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18 pages, 1680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salt Solubilization Coupled with Membrane Filtration-Impact on the Structure/Function of Chickpea Compared to Pea Protein

by Brigitta P. Yaputri, Fan Bu and Baraem P. Ismail

Foods 2023, 12(8), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081694 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2015

Abstract

The demand for pulse proteins as alternatives to soy protein has been steeply increasing over the past decade. However, the relatively inferior functionality compared to soy protein is hindering the expanded use of pulse proteins, namely pea and chickpea protein, in various applications. [...] Read more.

The demand for pulse proteins as alternatives to soy protein has been steeply increasing over the past decade. However, the relatively inferior functionality compared to soy protein is hindering the expanded use of pulse proteins, namely pea and chickpea protein, in various applications. Harsh extraction and processing conditions adversely impact the functional performance of pea and chickpea protein. Therefore, a mild protein extraction method involving salt extraction coupled with ultrafiltration (SE-UF) was evaluated for the production of chickpea protein isolate (ChPI). The produced ChPI was compared to pea protein isolate (PPI) produced following the same extraction method in terms of functionality and feasibility of scaling. Scaled-up (SU) ChPI and PPI were produced under industrially relevant settings and evaluated in comparison to commercial pea, soy, and chickpea protein ingredients. Controlled scaled-up production of the isolates resulted in mild changes in protein structural characteristics and comparable or improved functional properties. Partial denaturation, modest polymerization, and increased surface hydrophobicity were observed in SU ChPI and PPI compared to the benchtop counterparts. The unique structural characteristics of SU ChPI, including its ratio of surface hydrophobicity and charge, contributed to superior solubility at both a neutral and acidic pH compared to both commercial soy protein and pea protein isolates (cSPI and cPPI) and significantly outperformed cPPI in terms of gel strength. These findings demonstrated both the promising scalability of SE-UF and the potential of ChPI as a functional plant protein ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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25 pages, 7174 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physico-Chemical Properties and Texturization of Pea, Wheat and Soy Proteins Using Extrusion and Their Application in Plant-Based Meat

by Delaney Webb, Hulya Dogan, Yonghui Li and Sajid Alavi

Foods 2023, 12(8), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12081586 - 8 Apr 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5377

Abstract

Four commercial pea protein isolates were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties including water absorption capacity (WAC), least gelation concentration (LGC), rapid visco analyzer (RVA) pasting, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-based heat-induced denaturation and phase transition (PTA) flow temperature. The proteins were also extruded using [...] Read more.

Four commercial pea protein isolates were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties including water absorption capacity (WAC), least gelation concentration (LGC), rapid visco analyzer (RVA) pasting, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-based heat-induced denaturation and phase transition (PTA) flow temperature. The proteins were also extruded using pilot-scale twin-screw extrusion with relatively low process moisture to create texturized plant-based meat analog products. Wheat-gluten- and soy-protein-based formulations were similarly analyzed, with the intent to study difference between protein types (pea, wheat and soy). Proteins with a high WAC also had cold-swelling properties, high LGC, low PTA flow temperature and were most soluble in non-reducing SDS-PAGE. These proteins had the highest cross-linking potential, required the least specific mechanical energy during extrusion and led to a porous and less layered texturized internal structure. The formulation containing soy protein isolate and most pea proteins were in this category, although there were notable differences within the latter depending on the commercial source. On the other hand, soy-protein-concentrate- and wheat-gluten-based formulations had almost contrary functional properties and extrusion characteristics, with a dense, layered extrudate structure due to their heat-swelling and/or low cold-swelling characteristics. The textural properties (hardness, chewiness and springiness) of the hydrated ground product and patties also varied depending on protein functionality. With a plethora of plant protein options for texturization, understanding and relating the differences in raw material properties to the corresponding extruded product quality can help tailor formulations and accelerate the development and design of plant-based meat with the desired textural qualities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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15 pages, 2328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peptidomics Study of Plant-Based Meat Analogs as a Source of Bioactive Peptides

by Shuguang Wang, Mouming Zhao, Hongbing Fan and Jianping Wu

Foods 2023, 12(5), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12051061 - 2 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2721

Abstract

The demand for plant-based meat analogs (PBMA) is on the rise as a strategy to sustain the food protein supply while mitigating environmental change. In addition to supplying essential amino acids and energy, food proteins are known sources of bioactive peptides. Whether protein [...] Read more.

