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Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications Ⅱ

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D: Energy Storage and Application".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 June 2021) | Viewed by 20868

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alon Kuperman

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Guest Editor

Applied Energy Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Interests: photovoltaics; power electronics; energy; renewable energy; power generation; energy conversion; distributed generation; energy engineering; power converters; power quality; wireless power transfer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Alessandro Lampasi

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Guest Editor

National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00044 Frascati, Italy
Interests: electrical and electronic systems for nuclear fusion and experimental physics; power electronics; energy storage; applied electromagnetics; applied nanotechnology; modeling and simulation; measurement and testing techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue "Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications II " is a continuation of the previous successful Special Issue " Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications".

Energy storage is a key topic for research, industry and business, gaining more and more interest. Supercapacitors (also known as ultracapacitors, electrochemical capacitors or double-layer capacitors) feature exceptional capacitance values, creating new scenarios and opportunities in both research and industrial applications, also because the related market is relatively recent. Developments in supercapacitor technology and supporting electronics, combined with reductions in costs, may revolutionize everything from large power systems to consumer electronics. We are inviting submissions to this Special Issue of Energies to collect the latest developments and applications in this field, but also to compare supercapacitors with other energy storage solutions.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

Supercapacitor technologies, processes and materials;
Special devices for unconventional applications or harsh environments;
Hybrid and lithium-ion capacitors;
Experimental techniques for testing, characterization, monitoring and diagnosis of supercapacitors;
Approaches and tools for supercapacitor modeling and simulation;
Sizing and optimization algorithms;
Capacitor chargers and management systems;
Pulsed power supplies and fast controls;
Power electronics and converters for supercapacitors interfacing;
Systems and applications exploiting supercapacitors, such as energy storage, uninterruptible power supplies, smart grids, advanced transportation, renewable sources and clean energies;
Supercapacitor integration and combinations with other energy storage solutions;
Electrical vehicles, machines, starters and drives supported by supercapacitors;
Power quality, load management, peak shaving and back-up issues;
Energy harvesting and recovery, including regenerative braking;
Supercapacitors for sensor networks and distributed systems;
Reliability and safety of supercapacitors and related systems;
Technical-economical evaluations and market analyses.

Prof. Dr. Alon Kuperman
Dr. Alessandro Lampasi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

supercapacitors
energy storage
energy management
power systems
power electronics
pulsed power
high power testing and modeling
fast control
peak shaving
electrical machines and drives
electric and hybrid vehicles

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

17 pages, 1988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactic Acid-Based Solvents for Sustainable EDLC Electrolytes

by Massimo Melchiorre, Roberto Esposito, Martino Di Serio, Giancarlo Abbate, Alessandro Lampasi, Andrea Balducci and Francesco Ruffo

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4250; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144250 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2371

Abstract

The most relevant electrolytes used in commercial electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are based on non-aqueous solvents as acetonitrile (ACN) and propylene carbonate (PC). However, these solvents are synthesized from non-renewable fossil feedstocks, making it desirable to develop more sustainable alternatives. To address this issue, in this work lactic acid was used to synthesize a panel of substances with small structural variation. The investigated products belong to the chemical family of ketals, and among them the 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one (LA-H,H) was found to be the most suitable to prepare electrolytic solutions. Therefore, LA-H,H was combined with triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEMABF₄), and analyzed in symmetrical EDLC. This electrolyte was thoroughly characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), disclosing competitive performances compared to PC-based electrolyte. The EDLC with LA-H,H/TEMABF₄ displayed a specific energy and power of 13.4 Whkg⁻¹ and 22.5 kWkg⁻¹ respectively, with an optimal cycling stability over 5000 cycles at different current densities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications Ⅱ)

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20 pages, 7724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dimensioning Methodology of an Energy Storage System Based on Supercapacitors for Grid Code Compliance of a Wave Power Plant

by Gustavo Navarro, Marcos Blanco, Jorge Torres, Jorge Nájera, Álvaro Santiago, Miguel Santos-Herran, Dionisio Ramírez and Marcos Lafoz

