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Combustion Engine Applications
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Combustion Engine Applications

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "L: Energy Sources".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2022) | Viewed by 4906

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Maciej Mikulski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Technology and Innovation, University of Vaasa, Wolffintie 34, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland
Interests: low-temperature combustion; gas-diesel dual fuel systems; alternative fuels for combustion engine applications
Dr. Kamil Duda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 46 A, Słoneczna St., 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
Interests: alternative fuels production; alternative fuels quality; liquid biofuels; compression ignition engines; exhaust emission; engine performance
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite all odds, internal combustion engines remain the work-horse for the transport sector and are the backbone for current and future energetics. With the unique combination of high efficiency, large energy density, fast response time, and robustness combustion, a combustion engine can provide in an economically reasonable package, making them irreplaceable for all high-power demanding decentralized applications. What needs to be acknowledged is that the gradual imposition of emission standards has led to, incremental in nature, development of engines and their sub-system. In each stage, the short-term view constrained the choices for further improvement. In other words, the engine-based powertrain has not grown to its full potential regarding performance and emission mitigation.

The rapid push for new energy carriers and electrification/hybridization are, omitting the populistic view, not considered a short-stopper for combustion engine technology, rather an opportunity. To meet the demands of coupling with the emerging fuel and alternative power technologies, combustion engine technology needs to be re-designed, searching for a global optimum. At the same time rapid growth in computational power, physics-based modeling, and control enable solutions historically concluded as infeasible due to system complexity or calibration burden.

This need for rethinking our assumptions on combustion engines forms the premise for this Special Issue. State of the art marine engines currently explore far different combustion regimes compared to their automotive counterparts, resulting in prioritizing different technological solutions. The automotive sector has gained immense expertise with hybridization and predictive control/energy management and off-road progression towards autonomous operation and maintenance. Those sectors have a lot to learn from each other in the common thrive towards future negative-emission engine-based powertrain.

To this end, experts from different areas of combustion engine applications are encouraged to share their visions on state of the art in the form of original research papers, case studies, or short reviews. Works targeting all aspects of the value chain are considered necessary, including the following: advanced combustion, new engine hardware, experimental after treatment, hybrid powertrains, and engine and powertrain control. Among the submitted works, we want to create a multi-domain vision for a future-proof engine platform along with its enabling toolchains.

Dr. Maciej Mikulski
Dr. Kamil Duda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • engine applications – case studies
  • non-road combustion engine applications
  • marine combustion engine applications
  • electric vs. hybrid vs. combustion powertrains evaluation
  • environmental impact of the use of combustion engines
  • techno-economical impact of the use of combustion engines
  • engine performance
  • engine thermodynamics
  • engine emission characteristics
  • combustion control
  • combustion modeling
  • innovative combustion concepts
  • alternative fuels for internal combustion engines

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 8406 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Butanol and Deposit Control Additive in Fuel to Reduce Deposits of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Injectors
by Ireneusz Pielecha, Zbigniew Stępień, Filip Szwajca and Grzegorz Kinal
Energies 2023, 16(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010077 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1209
Abstract
Modern internal combustion engines are designed to meet new emission standards and reduce fuel consumption. The wide application of direct fuel injection is associated with the problem of injector contamination. It leads to a deterioration of the engine’s environmental performance. The paper aims [...] Read more.
Modern internal combustion engines are designed to meet new emission standards and reduce fuel consumption. The wide application of direct fuel injection is associated with the problem of injector contamination. It leads to a deterioration of the engine’s environmental performance. The paper aims to evaluate the effect of applying gasoline–butanol blends and appropriate additives on the formation of injector deposits. The research involved testing the engine on a dynamometer, evaluating the injector tips visually at 1000× magnification, and registering the fuel spray using high-speed imaging techniques with a laser and halogen lighting source. The effect of engine operating with the reference fuel was to coke the injector tip with a linear pattern. It increased the linear injection time to keep the engine’s operating point constant over the 48 h test. The application of 20% (v/v) butanol reduced deposit formation. The best scavenging results were obtained by extending the engine operating time by the next 24 h and using a cleaning procedure. The procedure included a cleaning additive in addition to butanol. Among the cases analyzed, a combination of butanol and DCA (Deposit Control Additive) was the best method for injector patency restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Engine Applications)
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20 pages, 9143 KiB  
Article
Two Generations of Hydrogen Powertrain—An Analysis of the Operational Indicators in Real Driving Conditions (RDC)
by Ireneusz Pielecha, Andrzej Szałek and Grzegorz Tchorek
Energies 2022, 15(13), 4734; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134734 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1682
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel cells are systems that can be successfully used to partially replace internal combustion propulsion systems. For this reason, the article presents an operational analysis of energy flow along with an analysis of individual energy transmission systems. Two generations of the Toyota [...] Read more.
Hydrogen fuel cells are systems that can be successfully used to partially replace internal combustion propulsion systems. For this reason, the article presents an operational analysis of energy flow along with an analysis of individual energy transmission systems. Two generations of the Toyota Mirai vehicle were used for the tests. The operational analyses were carried out on the same route (compliant with RDE test requirements), assessing the system’s operation in three driving sections (urban, rural and motorway). Both generations of the drive system with fuel cells are quite different, which affects the obtained individual systems operation results as well as the overall energy flow. Research was carried out on the energy flow in the fuel cells, FC converter, battery and electric motor using a dedicated data acquisition system. The analyses were carried out in relation to the energy of fuel cells, battery energy and recovered braking energy. It was found that in the urban drive section of the second-generation system (due to its much larger mass), a slightly higher energy consumption value was obtained (by about 2%). However, in the remaining phases of the test, consumption was lower (the maximum difference was 18% in the rural phase). Total energy consumption in the research test was 19.64 kWh/100 km for the first-generation system compared to 18.53 kWh/100 km for the second-generation system. Taking into account the increased mass of the second-generation vehicle resulted in significantly greater benefits in the second-generation drive (up to 37% in individual drive sections and about 28% in the entire drive test). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Engine Applications)
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10 pages, 1628 KiB  
Article
Combustion Stability Control Based on Cylinder Pressure for High Efficiency Gasoline Engines
by Maxime Jean, Pascal Granier and Thomas Leroy
Energies 2022, 15(7), 2530; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072530 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1609
Abstract
Minimizing fuel consumption of passenger car vehicles can be achieved thanks to hybridization of the powertrain associated with innovative engine technologies. To feed the new high compression ratio combustion systems, air system cutting-edge technologies are used to manage air and EGR (Exhaust Gas [...] Read more.
Minimizing fuel consumption of passenger car vehicles can be achieved thanks to hybridization of the powertrain associated with innovative engine technologies. To feed the new high compression ratio combustion systems, air system cutting-edge technologies are used to manage air and EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) quantities. Increasing EGR allows us to improve engine consumption in the high efficiency area, but it comes at the cost of a loss of stability. It is then of primary importance to be able to manage the engine near the stability limit to minimize fuel consumption. So far, the stability limit is managed in open-loop thanks to conservative calibration of the EGR quantity, implying efficiency losses. This paper addresses the combustion stability feedback control using in-cylinder pressure sensors. From this information, an indicator of stability is proposed, offering a more robust behavior in transient situations than state-of-the-art indicators. This indicator is then used to feed a controller that adapts the open-loop EGR target to go towards the stability limit. Experimental results obtained on a high efficiency gasoline engine stress the relevance of the approach in minimizing fuel consumption under real driving conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combustion Engine Applications)
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