Functional Materials for the Manufacture of Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices)

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16 pages, 4745 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum Circuit Architecture Search on a Superconducting Processor

by Kehuan Linghu, Yang Qian, Ruixia Wang, Meng-Jun Hu, Zhiyuan Li, Xuegang Li, Huikai Xu, Jingning Zhang, Teng Ma, Peng Zhao, Dong E. Liu, Min-Hsiu Hsieh, Xingyao Wu, Yuxuan Du, Dacheng Tao, Yirong Jin and Haifeng Yu

Entropy 2024, 26(12), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26121025 - 26 Nov 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have shown strong evidence to gain provable computational advantages in diverse fields such as finance, machine learning, and chemistry. However, the heuristic ansatz exploited in modern VQAs is incapable of balancing the trade-off between expressivity and trainability, which may [...] Read more.

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have shown strong evidence to gain provable computational advantages in diverse fields such as finance, machine learning, and chemistry. However, the heuristic ansatz exploited in modern VQAs is incapable of balancing the trade-off between expressivity and trainability, which may lead to degraded performance when executed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) machines. To address this issue, here, we demonstrate the first proof-of-principle experiment of applying an efficient automatic ansatz design technique, i.e., quantum architecture search (QAS), to enhance VQAs on an 8-qubit superconducting quantum processor. In particular, we apply QAS to tailor the hardware-efficient ansatz toward classification tasks. Compared with heuristic ansätze, the ansatz designed by QAS improves the test accuracy from

31 %

to

98 %

. We further explain this superior performance by visualizing the loss landscape and analyzing effective parameters of all ansätze. Our work provides concrete guidance for developing variable ansätze to tackle various large-scale quantum learning problems with advantages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Information: Working Towards Applications)

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37 pages, 3343 KB

Open AccessReview

Quantum Computing: Navigating the Future of Computation, Challenges, and Technological Breakthroughs

by Qurban A. Memon, Mahmoud Al Ahmad and Michael Pecht

Quantum Rep. 2024, 6(4), 627-663; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum6040039 - 16 Nov 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 26804

Abstract

Quantum computing stands at the precipice of technological revolution, promising unprecedented computational capabilities to tackle some of humanity’s most complex problems. The field is highly collaborative and recent developments such as superconducting qubits with increased scaling, reduced error rates, and improved cryogenic infrastructure, [...] Read more.

Quantum computing stands at the precipice of technological revolution, promising unprecedented computational capabilities to tackle some of humanity’s most complex problems. The field is highly collaborative and recent developments such as superconducting qubits with increased scaling, reduced error rates, and improved cryogenic infrastructure, trapped-ion qubits with high-fidelity gates and reduced control hardware complexity, and photonic qubits with exploring room-temperature quantum computing are some of the key developments pushing the field closer to demonstrating real-world applications. However, the path to realizing this promise is fraught with significant obstacles across several key platforms, including sensitivity to errors, decoherence, scalability, and the need for new materials and technologies. Through an exploration of various quantum systems, this paper highlights both the potential and the challenges of quantum computing and discusses the essential role of middleware, quantum hardware development, and the strategic investments required to propel the field forward. With a focus on overcoming technical hurdles through innovation and interdisciplinary research, this review underscores the transformative impact quantum computing could have across diverse sectors. Full article

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22 pages, 1862 KB

Open AccessArticle

DNA Gene’s Basic Structure as a Nonperturbative Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics: Is RNA Polymerase II the Quantum Bus of Transcription?

by Raul Riera Aroche, Yveth M. Ortiz García, Esli C. Sánchez Moreno, José S. Enriquez Cervantes, Andrea C. Machado Sulbaran and Annie Riera Leal

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12152-12173; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110721 - 30 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1898

Abstract

Previously, we described that Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine nucleobases were superconductors in a quantum superposition of phases on each side of the central hydrogen bond acting as a Josephson Junction. Genomic DNA has two strands wrapped helically around one another, but during [...] Read more.