Energies 2021, 14(4), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040985 - 13 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2204

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to present a methodology for dimensioning an energy storage system (ESS) to the generation data measured in an operating wave energy generation plant connected to the electric grid in the north of Spain. The selection criterion for the ESS is the compliance of the power injected into the grid with a specific active-power ramp-rate limit. Due to its electrical characteristics, supercapacitor (SC) technology is especially suitable for this application. The ESS dimensioning methodology is based on a mathematical model, which takes into account the power generation system, the chosen ramp-rate limit, the ESS efficiency maps and electrical characteristics. It allows one to evaluate the number of storage cabinets required to satisfy the needs described, considering a compromise between the number of units, which means cost, and the reliability of the storage system to ensure the grid codes compliance. Power and energy parameters for the ESS are obtained from the calculations and some tips regarding the most efficient operation of the SC cabinets, based on a stepped switching strategy, are also given. Finally, some conclusions about the technology selection will be updated after the detailed analysis accomplished. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications Ⅱ)

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13 pages, 5377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved SOC Control Strategy for Electric Vehicle Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

by Kai Wang, Wanli Wang, Licheng Wang and Liwei Li

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5297; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205297 - 12 Oct 2020

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 3307

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an optimized power distribution method for hybrid electric energy storage systems for electric vehicles (EVs). The hybrid energy storage system (HESS) uses two isolated soft-switching symmetrical half-bridge bidirectional converters connected to the battery and supercapacitor (SC) as a composite structure of the protection structure. The bidirectional converter can precisely control the charge and discharge of the SC and battery. Spiral wound SCs with mesoporous carbon electrodes are used as the energy storage units of EVs. Under the 1050 operating conditions of the EV driving cycle, the SC acts as a “peak load transfer” with a charge and discharge current of 2i_sc~3i_bat. An improved energy allocation strategy under state of charge (SOC) control is proposed, that enables SC to charge and discharge with a peak current of approximately 4i_bat. Compared with the pure battery mode, the acceleration performance of the EV is improved by approximately 50%, and the energy loss is reduced by approximately 69%. This strategy accommodates different types of load curves, and helps improve the energy utilization rate and reduce the battery aging effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications Ⅱ)

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11 pages, 2343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studies on Dynamic Properties of Ultracapacitors Using Infinite r–C Chain Equivalent Circuit and Reverse Fourier Transform

by Shailendra Rajput, Alon Kuperman, Asher Yahalom and Moshe Averbukh

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4583; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184583 - 04 Sep 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2027

Abstract

The specific power storage capabilities of double-layer ultracapacitors are receiving significant attention from engineers and scientific researchers. Nevertheless, their dynamic behavior should be studied to improve the performance and for efficient applications in electrical devices. This article presents an infinite resistor–capacitor (r–C) chain-based mathematical model for the analysis of double layer ultracapacitors. The internal resistance and capacitance were measured for repetitive charging and discharging cycles. The magnitudes of internal resistance and capacitance showed approximately ±10% changes for charge-discharge processes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigations revealed that the impedance of a double-layer ultracapacitor does not change significantly in the temperature range of (−30 °C to +30 °C) and voltage range of (0.3376–2.736 V). The analysis of impedance data using the proposed mathematical model showed good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data. The dynamic behavior of the ultracapacitor was successfully represented by utilizing the proposed infinite r–C chains equivalent circuit, and the reverse Fourier transform analysis. The r–C electrical equivalent circuit was also analyzed using the PSIM simulation software to study the dynamic behavior of ultracapacitor parameters. The simulation study yields an excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated voltage characteristics for repetitive charging-discharging processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications Ⅱ)

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17 pages, 3449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Polymers for Green Supercapacitors

by Giovanni Emanuele Spina, Federico Poli, Alessandro Brilloni, Daniele Marchese and Francesca Soavi

Energies 2020, 13(12), 3115; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123115 - 16 Jun 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2383

