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3 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Prevention, Management and Outcomes: From Birth to Adulthood

by Karel Allegaert and Ju-Lee Oei

Children 2022, 9(8), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081151 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2582

Abstract

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), or—when specifically focused on opioids—neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) is a withdrawal syndrome in neonates after birth causally related to the in utero exposure to drugs of dependence, and the subsequent acute interruption at delivery [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prenatal Substance Exposure, Impact on the Child to Adulthood)

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Research

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11 pages, 2158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neonatal Abstinence Signs during Treatment: Trajectory, Resurgence and Heterogeneity

by Jennifer S. Miller, Henrietta S. Bada, Philip M. Westgate, Thitinart Sithisarn and Markos Leggas

Children 2024, 11(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020203 - 5 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1427

Abstract

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) presents with a varying severity of withdrawal signs and length of treatment (LOT). We examined the course and relevance of each of the NAS withdrawal signs during treatment in a sample of 182 infants with any prenatal opioid exposure, [...] Read more.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) presents with a varying severity of withdrawal signs and length of treatment (LOT). We examined the course and relevance of each of the NAS withdrawal signs during treatment in a sample of 182 infants with any prenatal opioid exposure, gestational age ≥ 35 weeks, without other medical conditions, and meeting the criteria for pharmacological treatment. Infants were monitored using the Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring Tool. Daily mean Finnegan scores were estimated using linear mixed models with random subject effects to account for repeated withdrawal scores from the same subject. Daily item prevalence was estimated using generalized estimating equations with a within-subject exchangeable correlation structure. The median LOT was 12.86 days. The prevalence of withdrawal signs decreased from day one to day three of treatment. However, certain central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal (GI) signs showed sporadic increases in prevalence notable around two weeks of treatment, accounting for increases in Finnegan scores that guided pharmacotherapy. We question whether the resurgence of signs with a prolonged LOT is mainly a consequence of opioid tolerance or withdrawal. Monitoring CNS and GI signs throughout treatment is crucial. Future studies directed to better understand this clinical phenomenon may lead to the refining of NAS pharmacotherapy and perhaps the discovery of treatment alternatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prenatal Substance Exposure, Impact on the Child to Adulthood)

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11 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Assessment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)

by Claire A. Chin Foo, Lynne M. Dansereau, Katheleen Hawes, Erica L. Oliveira and Barry M. Lester

Children 2021, 8(8), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8080685 - 9 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3980

Abstract

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a public health problem of epidemic proportions. The Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System (FNASS) is the tool most widely used to evaluate NAS. However, it is limited by its lack of interrater reliability and standardized approach. Surveys to [...] Read more.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is a public health problem of epidemic proportions. The Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System (FNASS) is the tool most widely used to evaluate NAS. However, it is limited by its lack of interrater reliability and standardized approach. Surveys to evaluate the FNASS were distributed to nurses at the Women and Infants Hospital in Providence, RI, USA. Infants (n = 78) treated for NAS and born to methadone-maintained mothers were examined to compare items administered from the FNASS and the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). All nurses reported that the FNASS was somewhat to very subjective. More than half reported that it was somewhat to not accurate and a new scoring method is needed to accurately diagnose NAS. Correlations between FNASS items and NNNS items showed 9 of 32 (28.1%) correlations were strong (r_s > 0.5), 5 of 32 (15.6%) were moderate (0.3 < r_s < 0.5), and 10 of 32 (31.3%) were weak (0.1 < r_s < 0.3). Principal component factor analysis (PCA) of the NNNS explained more variance (35.1%) than PCA of NNNS and FNASS items combined (33.1%). The nursing survey supported the need for developing a more objective exam to assess NAS. NNNS exam items may be used to improve the evaluation of NAS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prenatal Substance Exposure, Impact on the Child to Adulthood)

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12 pages, 510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Australian Foster Carers’ Views and Concerns Regarding Maternal Drug Use and the Safety of Breastmilk

by Stacy Blythe, Kath Peters, Emma Elcombe, Elaine Burns and Karleen Gribble

Children 2021, 8(4), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040284 - 7 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3262

Abstract

Parental substance misuse and mental health issues are major factors associated with infant placement into out-of-home care. Such placements may result in disruption and/or cessation of breastfeeding. Provision of breastmilk to infants in out-of-home care (OOHC) is desirable in terms of infant health [...] Read more.

