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19 pages, 3271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Cellulose Ethers on the Physico-Chemical Properties, Structure and Lipid Digestibility of Animal Fat Emulsions Stabilized by Soy Protein

by Susana Cofrades, Arancha Saiz, Miriam Pérez-Mateos, Alba Garcimartín, Rocío Redondo-Castillejo, Aranzazu Bocanegra, Juana Benedí and María Dolores Álvarez

Foods 2022, 11(5), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050738 - 02 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2396

Abstract

This study explores the influence of carboxymethylcelullose (CMC) and methylcelullose (MC), added by simultaneous (sim) and sequential (seq) emulsification methods, on the structure, rheological parameters and in vitro lipid digestibility of pork lard O/W emulsions stabilized by soy protein concentrate (SPC). Five emulsions [...] Read more.

This study explores the influence of carboxymethylcelullose (CMC) and methylcelullose (MC), added by simultaneous (sim) and sequential (seq) emulsification methods, on the structure, rheological parameters and in vitro lipid digestibility of pork lard O/W emulsions stabilized by soy protein concentrate (SPC). Five emulsions (SPC, SPC/CMC-sim, SPC/CMC-seq SPC/MC-sim, SPC/MC-seq) were prepared in vitro. The presence of CMC and MC, and the stage of incorporation affected the emulsion microstructure. In the SPC emulsion, lipid droplets were entrapped by a protein layer that was thicker when MC was added, providing greater resistance against environmental stresses during gastrointestinal digestion. At 37 °C, CMC incorporation produced a structural reinforcement of the SPC emulsion, whereas MC addition did not affect the network rigidity, although a delaying effect on the crossover temperature was observed, which was more evident in SPC/MC–seq. The presence and stage of CMC and MC incorporation affected the rate and extent of lipolysis, with SPC/MC-seq presenting an inferior concentration of free fatty acids. The lower extent of lipolysis observed in SPC/MC-seq may be positive in the manufacture of animal fat products in which reduced fatty acid absorption is intended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Emulsifiers in Food)

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16 pages, 3879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Antioxidant and Stable Conjugated Linoleic Acid Pickering Emulsion with Protein Nanofibers by Microwave-Assisted Self-Assembly

by Qiyang Jiao, Ziyuan Liu, Baoyun Li, Bo Tian, Ning Zhang, Chunhong Liu, Zhibiao Feng and Bin Jiang

Foods 2021, 10(8), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081892 - 15 Aug 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3071

Abstract

Whey protein isolate nanofibrils (WPNFs) can be used as a novel stabilizer in the Pickering emulsion system to improve the water solubility, stability and bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive ingredients. In this study, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and WPNFs were used to prepare a [...] Read more.

Whey protein isolate nanofibrils (WPNFs) can be used as a novel stabilizer in the Pickering emulsion system to improve the water solubility, stability and bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive ingredients. In this study, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and WPNFs were used to prepare a stable Pickering emulsion. We used a transmission electron microscope, low-temperature scanning electron micrographs and other methods to evaluate the micromorphology, surface hydrophobicity and structural units of the obtained WPNFs. Compared with whey protein isolate/CLA Pickering emulsion, the WPNFs/CLA Pickering emulsion has greater ability to remove 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-amino-di(2-ethyl-benzothiazoline sulphonic acid-6) ammonium salt free radicals. Furthermore, the WPNFs/CLA Pickering emulsion has a more stable effect in terms of droplet size and zeta potential over a wider range of ionic strength and temperature conditions. These findings indicate that Pickering emulsion stabilized by WPNFs is more suitable as a carrier of CLA, as it increases the solubility of CLA and has better active applications in biology and food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Emulsifiers in Food)

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19 pages, 3762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability of Foams in Vacuum Drying Processes. Effects of Interactions between Sugars, Proteins, and Surfactants on Foam Stability and Dried Foam Properties

by Peter Kubbutat, Luísa Leitão and Ulrich Kulozik

Foods 2021, 10(8), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081876 - 13 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3369

Abstract

The hypothesis was that saccharides mediate interactions between surface-active components and that this will have an impact on foam decay during the drying process. Static light scattering was performed to determine changes in interactions between the foam stabilizer on a molecular level. Furthermore, [...] Read more.