Previously, we described that Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine nucleobases were superconductors in a quantum superposition of phases on each side of the central hydrogen bond acting as a Josephson Junction. Genomic DNA has two strands wrapped helically around one another, but during transcription, they are separated by the RNA polymerase II to form a molecular condensate called the transcription bubble. Successive steps involve the bubble translocation along the gene body. This work aims to modulate DNA as a combination of n-nonperturbative circuits quantum electrodynamics with nine Radio-Frequency Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) inside. A bus can be coupled capacitively to a single-mode microwave resonator. The cavity mode and the bus can mediate long-range, fast interaction between neighboring and distant DNA SQUID qubits. RNA polymerase II produces decoherence during transcription. This enzyme is a multifunctional biomolecular machine working like an artificially engineered device. Phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases constitutes the driving force. The coupling between

n

-phosphorylation pulses and any particular SQUID qubit can be obtained selectively via frequency matching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Advances in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology)

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Graphical abstract

26 pages, 5970 KB

Open AccessReview

Superconducting Quantum Simulation for Many-Body Physics beyond Equilibrium

by Yunyan Yao and Liang Xiang

Entropy 2024, 26(7), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26070592 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4587

Abstract

Quantum computing is an exciting field that uses quantum principles, such as quantum superposition and entanglement, to tackle complex computational problems. Superconducting quantum circuits, based on Josephson junctions, is one of the most promising physical realizations to achieve the long-term goal of building [...] Read more.

Quantum computing is an exciting field that uses quantum principles, such as quantum superposition and entanglement, to tackle complex computational problems. Superconducting quantum circuits, based on Josephson junctions, is one of the most promising physical realizations to achieve the long-term goal of building fault-tolerant quantum computers. The past decade has witnessed the rapid development of this field, where many intermediate-scale multi-qubit experiments emerged to simulate nonequilibrium quantum many-body dynamics that are challenging for classical computers. Here, we review the basic concepts of superconducting quantum simulation and their recent experimental progress in exploring exotic nonequilibrium quantum phenomena emerging in strongly interacting many-body systems, e.g., many-body localization, quantum many-body scars, and discrete time crystals. We further discuss the prospects of quantum simulation experiments to truly solve open problems in nonequilibrium many-body systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Computing in the NISQ Era)

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10 pages, 859 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phase-Slip Based SQUID Used as a Photon Switch in Superconducting Quantum Computation Architectures

by Hu Zhao, Xiaoyu Wu, Wenlong Li, Xudong Fang and Tiefu Li

Electronics 2024, 13(12), 2380; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13122380 - 18 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1609

Abstract

The photon storage time in a superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator is contingent on the loaded quality factor, primarily dictated by the input and output capacitance of the resonator. The phase-slip based superconducting quantum interference device (PS-SQUID) comprises two phase-slip (PS) junctions connected [...] Read more.

The photon storage time in a superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator is contingent on the loaded quality factor, primarily dictated by the input and output capacitance of the resonator. The phase-slip based superconducting quantum interference device (PS-SQUID) comprises two phase-slip (PS) junctions connected in series with a superconducting island in between. The PS-SQUID can manifest nonlinear capacitance behavior, with the capacitance finetuned by the gate voltage to minimize the impact of magnetic field noise as much as possible. By substituting the coupling capacitance of the CPW resonator with the PS-SQUID, the loaded quality factor of the resonator can be changed by three orders, thus, we get a microwave photon switch in superconducting quantum computation architectures. Furthermore, by regulating the loaded quality factors, the coupling strength between the CPW and superconducting quantum circuits can be controlled, enabling the ability to manipulate stationary qubits and flying qubits. Full article

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8 pages, 944 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Heat Bath in a Quantum Circuit

by Jukka P. Pekola and Bayan Karimi

Entropy 2024, 26(5), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26050429 - 17 May 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

We discuss the concept and realization of a heat bath in solid state quantum systems. We demonstrate that, unlike a true resistor, a finite one-dimensional Josephson junction array or analogously a transmission line with non-vanishing frequency spacing, commonly considered as a reservoir of [...] Read more.