The demand for plant-based meat analogs (PBMA) is on the rise as a strategy to sustain the food protein supply while mitigating environmental change. In addition to supplying essential amino acids and energy, food proteins are known sources of bioactive peptides. Whether protein in PBMA affords similar peptide profiles and bioactivities as real meat remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gastrointestinal digestion fate of beef and PBMA proteins with a special focus on their potential as precursors of bioactive peptides. Results showed that PBMA protein showed inferior digestibility than that in beef. However, PBMA hydrolysates possessed a comparable amino acid profile to that of beef. A total of 37, 2420 and 2021 peptides were identified in the gastrointestinal digests of beef, Beyond Meat and Impossible Meat, respectively. The astonishingly fewer peptides identified from beef digest is probably due to the near-full digestion of beef proteins. Almost all peptides in Impossible Meat digest were from soy, whereas 81%, 14% and 5% of peptides in Beyond Meat digest were derived from pea, rice and mung proteins, respectively. Peptides in PBMA digests were predicted to exert a wide range of regulatory roles and were shown to have ACE inhibitory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the potential of PBMA as a source of bioactive peptides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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15 pages, 3808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Nanofibrils from Fava Bean and Its Major Storage Proteins: Formation and Ability to Generate and Stabilise Foams

by Anja Herneke, Christofer Lendel, Saeid Karkehabadi, Jing Lu and Maud Langton

Foods 2023, 12(3), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030521 - 23 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2714

Abstract

Protein nanofibrils (PNFs) have potential for use in food applications as texture inducers. This study investigated the formation of PNFs from protein extracted from whole fava bean and from its two major storage proteins, globulin fractions 11S and 7S. PNFs were formed by [...] Read more.

Protein nanofibrils (PNFs) have potential for use in food applications as texture inducers. This study investigated the formation of PNFs from protein extracted from whole fava bean and from its two major storage proteins, globulin fractions 11S and 7S. PNFs were formed by heating (85 °C) the proteins under acidic conditions (pH 2) for 24 h. Thioflavin T fluorescence and atomic force microscopy techniques were used to investigate PNF formation. The foaming properties (capacity, stability, and half-life) were explored for non-fibrillated and fibrillated protein from fava bean, 11S, and 7S to investigate the texturing ability of PNFs at concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/mL and pH 7. The results showed that all three heat-incubated proteins (fava bean, 11S, and 7S) formed straight semi-flexible PNFs. Some differences in the capacity to form PNFs were observed between the two globulin fractions, with the smaller 7S protein being superior to 11S. The fibrillated protein from fava bean, 11S, and 7S generated more voluminous and more stable foams at 10 mg/mL than the corresponding non-fibrillated protein. However, this ability for fibrillated proteins to improve the foam properties seemed to be concentration-dependent, as at 1 mg/mL, the foams were less stable than those made from the non-fibrillated protein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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26 pages, 2647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Texturized Vegetable Proteins and Cooked Patty Textures: Comprehensive Characterization and Correlation Analysis

by Shan Hong, Yanting Shen and Yonghui Li

Foods 2022, 11(17), 2619; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11172619 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 12370

Abstract

Rising concerns of environment and health from animal-based proteins have driven a massive demand for plant proteins. Textured vegetable protein (TVP) is a plant-protein-based product with fibrous textures serving as a promising meat analog. This study aimed to establish possible correlations between the [...] Read more.

