Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

The impact of Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) technologies is redefining the digital landscape. These technologies have been widely adopted within various domains, such as education, medicine, engineering, architecture, entertainment, art and culture. The ever-increasing adoption and accessibility of VR, AR and MR technologies have fueled a growing demand for advanced applications, paving the way for cutting-edge research opportunities.

The Topic Editors encourage the submission of original and mature research studies backed by data and data analytics that discuss the advances of VR, AR, MR and associated technologies.

This Topic is an opportunity for the scientific community to present their latest research contributions in the field of Extended Reality (XR).

Topics of interest include but are not limited to:

• VR/AR/MR applications;
• VR/AR/MR collaboration;
• Artificial intelligence/machine learning for VR/AR/MR;
• Natural multimodal interaction for VR/AR/MR;
• Content creation and management for VR/AR/MR;
• Human–computer interactions for VR/AR/MR;
• Perception/presence for VR/AR/MR;
• Education, gamification and entertainment in VR/AR/MR;
• Immersive exergames for health and wellbeing in VR/AR/MR;
• Production planning and digital manufacturing in VR/AR/MR;
• Cultural heritage and art in VR/AR/MR.

Dr. Radu Comes
Prof. Dr. Dorin-Mircea Popovici
Prof. Dr. Calin Gheorghe Dan Neamtu
Prof. Dr. Jing-Jing Fang
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	18.4 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Computers computers	2.6	5.4	2012	15.5 Days	CHF 1800	Submit
Electronics electronics	2.6	5.3	2012	16.4 Days	CHF 2400	Submit
Sensors sensors	3.4	7.3	2001	18.6 Days	CHF 2600	Submit
Virtual Worlds virtualworlds	-	-	2022	30 Days	CHF 1000	Submit
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ijgi	2.8	6.9	2012	35.8 Days	CHF 1900	Submit

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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24 pages, 7093 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Manual, Automatic, and Voice Control in Wheelchair Navigation Simulation in Virtual Environments: Performance Evaluation of User and Motion Sickness

by Enrique Antonio Pedroza-Santiago, José Emilio Quiroz-Ibarra, Erik René Bojorges-Valdez and Miguel Ángel Padilla-Castañeda

Sensors 2025, 25(2), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020530 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 736

Abstract

Mobility is essential for individuals with physical disabilities, and wheelchairs significantly enhance their quality of life. Recent advancements focus on developing sophisticated control systems for effective and efficient interaction. This study evaluates the usability and performance of three wheelchair control modes manual, automatic, [...] Read more.

Mobility is essential for individuals with physical disabilities, and wheelchairs significantly enhance their quality of life. Recent advancements focus on developing sophisticated control systems for effective and efficient interaction. This study evaluates the usability and performance of three wheelchair control modes manual, automatic, and voice controlled using a virtual reality (VR) simulation tool. VR provides a controlled and repeatable environment to assess navigation performance and motion sickness across three scenarios: supermarket, museum, and city. Twenty participants completed nine tests each, resulting in 180 trials. Findings revealed significant differences in navigation efficiency, distance, and collision rates across control modes and scenarios. Automatic control consistently achieved faster navigation times and fewer collisions, particularly in the supermarket. Manual control offered precision but required greater user effort. Voice control, while intuitive, resulted in longer distances traveled and higher collision rates in complex scenarios like the city. Motion sickness levels varied across scenarios, with higher discomfort reported in the city during voice and automatic control. Participant feedback, gathered via a Likert scale questionnaire, highlighted the potential of VR simulation for evaluating user comfort and performance. This research underscores the advantages of VR-based testing for rapid prototyping and user-centered design, offering valuable insights into improving wheelchair control systems. Future work will explore adaptive algorithms to enhance usability and accessibility in real world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 3589 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Physics Simulation Method for XR Application

by Nak-Jun Sung, Jun Ma, Kunthroza Hor, Taeheon Kim, Hongly Va, Yoo-Joo Choi and Min Hong

Computers 2025, 14(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14010017 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

Real-time physics simulations are vital for creating immersive and interactive experiences in extended reality (XR) applications. Balancing computational efficiency and simulation accuracy is challenging, especially in environments with multiple deformable objects that require complex interactions. In this study, we introduce a GPU-based parallel [...] Read more.