The hypothesis was that saccharides mediate interactions between surface-active components and that this will have an impact on foam decay during the drying process. Static light scattering was performed to determine changes in interactions between the foam stabilizer on a molecular level. Furthermore, pendant drop and oscillating drop measurements were performed to examine the surface tension and surface rheology. Foams were dried in conventional dryers as well as microwave-supported vacuum dryers. Final foam properties were determined. It was shown that the addition of sugars, often added as protective substances for sensitive organic molecules, resulted in lower repulsion between different types of surface-active components, namely polysorbate 80 and β-lactoglobulin (β-lg). Differences in impact of the types of sugars and between different types of surfactant, protein, and small molecules were observed influencing the foam decay behavior. The interfacial properties of polysorbate 80 and β-lg were influenced by the type of the used sugars. The surface elasticity of protein stabilized surfaces was higher compared to that of polysorbate stabilized systems. Protein stabilized systems remained more stable compared to polysorbate systems, which was also affected by the used saccharide. Overall, a correlation between molecular interactions and foam decay behavior was found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Emulsifiers in Food)

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13 pages, 3954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction of Bioactive Mono-Terpenes with Egg Yolk on Ice Cream Physicochemical Properties

by Mostafa Gouda, Long Sheng, Rana Muhammad Aadil, Yuanyuan Liu, Meihu Ma, Xiaoli Li, Yong He, Paulo E. S. Munekata and José M. Lorenzo

Foods 2021, 10(8), 1686; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081686 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2182

Abstract

Using natural multi-function phytochemicals could be one of the best solutions for clean-label production. In this study, dairy ice creams were prepared containing 14% egg yolk and 0.1% of thymol (THY), trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), menthol (MEN), or vanillin (VAN). Then, the physical, chemical, and [...] Read more.

Using natural multi-function phytochemicals could be one of the best solutions for clean-label production. In this study, dairy ice creams were prepared containing 14% egg yolk and 0.1% of thymol (THY), trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), menthol (MEN), or vanillin (VAN). Then, the physical, chemical, and structural characteristics were evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis (a rapid, chemical-free, and non-invasive tool) was carried out to evaluate the water distribution. A multivariate analysis was conducted among all studied variables. According to the results, the overrun of the MEN ice cream was significantly increased as compared to the control sample. The density was also reduced in the MEN sample. Meanwhile, the spreadability (%) of VAN was significantly increased after 6 min as compared to the control treatment. MRI analysis revealed that water distribution was significantly changed in the THY group. The firmness and viscosity of THY samples were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that viscosity index and consistency were the top parameters affected by THY. The authors concluded that THY and VAN are promising stabilizers for ice-cream clean production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Emulsifiers in Food)

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20 pages, 4798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation between Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Particulated β-Lactoglobulin and Its Behavior at Air/Water and Oil/Water Interfaces

by Franziska Kurz, Vera Reitberger, Claudia Hengst, Christine Bilke-Krause, Ulrich Kulozik and Jannika Dombrowski

Foods 2021, 10(6), 1426; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061426 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2805

Abstract

It is widely accepted that protein-based particles can efficiently stabilize foams and emulsions. However, it is not fully elucidated which particle properties are decisive for the stabilization of air/water and oil/water interfaces. To unravel this correlation, selected properties of nano-sized soluble β-lactoglobulin particles [...] Read more.

It is widely accepted that protein-based particles can efficiently stabilize foams and emulsions. However, it is not fully elucidated which particle properties are decisive for the stabilization of air/water and oil/water interfaces. To unravel this correlation, selected properties of nano-sized soluble β-lactoglobulin particles were changed one at a time. Therefore, particles of (1) variable size but similar zeta potential and degree of cross-linking and (2) similar size but different further properties were produced by heat treatment under a specific combination of pH value and NaCl concentration and then analyzed for their interfacial behavior as well as foaming and emulsifying properties. On the one hand, it was found that the initial phase of protein adsorption at both the air/water and the oil/water interface was mainly influenced by the zeta potential, independent of the particle size. On the other hand, foam stability as resolved from the time-dependent evolution of mean bubble area negatively correlated with disulfide cross-linking, whereas emulsion stability in terms of oil droplet flocculation showed a positive correlation with disulfide cross-linking. In addition, flocculation was more pronounced for larger particles. Concluding from this, foam and emulsion stability are not linked to the same particle properties and, thus, explanatory approaches cannot be used interchangeably. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Emulsifiers in Food)

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14 pages, 2707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Type of Sugar Beet Pectin–Sodium Caseinate Interaction on Emulsion Properties at pH 4.5 and pH 7

by Zhang Juyang and Bettina Wolf

Foods 2021, 10(3), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030631 - 17 Mar 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2021

Abstract

Equal parts of sugar beet pectin and sodium caseinate were interacted through electrostatic attraction, enzymatic crosslinking, and the Maillard reaction to prepare three oil-in-water emulsifier systems. Oil-in-water emulsions (10%) were processed via high shear overhead mixing at the natural pH of the emulsifier [...] Read more.