Parental substance misuse and mental health issues are major factors associated with infant placement into out-of-home care. Such placements may result in disruption and/or cessation of breastfeeding. Provision of breastmilk to infants in out-of-home care (OOHC) is desirable in terms of infant health and development, and also in supporting maternal caregiving. However, little is known about how breastfeeding is supported for infants in out-of-home care. This study used an online survey to explore the facilitation of breastfeeding in the context of OOHC and foster carers’ management of expressed breastmilk (EBM). Foster carers were generally open to the idea of maternal breastfeeding and infants in their care receiving EBM from their mothers. However, the majority of respondents expressed concern regarding the safety of EBM for infant consumption due to the possibility of harmful substances in the milk. Concerns regarding the safety of handling EBM were also prevalent. These concerns caused foster carers to discard EBM. Findings suggest foster carers’ may lack knowledge related to maternal substance use and breastmilk. Better integration between health care and social service systems, where the voices of mothers, foster carers and child protection workers are heard, is necessary to develop solutions enabling infants living in OOHC access to their mother’s breastmilk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prenatal Substance Exposure, Impact on the Child to Adulthood)

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15 pages, 854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preschool Language Development of Children Born to Women with an Opioid Use Disorder

by Hyun Min Kim, Reisha M. Bone, Brigid McNeill, Samantha J. Lee, Gail Gillon and Lianne J. Woodward

Children 2021, 8(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040268 - 31 Mar 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5457

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to opioids may affect brain development, but limited data exist on the effects of opioid-exposure on preschool language development. Our study aimed to characterize the nature and prevalence of language problems in children prenatally exposed to opioids, [...] Read more.

Increasing evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to opioids may affect brain development, but limited data exist on the effects of opioid-exposure on preschool language development. Our study aimed to characterize the nature and prevalence of language problems in children prenatally exposed to opioids, and the factors that support or hinder language acquisition. A sample of 100 children born to pregnant women in methadone maintenance treatment and 110 randomly identified non-exposed children were studied from birth to age 4.5 years. At 4.5 years, 89 opioid-exposed and 103 non-exposed children completed the preschool version of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF-P) as part of a comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment. Children prenatally exposed to opioids had poorer receptive and expressive language outcomes at age 4.5 years compared to non-opioid exposed children. After adjustment for child sex, maternal education, other pregnancy substance use, maternal pregnancy nutrition and prenatal depression, opioid exposure remained a significant independent predictor of children’s total CELF-P language score. Examination of a range of potential intervening factors showed that a composite measure of the quality of parenting and home environment at age 18 months and early childhood education participation at 4.5 years were important positive mediators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prenatal Substance Exposure, Impact on the Child to Adulthood)

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10 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacometric Evaluation of Umbilical Cord Blood Concentration-Based Early Initiation of Treatment in Methadone-Exposed Preterm Neonates

by Samira Samiee-Zafarghandy, Tamara van Donge, Karel Allegaert and John van den Anker

Children 2021, 8(3), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8030174 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

In methadone-exposed preterm neonates, early identification of those at risk of severe neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and use of a methadone dosing regimen that can provide effective and safe drug exposure are two important aspects of optimal care. To this end, we reviewed [...] Read more.