Real-time physics simulations are vital for creating immersive and interactive experiences in extended reality (XR) applications. Balancing computational efficiency and simulation accuracy is challenging, especially in environments with multiple deformable objects that require complex interactions. In this study, we introduce a GPU-based parallel processing framework combined with a position-based dynamics (PBD) solver to tackle these challenges. The system is deployed within the Unity engine and enhances real-time performance through the use of sophisticated collision detection and response algorithms. Our method employs an AABB-based bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) structure to efficiently detect collisions, and incorporates the Möller–Trumbore algorithm for precise triangle-level interactions. We also boost computational efficiency by storing collision data in GPU-accessible 2D textures. Experimental assessments show performance improvements of up to 1705% in GPU simulations over CPU counterparts, achieving stable real-time frame rates for complex models such as the Stanford Bunny and Armadillo. Furthermore, utilizing 2D texture storage improves the FPS by up to 117%, confirming its efficacy for XR applications. This study offers a robust, scalable framework for real-time physics simulations, facilitating more natural and immersive XR experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2112 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment for the Development of Emergency Scenarios for Tram Driver Training

by Agnieszka A. Tubis, Artur Kierzkowski, Tomasz Kisiel, Ewa Mardeusz, Jacek Ryczyński and Łukasz Wolniewicz

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10444; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210444 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1025

Abstract

(1) Background: This article presents research results from a project to develop a simulator and training program for tram drivers based on virtual reality tools. This article aims to present the research results on the risk assessment of adverse events to develop training [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This article presents research results from a project to develop a simulator and training program for tram drivers based on virtual reality tools. This article aims to present the research results on the risk assessment of adverse events to develop training scenarios for tram drivers. (2) Methods: The research methodology involved four steps, including the identification of adverse events based on interviews with experts, estimation of risk parameters, risk assessment using fuzzy logic, and risk evaluation to identify events recommended for the training program. (3) Results: Thirteen adverse events related to tram driving were identified and ranked according to the proposed classification. A risk assessment was then performed for the selected group of events using fuzzy logic models. The results made it possible to recommend situations that should be mapped in the virtual world as part of a tram driver training program. (4) Conclusions: The results made it possible to distinguish a group of events that should constitute the training area dedicated to tram drivers. Including the developed emergency scenarios in the training program allows employees to examine their reactions to stressful or dangerous situations and better prepare themselves for future duties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 4726 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Multisensory Virtual Reality Environments through Olfactory Stimuli for Autobiographical Memory Retrieval

by Vasilică-Gabriel Sasu, Dragoș Cîrneci, Nicolae Goga, Ramona Popa, Răzvan-Florin Neacșu, Maria Goga, Ioana Podina, Ioan Alexandru Bratosin, Cosmin-Andrei Bordea, Laurențiu Nicolae Pomana, Antonio Valentin Stan and Bianca Popescu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8826; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198826 - 1 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

This paper examines the use of multisensory virtual reality (VR) as a novel approach in psychological therapy for autobiographical memory retrieval with benefits for cognitive enhancement, stress reduction, etc. Previous studies demonstrated improved outcomes in treating various psychological conditions (affective disorders and PTSD). [...] Read more.

This paper examines the use of multisensory virtual reality (VR) as a novel approach in psychological therapy for autobiographical memory retrieval with benefits for cognitive enhancement, stress reduction, etc. Previous studies demonstrated improved outcomes in treating various psychological conditions (affective disorders and PTSD). Technological advancements in VR, such as olfactory integration, can contribute to the realism and therapeutic potential of these environments. The integration of various physical stimuli with VR holds promising potential for psychological therapies and highlights the need for further interdisciplinary research. In this pilot study, we tested the efficacy of a new system for triggering autobiographical memory retrieval. For this, we used images combined with odors in a congruent manner and offering participants the chance to interact with the VR environment by using two virtual hands. We evaluated the efficacy of this system using qualitative methods, with emphasis on the evaluation of the emotions associated with memory recollection and the ease of triggering memories. All participants in our pilot study experienced intense emotions related to childhood or adolescence, and the pleasant feelings they had during the experiment persisted even after it ended. This is an advancement to what exists currently and provides original research elements for our paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1904 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

SLACPSS: Secure Lightweight Authentication for Cyber–Physical–Social Systems

by Ahmed Zedaan M. Abed, Tamer Abdelkader and Mohamed Hashem

Computers 2024, 13(9), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13090225 - 9 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1598

Abstract

The concept of Cyber–Physical–Social Systems (CPSSs) has emerged as a response to the need to understand the interaction between Cyber–Physical Systems (CPSs) and humans. This shift from CPSs to CPSSs is primarily due to the widespread use of sensor-equipped smart devices that are [...] Read more.

The concept of Cyber–Physical–Social Systems (CPSSs) has emerged as a response to the need to understand the interaction between Cyber–Physical Systems (CPSs) and humans. This shift from CPSs to CPSSs is primarily due to the widespread use of sensor-equipped smart devices that are closely connected to users. CPSSs have been a topic of interest for more than ten years, gaining increasing attention in recent years. The inclusion of human elements in CPS research has presented new challenges, particularly in understanding human dynamics, which adds complexity that has yet to be fully explored. CPSSs are a base class and consist of three basic components (cyberspace, physical space, and social space). We map the components of the metaverse with that of a CPSS, and we show that the metaverse is an implementation of a Cyber–Physical–Social System (CPSS). The metaverse is made up of computer systems with many elements, such as artificial intelligence, computer vision, image processing, mixed reality, augmented reality, and extended reality. It also comprises physical systems, controlled objects, and human interaction. The identification process in CPSSs suffers from weak security, and the authentication problem requires heavy computation. Therefore, we propose a new protocol for secure lightweight authentication in Cyber–Physical–Social Systems (SLACPSSs) to offer secure communication between platform servers and users as well as secure interactions between avatars. We perform a security analysis and compare the proposed protocol to the related previous ones. The analysis shows that the proposed protocol is lightweight and secure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1740 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