Equal parts of sugar beet pectin and sodium caseinate were interacted through electrostatic attraction, enzymatic crosslinking, and the Maillard reaction to prepare three oil-in-water emulsifier systems. Oil-in-water emulsions (10%) were processed via high shear overhead mixing at the natural pH of the emulsifier systems, followed by pH adjustment to pH 4.5 and pH 7. The emulsions were stable against coalescence, except for a slight increase in the mean droplet size for the enzymatic cross-liked emulsion at pH 4.5 over a 14-day storage period. This emulsion also showed the lowest absolute zeta (ζ)-potential value of near 30 mV. The Maillard interaction emulsifier system resulted in larger droplet sizes compared to the other two emulsifier systems. Small deformation oscillatory shear rheology assessment of the emulsion cream phases revealed an impact of the emulsifier system design at pH 4.5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Emulsifiers in Food)

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17 pages, 7481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsion Stabilized by Food Waste-Hen Egg Chalaza

by Lijuan Wang, Jingjing Wang and Anheng Wang

Foods 2021, 10(3), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030599 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2368

Abstract

A massive amount of chalaza with nearly 400 metric tons is produced annually as waste in the liquid-egg industry. The present study aimed to look for ways to utilize chalaza as a natural emulsifier for high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) at the optimal [...] Read more.

A massive amount of chalaza with nearly 400 metric tons is produced annually as waste in the liquid-egg industry. The present study aimed to look for ways to utilize chalaza as a natural emulsifier for high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) at the optimal production conditions to expand the utilization of such abundant material. To the author’s knowledge, for the first time, we report the usage of hen egg chalaza particles as particulate emulsifiers for Pickering (HIPEs) development. The chalaza particles with partial wettability were fabricated at different pH or ionic strengths by freeze-drying. The surface electricity of the chalaza particles was neutralized when the pH was adjusted to 4, where the chalaza contained a particle size around 1500 nm and held the best capability to stabilize the emulsions. Similarly, the chalaza reaches proper electrical charging (−6 mv) and size (700 nm) after the ionic strength was modified to 0.6 M. Following the characterization of chalaza particles, we successfully generated stable Pickering HIPEs with up to 86% internal phase at proper particle concentrations (0.5–2%). The emulsion contained significant stability against coalescence and flocculation during long term storage due to the electrical hindrance raised by the chalaza particles which absorbed on the oil–water interfaces. Different rheological models were tested on the formed HIPEs, indicating the outstanding stability of such emulsions. Concomitantly, a percolating 3D-network was formed in the Pickering HIPES stabilized by chalaza which provided the emulsions with viscoelastic and self-standing features. Moreover, the current study provides an attractive strategy to convert liquid oils to viscoelastic soft solids without artificial trans fats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Emulsifiers in Food)

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18 pages, 3061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Colloidal Particles for Pickering Emulsion Stabilization Prepared via Antisolvent Precipitation of Lignin-Rich Cocoa Shell Extract

by Holly Cuthill, Carole Elleman, Thomas Curwen and Bettina Wolf

Foods 2021, 10(2), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020371 - 09 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2444

Abstract

This study concerns the preparation and functionality testing of a new class of Pickering particles for food emulsion stabilization: colloidal lignin-rich particles (CLRPs) derived from ethanol-soluble extract of cocoa shell. A further goal was to achieve Pickering functionality without the need to add [...] Read more.

This study concerns the preparation and functionality testing of a new class of Pickering particles for food emulsion stabilization: colloidal lignin-rich particles (CLRPs) derived from ethanol-soluble extract of cocoa shell. A further goal was to achieve Pickering functionality without the need to add co-emulsifying surfactants during emulsion processing. Cocoa shell is a co-product of the food manufacturing industry. As such it is anticipated that the particles would be accepted as a natural food ingredient, provided no harmful solvents are used in any step of their processing. The cocoa shell particles were milled, dispersed in water and exposed to 250 °C for 1 h in a stainless-steel tubular reactor followed by ethanol extraction to obtain a lignin-rich extract (46% (w/w) lignin with the remainder predominantly lipids). CLRPs were then fabricated by the precipitation of ethanol-dissolved extract into water (antisolvent). By employing an agitated process and droplet dosing into a non-agitated process, four particle suspensions of a range of submicron diameters were obtained. All particle suspensions contained the same mass fraction of extract and were surface active, with surface tension decreasing with increasing particle size. The smallest particles were obtained when lipids were removed from the extract prior to particle processing. In contrast to the other four particle suspensions, this one failed to stabilize a 10% (w/w) sunflower oil-in-water emulsion. We hypothesize that the phospholipids indigenously present in these CLRP formulations are a critical component for Pickering functionality. It can be concluded that we have successfully introduced a new class of Pickering particles, fabricated from an industry co-product and anticipated to be food grade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Emulsifiers in Food)

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