Rising concerns of environment and health from animal-based proteins have driven a massive demand for plant proteins. Textured vegetable protein (TVP) is a plant-protein-based product with fibrous textures serving as a promising meat analog. This study aimed to establish possible correlations between the properties of raw TVPs and the corresponding meatless patties. Twenty-eight commercial TVPs based on different protein types and from different manufacturers were compared in proximate compositions, physicochemical and functional properties, as well as cooking and textural attributes in meatless patties. Significant differences were observed in the compositions and properties of the raw TVPs (p < 0.05) and were well reflected in the final patties. Of all the TVP attributes, rehydration capacity (RHC) was the most dominant factor affecting cooking loss (r = 0.679) and textures of hardness (r = −0.791), shear force (r = −0.621) and compressed juiciness (r = 0.812) in meatless patties, as evidenced by the significant correlations (p < 0.01). The current study may advance the knowledge for TVP-based meat development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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12 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Improving the Aromatic Profile of Plant-Based Meat Alternatives: Effect of Myoglobin Addition on Volatiles

by Jolien Devaere, Ann De Winne, Lore Dewulf, Ilse Fraeye, Irena Šoljić, Elsa Lauwers, Andy de Jong and Hermes Sanctorum

Foods 2022, 11(13), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131985 - 5 Jul 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4579

Abstract

Market demand for palatable plant-based meat alternatives is on the rise. One of the challenges is formulating products with sensorial characteristics similar to conventional meat. In this study, the effect of myoglobin on the aromatic profile of plant-based meat alternatives was assessed. Plant-based [...] Read more.

Market demand for palatable plant-based meat alternatives is on the rise. One of the challenges is formulating products with sensorial characteristics similar to conventional meat. In this study, the effect of myoglobin on the aromatic profile of plant-based meat alternatives was assessed. Plant-based burgers were made with soy-textured protein, supplemented with three levels of myoglobin (0, 0.5 and 1.0%, the latter two mimicking endogenous myoglobin levels in meat), and grilled for 12 min at 250 °C. To evaluate the aromatic profile of the compounds, raw and grilled samples were subjected to headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis was then performed to visualize the interaction between grilling and myoglobin addition, and the effect exerted on the resulting aromatic profile. Myoglobin significantly affected several classes of volatile compounds, either by itself or in conjunction with grilling. A notable increase in aldehydes and a decrease in hydrocarbons were noted after adding myoglobin. As expected, an increase in pyrazines was observed after grilling. The results suggest myoglobin positively influences the aromatic profile of plant-based meat alternatives, contributing to a profile closer to the one of conventional meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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14 pages, 3771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of C-Phycocyanin from Dry Biomass of Arthrospira platensis

by Qian Chen, Shuhui Li, Hua Xiong and Qiang Zhao

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091296 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2465

Abstract

The effect of four different extraction methods on physicochemical characteristics and functionalities of chloro-phycocyanin (CP) was investigated. Swelling (S-CP), freezing and thawing (4FT-CP), ultrasonication with freezing and thawing (4FT+U-CP), and the high-pressure cell disruption (HPCD-CP) process affected CP differently, thus resulting in different [...] Read more.

The effect of four different extraction methods on physicochemical characteristics and functionalities of chloro-phycocyanin (CP) was investigated. Swelling (S-CP), freezing and thawing (4FT-CP), ultrasonication with freezing and thawing (4FT+U-CP), and the high-pressure cell disruption (HPCD-CP) process affected CP differently, thus resulting in different levels of solubility, DPPH scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, and reducing power. Among the four CPs, HPCD-CP had the highest CP content (15.3%), purity (1.66 ± 0.16), and ∆E value but the lowest ∆b value. The ζ potential of HPCD-CP (−38.8 mV) was the highest, but the average particle size of 4FT+U-CP (719.1 nm) was the highest. UV-Vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra illustrated that high-pressure cell disruption-assisted extraction had more profound impacts on the microenvironment of tetrapyrrole chromophores, the environment of aromatic amino acids, and the phycocyanobilin of CP. Furthermore, HPCD-CP and 4FT-CP showed higher solubility and antioxidant activities than S-CP, especially 4FT+U-CP. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that HPCD technology could obtain a food-grade C-phycocyanin product with higher CP concentration, purity, solubility, and antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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16 pages, 2160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Protein Composition Changed the Quality Characteristics of Plant-Based Meat Analogues Produced by a Single-Screw Extruder: Four Main Soybean Varieties in China as Representatives

by Bo Lyu, Jiaxin Li, Xiangze Meng, Hongling Fu, Wei Wang, Lei Ji, Yi Wang, Zengwang Guo and Hansong Yu

Foods 2022, 11(8), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11081112 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3507

Abstract

Plant-based meat analogues (PBMs) are increasingly interesting to customers because of their meat-like quality and contribution to a healthy diet. The single-screw extruder is an important method for processing PBMs, and the characteristics of the product are directly affected by the composition of [...] Read more.