Abstract

Water-processable natural polymers represent a valuable alternative for the sustainable manufacturing of electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Here, we demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of the use of pullulan to produce high mass loading electrodes (>10 mg cm⁻²) at low binder content (10%) for ionic-liquid based EDLCs. Pullulan has also been processed as a porous separator by electrospinning. Its ionic resistance and thermal stability have been evaluated in different electrolytes and were found to be superior compared to those of a cellulose triacetate electrospun separator. Pullulan-ionic liquid EDLCs were, thus, assembled and charged up to 3.2 V. The EDLCs delivered specific energy and power of 7.2 Wh kg⁻¹ and 3.7 kW kg⁻¹ and featured good cycling stability over 5000 cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications Ⅱ)

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11 pages, 3151 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Influence of the Perovskite La_0.8Sr_0.2Mn_0.5Co_0.5O_3-δ on the Electrochemical Performance of the Graphene-Based Supercapacitor

by Bo-Min Kim, Hyo-Young Kim, Young-Wan Ju and Jeeyoung Shin

Energies 2020, 13(12), 3030; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123030 - 12 Jun 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2553

Abstract

A supercapacitor is a potential energy system that will be a part of an efficient storage device of renewable energy, such as a small battery and a large energy storage system (ESS), etc. However, a lot of efforts have been devoted to improving stability. Generally, ABO₃-type perovskite structure has been studied as an electrode and/or an oxide ion-conducting electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells with stable structural stability at high temperatures. In this study, perovskite material (La_0.8Sr_0.2Mn_0.5Co_0.5O_3-δ. LSMCO) was added as a component of the supercapacitor electrode for enhanced stability. According to electrochemical measurements, at 5 mV/s, the specific capacitance of the graphene-based electrode (G95) is 68 F/g, and the electrode mixed with perovskite (G70L25) is 55 F/g. Nonetheless, the standard deviation of the capacitance value of G70L25 is smaller than that of G95. Alongside this, the G70L25 electrode showed that specific capacitance decreased in the cycling test, but, for the G95 electrode, the specific capacitance after the 4990th cycle increased or decreased, resulting in unpredictable results. Therefore, perovskite added electrode (G70L25) shows higher stability compared to the graphene nanoplatelets electrode (G95) in both initial and cycling performance, albeit a lower specific capacitance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications Ⅱ)

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Review

Jump to: Research

29 pages, 8632 KiB

Open AccessReview

Present and Future of Supercapacitor Technology Applied to Powertrains, Renewable Generation and Grid Connection Applications

by Gustavo Navarro, Jorge Torres, Marcos Blanco, Jorge Nájera, Miguel Santos-Herran and Marcos Lafoz

Energies 2021, 14(11), 3060; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113060 - 25 May 2021

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 4379

Abstract

Energy storage systems (ESS) are becoming essential as a solution for troublesome industrial systems. This study focuses on the application of a type of ESS, a high-power technology known in the literature as supercapacitors or electric double layer capacitors (EDLC). This technology has had a huge impact during the last decade on research related to the electric traction drives, renewable sources and powergrids. Related to this aspect, this paper summarizes the most relevant scientific publications in the last five years that study the use of supercapacitor technology (SCs) in electric traction applications (drives for rail vehicles and drives for road vehicles), generation systems for renewable energy (wind, solar and wave energy), and connection systems to the electric grid (voltage and frequency regulation and microgrids). The technology based on EDLC and the practical aspects that must be taken into account in the op-eration of these systems in industrial applications are briefly described. For each of the aforementioned applications, it is described how the problems are solved by using the energy storage technology, drawing the solutions proposed by different authors. Special attention is paid to the control strategies when combining SCs with other technologies, such as batteries. As a summary, some conclusions are collected drawn from the publications analyzed, evaluating the aspects in which it is necessary to conduct further research in order to facilitate the integration of EDLC technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Supercapacitor Technology and Applications Ⅱ)

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