Moroccan vegetation faces significant pressure particularly from human activities and climate change, while most ecosystems lack detailed assessments. Phytoecological studies and species assessments are implemented using vegetation sampling, analysis of climate data, geological substrate maps, and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The study area hosts 565 plant species distributed into 74 families, with Asteraceae being the most abundant family, representing 17.7%. In addition, the correspondence analysis test demonstrates that species are grouped into six distinct blocks. Block 1 comprises a set of
Quercus ilex forests. Block 2 encompasses
Juniperus phoenicea lands and transition zones between
Quercus ilex and
Juniperus phoenicea. Block 3 represents
Pinus halepensis forests and pine occurrences within
Quercus ilex and
Juniperus phoenicea stands. Block 4 indicates the emergence of xerophytic species alongside the aforementioned species; it forms the upper limits of Blocks 1, 2, and 3. Block 5 corresponds to formations dominated by
Juniperus thurifera in association with xerophytes. Block 6 groups together a set of xerophytic species characteristic of high mountain environments. Additionally,
Quercus ilex colonizes the subhumid zones and prefers limestone substrates,
Juniperus phoenicea and
Tetraclinis articulata, and
Pinus halepensis occupies the hot part of the semi-arid in limestone, clays, and conglomerates, while the
Juniperus thurifera and xerophytes inhabit the cold parts and limestone substrates. The thermo-Mediterranean vegetation level occupies low altitudes, dominated by
Tetraclinis articulata,
Juniperus phoenicea, and
Olea europaea. The meso-Mediterranean level extends to intermediate altitudes, dominated by
Quercus ilex and
Juniperus phoenicea. While the supra-Mediterranean level is dominated by
Quercus ilex,
Arbutus unedo, and
Cistus creticus. The mountain Mediterranean level, located in the high mountains, is dominated by
Juniperus thurifera associated with xerophytes. Finally, the oro-Mediterranean level, found at extreme altitudes, is dominated by xerophytes. Some species within this region are endemic, rare, and threatened. Consequently, the implementation of effective conservation and protection policies is recommended.
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