Plant-based meat analogues (PBMs) are increasingly interesting to customers because of their meat-like quality and contribution to a healthy diet. The single-screw extruder is an important method for processing PBMs, and the characteristics of the product are directly affected by the composition of the raw materials; however, little research focuses on this issue. To explore the effect of protein composition on the quality characteristics of PBMs produced by a single-screw extruder, four soybean varieties used in China (Heihe 43 (HH 43), Jiyu 86 (JY 86), Suinong 52 (SN 52), and Shengfeng 5 (SF 5)) were selected. The 11S/7S ratios for these varieties ranged from 1.0: 1 to 2.5: 1 in order to produce PBMs with different protein compositions. The structure, processing, nutrition, and flavor characteristics were explored to analyze their differences. The results showed that protein composition affected the structure of PBMs, but the correlation was not significant. Meanwhile, a lower 11S/7S ratio (HH 43) did not prove to be a favorable characteristic for the processing of PBMs. From the perspective of nutrition and flavor, it seems acceptable to use a moderate 11S/7S ratio (JY 86 and SN 43) to produce PBMs. This study proved that the protein composition of raw materials affects the characteristics of PBM products produced by a single-screw extruder. To produce PBMs of higher quality, soybeans with a markedly different 11S/7S ratio should not be selected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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15 pages, 4003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Plant-Based Seafood: Scallop Analogs Formed by Enzymatic Gelation of Pea Protein-Pectin Mixtures

by Zhiyun Zhang, Kanon Kobata, Hung Pham, Dorian Kos, Yunbing Tan, Jiakai Lu and David Julian McClements

Foods 2022, 11(6), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060851 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7007

Abstract

This study investigated the possibility of using a phase separation, mixing, and enzymatic gelation approach to construct seafood analogs from plant protein-polysaccharide mixtures with properties mimicking real seafood. Heat-denatured pea protein (10%, w/w) and pectin (0–1%, w/w) [...] Read more.

This study investigated the possibility of using a phase separation, mixing, and enzymatic gelation approach to construct seafood analogs from plant protein-polysaccharide mixtures with properties mimicking real seafood. Heat-denatured pea protein (10%, w/w) and pectin (0–1%, w/w) were mixed to produce phase separated biopolymer blends. These blends were then subjected to mild shearing (350 rpm) to obtain fiber-like structures, which were then placed in molds and set by gelling the pea proteins using transglutaminase (2%, w/w). The appearance, texture, and cooking properties of the resulting scallop analogs were characterized and compared to those of real scallop. The presence of the pectin promoted the formation of a honeycomb structure in the scallop analogs, and microscopic orientation of the proteins was observed in the plane parallel to the applied shear flow. Lower pectin concentrations (0.5%, w/w) led to stronger gels with better water holding capacity than higher ones (1.0%, w/w). The appearance and texture of the plant-based scallop analogs were like those of real scallop after grilling, indicating the potential of using this soft matter physics approach to create plant-based seafood analogs. One of the main advantages of this method is that it does not require any expensive dedicated equipment, such as an extruder or shear cell technology, which may increase its commercial viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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11 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of Quercetin on Brown Rice and Almond Protein Matrices: Effect of Quercetin Concentration

by Mirela Kopjar, Ivana Buljeta, Ina Ćorković, Anita Pichler and Josip Šimunović

Foods 2022, 11(6), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060793 - 9 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2816

Abstract

Plant-based proteins are very often used as carriers of different phenolic compounds. For that purpose, complexation of quercetin with almond and brown rice protein matrices was investigated. The amount of protein matrices was constant, while the concentration of quercetin varied (1 mM, 2 [...] Read more.