We discuss the concept and realization of a heat bath in solid state quantum systems. We demonstrate that, unlike a true resistor, a finite one-dimensional Josephson junction array or analogously a transmission line with non-vanishing frequency spacing, commonly considered as a reservoir of a quantum circuit, does not strictly qualify as a Caldeira–Leggett type dissipative environment. We then consider a set of quantum two-level systems as a bath, which can be realized as a collection of qubits. We show that only a dense and wide distribution of energies of the two-level systems can secure long Poincare recurrence times characteristic of a proper heat bath. An alternative for this bath is a collection of harmonic oscillators, for instance, in the form of superconducting resonators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Quantum Thermodynamics)

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17 pages, 2854 KB

Open AccessReview

Optomechanical Microwave-to-Optical Photon Transducer Chips: Empowering the Quantum Internet Revolution

by Xinyao Xu, Yifei Zhang, Jindao Tang, Peiqin Chen, Liping Zeng, Ziwei Xia, Wenbo Xing, Qiang Zhou, You Wang, Haizhi Song, Guangcan Guo and Guangwei Deng

Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040485 - 31 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4140

Abstract

The first quantum revolution has brought us the classical Internet and information technology. Today, as technology advances rapidly, the second quantum revolution quietly arrives, with a crucial moment for quantum technology to establish large-scale quantum networks. However, solid-state quantum bits (such as superconducting [...] Read more.

The first quantum revolution has brought us the classical Internet and information technology. Today, as technology advances rapidly, the second quantum revolution quietly arrives, with a crucial moment for quantum technology to establish large-scale quantum networks. However, solid-state quantum bits (such as superconducting and semiconductor qubits) typically operate in the microwave frequency range, making it challenging to transmit signals over long distances. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop quantum transducer chips capable of converting microwaves into optical photons in the communication band, since the thermal noise of optical photons at room temperature is negligible, rendering them an ideal information carrier for large-scale spatial communication. Such devices are important for connecting different physical platforms and efficiently transmitting quantum information. This paper focuses on the fast-developing field of optomechanical quantum transducers, which has flourished over the past decade, yielding numerous advanced achievements. We categorize transducers based on various mechanical resonators and discuss their principles of operation and their achievements. Based on existing research on optomechanical transducers, we compare the parameters of several mechanical resonators and analyze their advantages and limitations, as well as provide prospects for the future development of quantum transducers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Prospects of Quantum Chips and Their Applications)

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21 pages, 5099 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Transmon Qubit in a 3D Cavity for Quantum Machine Learning and Photon Counting

by Alessandro D’Elia, Boulos Alfakes, Anas Alkhazaleh, Leonardo Banchi, Matteo Beretta, Stefano Carrazza, Fabio Chiarello, Daniele Di Gioacchino, Andrea Giachero, Felix Henrich, Alex Stephane Piedjou Komnang, Carlo Ligi, Giovanni Maccarrone, Massimo Macucci, Emanuele Palumbo, Andrea Pasquale, Luca Piersanti, Florent Ravaux, Alessio Rettaroli, Matteo Robbiati, Simone Tocci and Claudio Gatti Show full author list Hide full author list

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041478 - 11 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5546

Abstract

In this paper, we report the use of a superconducting transmon qubit in a 3D cavity for quantum machine learning and photon counting applications. We first describe the realization and characterization of a transmon qubit coupled to a 3D resonator, providing a detailed [...] Read more.

In this paper, we report the use of a superconducting transmon qubit in a 3D cavity for quantum machine learning and photon counting applications. We first describe the realization and characterization of a transmon qubit coupled to a 3D resonator, providing a detailed description of the simulation framework and of the experimental measurement of important parameters, such as the dispersive shift and the qubit anharmonicity. We then report on a Quantum Machine Learning application implemented on a single-qubit device to fit the u-quark parton distribution function of the proton. In the final section of the manuscript, we present a new microwave photon detection scheme based on two qubits coupled to the same 3D resonator. This could in principle decrease the dark count rate, favoring applications like axion dark matter searches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Quantum Computing, Quantum Information and Quantum Sensing)

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