In methadone-exposed preterm neonates, early identification of those at risk of severe neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and use of a methadone dosing regimen that can provide effective and safe drug exposure are two important aspects of optimal care. To this end, we reviewed 17 methadone dosing recommendations in the international guidelines and literature and explored their variability in key dosing strategies. We selected three of the reviewed dosing regimens for their pharmacokinetics (PK) characteristics and their exposure–response relationship in three gestational age groups of preterm neonates (28, 32 and 36 gestational age weeks) at risk for development of severe NAS (defined as an umbilical cord methadone concentration of ≤60 ng/mL, following fetal exposure). We applied early (12 h after birth) vs. typical (36 h after birth) initiation of treatment. We observed that use of universally recommended dosing regimens in preterm neonates can result in under- or over-exposure. Use of a PK-guided dosing regimen resulted in effective target exposures within 24 h after birth with early initiation of treatment (12 h after birth). Future prospective studies should explore the incorporation of umbilical cord methadone concentrations for early identification of preterm neonates at risk of developing severe NAS and investigate the use of a PK-guided methadone dosing regimen, so that treatment failure, prolonged length of stay and opioid over-exposure can be avoided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prenatal Substance Exposure, Impact on the Child to Adulthood)

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13 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Challenges to Promoting Attachment for Hospitalised Infants with NAS

by Jaylene Shannon, Kath Peters and Stacy Blythe

Children 2021, 8(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020167 - 22 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5125

Abstract

The postnatal period is crucial for infants in establishing a connection with and security in primary caregivers and can have enduring effects on attachment patterns. However, due to the need for symptom management, many infants diagnosed with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) may be [...] Read more.

The postnatal period is crucial for infants in establishing a connection with and security in primary caregivers and can have enduring effects on attachment patterns. However, due to the need for symptom management, many infants diagnosed with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) may be separated from primary caregivers and cared for in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) or special care nursery (SCN) soon after birth. Research has shown that substance-exposed infants are more likely to experience insecure attachment patterns with their primary caregivers and that mothers with a history of substance abuse are less sensitive to their infants’ cues. Therefore, the aim of this research was to explore nurses’ and midwives’ experiences in promoting the attachment relationship for infants admitted to an NICU/SCN with NAS. A qualitative research design was used to gather data on the experiences of nine nurses/midwives from various NICU and SCN settings in Australia. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and transcribed interviews were coded using thematic analysis. While nurses/midwives valued the attachment relationship for infants with NAS, facilitation of the attachment relationship was mainly promoted when the mother was present. However, parents were often reported to be absent from the nursery. Difficulties in promoting an attachment relationship were also identified when an infant had child protection involvement. This research identifies areas in need of innovative change regarding the approach taken to promote the attachment relationship for infants with NAS when they are admitted to an NICU/SCN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prenatal Substance Exposure, Impact on the Child to Adulthood)

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11 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Complexities Associated with Caring for Hospitalised Infants with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: The Perspectives of Nurses and Midwives

by Jaylene Shannon, Stacy Blythe and Kath Peters

Children 2021, 8(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/children8020152 - 17 Feb 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5092

Abstract

The global incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) has increased significantly in the last decade. Symptoms of NAS manifest from the central and autonomic nervous systems as well as the gastrointestinal system and vary in severity and duration. The clinical management of infants [...] Read more.

The global incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) has increased significantly in the last decade. Symptoms of NAS manifest from the central and autonomic nervous systems as well as the gastrointestinal system and vary in severity and duration. The clinical management of infants experiencing NAS is dependent on symptoms and may include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. In cases where symptoms are severe, infants may be admitted to special care nurseries or neonatal intensive care units. Existing research on nurses’ involvement in caring for infants with NAS focuses on pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to treat physical symptoms associated with NAS. This research sought to add to the body of knowledge around NAS and conveys nurses’ and midwives’ experiences of delivering care for infants with NAS. Semi-structured interviews were held with nine nurses/midwives. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Five themes emerged from the data. These themes are: Complex care needs; Prioritising physiological care; Experiencing compassion fatigue; Lacking continuity of care; and Stigma. The findings demonstrated the complex nature of care provision for infants with NAS. Competing priorities and the stigmatising nature of NAS threaten optimal care being delivered to these vulnerable infants and their parents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prenatal Substance Exposure, Impact on the Child to Adulthood)

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