Plant-based proteins are very often used as carriers of different phenolic compounds. For that purpose, complexation of quercetin with almond and brown rice protein matrices was investigated. The amount of protein matrices was constant, while the concentration of quercetin varied (1 mM, 2 mM or 5 mM) during complexation. Dried complexes were investigated for quercetin amount (HPLC analysis) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC methods). Additionally, complexation was proven by DSC and FTIR-ATR screening. An increase in the concentration of quercetin in the initial complexation mixture resulted in the increase in the adsorption of quercetin onto protein matrices. For the brown rice protein matrices, this increase was proportional to the initial quercetin concentration. Adsorption of quercetin caused the change in thermal stability of microparticles in comparison to corresponding protein matrices that have been proven by DSC. FTIR-ATR analysis revealed structural changes on microparticles upon adsorption of quercetin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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13 pages, 1944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasonic Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Green Soybean Pods and Application in Green Soybean Milk Antioxidants Fortification

by Noppol Leksawasdi, Siraphat Taesuwan, Trakul Prommajak, Charin Techapun, Rattanaporn Khonchaisri, Nattha Sittilop, Anek Halee, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Suphat Phongthai, Rojarej Nunta, Maneerat Kiadtiyot, Arisa Saefung and Julaluk Khemacheewakul

Foods 2022, 11(4), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11040588 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2769

Abstract

Green soybean (Glycine max L.) pods (GSP) are agro-industrial waste from the production of frozen green soybean and milk. These pods contain natural antioxidants and various bioactive compounds that are still underutilized. Polyphenols and flavonoids in GSP were extracted by ultrasound technique [...] Read more.

Green soybean (Glycine max L.) pods (GSP) are agro-industrial waste from the production of frozen green soybean and milk. These pods contain natural antioxidants and various bioactive compounds that are still underutilized. Polyphenols and flavonoids in GSP were extracted by ultrasound technique and used in the antioxidant fortification of green soybean milk. The ultrasound extraction that yielded the highest total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities was 50% amplitude for 10 min. Response surface methodology was applied to analyze an optimum ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) condition of these variables. The highest desirability was found to be 50% amplitude with an extraction time of 10.5 min. Under these conditions, the experimental total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were well matched with the predicted values (R² > 0.70). Fortification of the GSP extracts (1–3% v/v) in green soybean milk resulted in higher levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Procyanidins were found to be the main polyphenols in dried GSP crude extracts, which were present at a concentration of 0.72 ± 0.01 mg/100 g. The addition of GSP extracts obtained by using an ultrasound technique to green soybean milk increased its bioactive compound content, especially procyanidins, as well as its antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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Review

Jump to: Research

25 pages, 723 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pulse Proteins as a Tool to Improve Techno-Functional Properties

by Martin Vogelsang-O’Dwyer, Aylin W. Sahin, Elke K. Arendt and Emanuele Zannini

Foods 2022, 11(9), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091307 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 8899

Abstract

Pulse proteins are being increasingly investigated as nutritious and functional ingredients which could provide alternatives to animal proteins; however, pulse protein ingredients do not always meet the functionality requirements necessary for various applications. Consequently, enzymatic hydrolysis can be employed as a means of [...] Read more.

Pulse proteins are being increasingly investigated as nutritious and functional ingredients which could provide alternatives to animal proteins; however, pulse protein ingredients do not always meet the functionality requirements necessary for various applications. Consequently, enzymatic hydrolysis can be employed as a means of improving functional properties such as solubility, emulsifying, foaming, and gelling properties. This review aims to examine the current literature regarding modification of these properties with enzymatic hydrolysis. The effects of enzymatic hydrolysis on the functionality of pulse proteins generally varies considerably based on the enzyme, substrate, processing steps such as heat treatment, degree of hydrolysis, and pH. Differences in protease specificity as well as protein structure allow for a wide variety of peptide mixtures to be generated, with varying hydrophobic and electrostatic properties. Typically, the most significant improvements are seen when the original protein ingredient has poor initial functionality. Solubility is usually improved in the mildly acidic range, which may also correspond with improved foaming and emulsifying properties. More work should be carried out on the potential of enzymatic hydrolysis to modify gelation properties of pulse proteins, as the literature is currently lacking. Overall, careful selection of proteases and control of hydrolysis will be necessary to maximize the potential of enzymatic hydrolysis as a tool to improve pulse protein functionality and broaden the range of potential applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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14 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Plant Protein in the Dairy Industry

by Ge-Ge Hu, Jing Liu, Yi-Hui Wang, Zhen-Nai Yang and Hong-Bo Shao

Foods 2022, 11(8), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11081067 - 7 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5217

Abstract

In recent years, a variety of double protein dairy products have appeared on the market. It is a dairy product made by replacing parts of animal protein with plant protein and then using certain production methods. For some countries with limited milk resources, [...] Read more.