A Vestibular Training to Reduce Dizziness

by Heiko Hecht, Carla Aulenbacher, Laurin Helmbold, Henrik Eichhorn and Christoph von Castell

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 6870; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166870 - 6 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1486

Abstract

Many situations can induce dizziness in healthy participants, be it when riding a carrousel or when making head movements while wearing a head-mounted display. Everybody—maybe with the exception of vestibular loss patients—is prone to dizziness, albeit to widely varying degrees. Some people get [...] Read more.

Many situations can induce dizziness in healthy participants, be it when riding a carrousel or when making head movements while wearing a head-mounted display. Everybody—maybe with the exception of vestibular loss patients—is prone to dizziness, albeit to widely varying degrees. Some people get dizzy after a single rotation around the body axis, while others can perform multiple pirouettes without the slightest symptoms. We have developed a form of vestibular habituation training with the purpose of reducing proneness to dizziness. The training consists of a short (8 min) exercise routine which is moderate enough that it can easily be integrated into a daily routine. Twenty volunteers performed the training over the course of two weeks. We measured subjective dizziness before and after each daily session. We also performed several vestibular tests before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the two-week training period. They included exposure to a rotating and pitching visual environment while standing upright, as well as a physical rotation that was abruptly stopped. The results show that the dizziness induced during a given daily session decreased over the course of the two weeks. The dizziness induced by the rotating visual stimulus was significantly less after completion of the training period compared with the initial pre-test. Also, postural stability and post-rotatory spinning sensations had improved when comparing the post-test with the pre-test. We conclude that a short regular vestibular training can significantly improve proneness to dizziness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 5014 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Virtual Reality for the Visualization of Non-Observable Electrical Circuit Principles in Engineering Education

by Elliott Wolbach, Michael Hempel and Hamid Sharif

Virtual Worlds 2024, 3(3), 303-318; https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds3030016 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1596

Abstract

As technology advances, the field of electrical and computer engineering continuously demands the introduction of innovative new tools and methodologies to facilitate the effective learning and comprehension of fundamental concepts. This research addresses an identified gap in technology-augmented education capabilities and researches the [...] Read more.

As technology advances, the field of electrical and computer engineering continuously demands the introduction of innovative new tools and methodologies to facilitate the effective learning and comprehension of fundamental concepts. This research addresses an identified gap in technology-augmented education capabilities and researches the integration of virtual reality (VR) technology with real-time electronic circuit simulation to enable and enhance the visualization of non-observable concepts such as voltage distribution and current flow within these circuits. In this paper, we describe the development of our immersive educational platform, which makes understanding these abstract concepts intuitive and engaging. This research also involves the design and development of a VR-based circuit simulation environment. By leveraging VR’s immersive capabilities, our system enables users to physically interact with electronic components, observe the flow of electrical signals, and manipulate circuit parameters in real-time. Through this immersive experience, learners can gain a deeper understanding of fundamental electronic principles, transcending the limitations of traditional two-dimensional diagrams and equations. Furthermore, this research focuses on the implementation of advanced and novel visualization techniques within the VR environment for non-observable electrical and electromagnetic properties, providing users with a clearer and more intuitive understanding of electrical circuit concepts. Examples include color-coded pathways for current flow and dynamic voltage gradient visualization. Additionally, real-time data representation and graphical overlays are researched and integrated to offer users insights into the dynamic behavior of circuits, allowing for better analysis and troubleshooting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3392 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Design of Lumbar Rehabilitation Training System Based on Virtual Reality

by Jiani Liu, Ping Shi and Hongliu Yu

Electronics 2024, 13(10), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101850 - 9 May 2024

Viewed by 1428

Abstract

A virtual reality-based lumbar rehabilitation training system is designed to address the increasing number of patients with low back pain (LBP) year by year. Attitude sensors are used to track lower back movement. In order to improve the effect of rehabilitation training, several [...] Read more.

A virtual reality-based lumbar rehabilitation training system is designed to address the increasing number of patients with low back pain (LBP) year by year. Attitude sensors are used to track lower back movement. In order to improve the effect of rehabilitation training, several virtual rehabilitation training games and assessment scenes are designed based on the Unity3D engine to complete different tasks from simple to complex. The goal is to increase patients’ interest in rehabilitation training. The experimental results verify the accuracy of rehabilitation data acquisition, real-time interactive communication, and the smooth operation of rehabilitation scenes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Simulations and Applications of Augmented and Virtual Reality, 2nd Edition)

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