In recent years, a variety of double protein dairy products have appeared on the market. It is a dairy product made by replacing parts of animal protein with plant protein and then using certain production methods. For some countries with limited milk resources, insufficient protein intake and low income, double protein dairy products have a bright future. More and more studies have found that double protein dairy products have combined effects which can alleviate the relatively poor functional properties of plant protein, including solubility, foaming, emulsifying and gelling. In addition, the taste of plant protein has been improved. This review focuses on the current state of research on double protein dairy products. It covers some salient features in the science and technology of plant proteins and suggests strategies for improving their use in various food applications. At the same time, it is expected that the fermentation methods used for those traditional dairy products as well as other processing technologies could be applied to produce novelty foods based on plant proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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15 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Novel Protein Sources for Applications in Meat-Alternative Products—Insight and Challenges

by Marcin A. Kurek, Anna Onopiuk, Ewelina Pogorzelska-Nowicka, Arkadiusz Szpicer, Magdalena Zalewska and Andrzej Półtorak

Foods 2022, 11(7), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11070957 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 11847

Abstract

Many people are increasingly interested in a vegetarian or vegan diet. Looking at the research and the available options in the market, there are two generations of products based on typical proteins, such as soy or gluten, and newer generation proteins, such as [...] Read more.

Many people are increasingly interested in a vegetarian or vegan diet. Looking at the research and the available options in the market, there are two generations of products based on typical proteins, such as soy or gluten, and newer generation proteins, such as peas or faba beans, or even proteins based on previously used feed proteins. In the review, we present the characteristics of several proteins that can be consumed as alternatives to first-generation proteins used in vegan foods. In the following part of the work, we describe the research in which novel protein sources were used in terms of the product they are used for. The paper describes protein sources such as cereal proteins, oilseeds proteins coming from the cakes after oil pressing, and novel sources such as algae, insects, and fungus for use in meat analog products. Technological processes that can make non-animal proteins similar to meat are also discussed, as well as the challenges faced by technologists working in the field of vegan products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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18 pages, 1403 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Fractionation and Processing Conditions on the Digestibility of Plant Proteins as Food Ingredients

by Andrea Rivera del Rio, Remko M. Boom and Anja E. M. Janssen

Foods 2022, 11(6), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060870 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5447

Abstract

Plant protein concentrates and isolates are used to produce alternatives to meat, dairy and eggs. Fractionation of ingredients and subsequent processing into food products modify the techno-functional and nutritional properties of proteins. The differences in composition and structure of plant proteins, in addition [...] Read more.

Plant protein concentrates and isolates are used to produce alternatives to meat, dairy and eggs. Fractionation of ingredients and subsequent processing into food products modify the techno-functional and nutritional properties of proteins. The differences in composition and structure of plant proteins, in addition to the wide range of processing steps and conditions, can have ambivalent effects on protein digestibility. The objective of this review is to assess the current knowledge on the effect of processing of plant protein-rich ingredients on their digestibility. We obtained data on various fractionation conditions and processing after fractionation, including enzymatic hydrolysis, alkaline treatment, heating, high pressure, fermentation, complexation, extrusion, gelation, as well as oxidation and interactions with starch or fibre. We provide an overview of the effect of some processing steps for protein-rich ingredients from different crops, such as soybean, yellow pea, and lentil, among others. Some studies explored the effect of processing on the presence of antinutritional factors. A certain degree, and type, of processing can improve protein digestibility, while more extensive processing can be detrimental. We argue that processing, protein bioavailability and the digestibility of plant-based foods must be addressed in combination to truly improve the sustainability of the current food system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Food Applications of Plant Proteins)

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