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Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
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Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2019) | Viewed by 64532

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jarosław Jakubowicz

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Interests: biomaterials; surface treatment; nanomaterials; materials synthesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last half century, great attention has been paid to materials that can be used in the human body to prepare parts that replace failed bone structures. Of all materials, Ti-based materials are the most desirable, because they provide an optimum combination of mechanical, chemical and biological properties.

The successful application of Ti biomaterials has been confirmed mainly in dentistry, orthopedics and traumatology. The Ti provides high strength and a relatively low modulus. Ti biocompatibility is practically the highest of all metallic biomaterials, however new solutions are being sought to improve their biocompatibility and osseointegration. Thus, the chemical modification of Ti results in the formation of new alloys (for example low modulus β-type alloys) or composites (for example with hydroxyapatite), which provide new perspectives for Ti biomaterial applications.

Great attention has also been paid to the formation of nanostructures in Ti-based biomaterials, which has leads to extremely good mechanical properties and very good biocompatibility.

The surface treatment applied to Ti-based biomaterials is required to provide fast osseointegration. Oxide, nitride, DLC or hydroxyapatite surface layers are the most desired and surface technology has been extensively investigated. 

Bulk and porous Ti biomaterials, which both have different properties, are used. The introduction of open spaces (voids) into the materials structure is the technological way to reduce the Young’s modulus to a level comparable to human bone.

Over the last years, great attention has been focused on additive technology (3D printing) applied to Ti biomaterials. These processes, such as SLS, SLM or related processes, which use a laser to form the designed chemical composition as well to shape the implant, have gained importance for designing implants for specific patients. The technologies are useful for the formation of bulk, porous as well as gradient biomaterials.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue that is related to the above topic. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcomed.

Prof. Jarosław Jakubowicz
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Ti-based alloys and composites
  • Ti-type bionanomaterials
  • Ti bulk and porous biomaterials
  • Ti biomaterials surface modification
  • Ti additive technology
  • Ti new processes
  • Ti biomaterials application

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

5 pages, 183 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue: Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
by Jarosław Jakubowicz
Materials 2020, 13(7), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071696 - 05 Apr 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2571
Abstract
In the last half century, great attention has been paid to materials that can be used in the human body to prepare parts that replace failed bone structures. Of all materials, Ti-based materials are the most desirable, because they provide an optimum combination [...] Read more.
In the last half century, great attention has been paid to materials that can be used in the human body to prepare parts that replace failed bone structures. Of all materials, Ti-based materials are the most desirable, because they provide an optimum combination of mechanical, chemical and biological properties. The successful application of Ti biomaterials has been confirmed mainly in dentistry, orthopedics and traumatology. The Ti biomaterials provide high strength and a relatively low Young’s modulus. Titanium biocompatibility is practically the highest of all metallic biomaterials, however new solutions are being sought to continuous improve their biocompatibility and osseointegration. Thus, the chemical modification of Ti results in the formation of new alloys or composites, which provide new perspectives for Ti biomaterials applications. Great attention has also been paid to the formation of nanostructures in Ti-based biomaterials, which has leads to extremely good mechanical properties and very good biocompatibility. Additionally, the surface treatment applied to Ti-based biomaterials provides faster osseointegration and improve in many cases mechanical properties. The special issue “Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications” has been proposed as a means to present recent developments in the field. The articles included in the special issue cover broad aspects of Ti-based biomaterials formation with respect to design theirs structure, mechanical and biological properties, as highlighted in this editorial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

15 pages, 4133 KiB  
Article
Effect of Gradient Energy Density on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Fabricated by Selective Electron Beam Additive Manufacture
by Ta-I Hsu, Yu-Ting Jhong and Meng-Hsiu Tsai
Materials 2020, 13(7), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071509 - 26 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2284
Abstract
Selective Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (SEBAM) is a promising powder bed fusion additive manufacturing technique for titanium alloys that select particular area melting in different energy density for producing complexly shaped biomedical devices. For most commercial Ti6Al4V porous medical devices, the gradient energy [...] Read more.
Selective Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (SEBAM) is a promising powder bed fusion additive manufacturing technique for titanium alloys that select particular area melting in different energy density for producing complexly shaped biomedical devices. For most commercial Ti6Al4V porous medical devices, the gradient energy density is usually applied to manufacture in one component during the SEBAM process which selects different energy density built on particular zones. This paper presents gradient energy density base characterization study on an SEBAM built rectangular specimen with a size of 3 mm × 20 mm × 60 mm. The specimen was divided into three zones were built in gradient energy density from 16 to 26.5 J/mm3. The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and mechanical test. The α′ martensitic and lack of fusion were observed in the low energy density (LED) built zone. However, no α′ phase and no irregular pores were observed both in overlap energy density (OED) and high energy density (HED) built zones located at the middle and bottom of the specimen respectively. This implies the top location and lower energy density have positive effects on the cooling rate but negative effects on densification. The subsequence mechanical properties result also supports this point. Moreover, the intermetallic Ti3Al found in the bottom may be due to the heat transfer from the following melting layer. Furthermore, the microstructure evolution in gradient energy built zones is discussed based on the findings of the microstructure and thermal history correlation analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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6 pages, 1701 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Shape Memory Effect by Micro-Compression Testing of Single Crystalline Ti-27Nb Ni-Free Alloy
by Takashi Nagoshi, Takahisa Yasuda, Nao Otaki, Masaki Tahara, Hideki Hosoda and Masato Sone
Materials 2020, 13(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010110 - 25 Dec 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2434
Abstract
In this work, micro-compression tests are performed at various temperatures with Ti-27Nb (at.%) single crystalline pillars to investigate anisotropic deformation behavior, including the shape memory effect. In non-tapered single-crystal pillars with loading directions parallel to [001], [011], and [111], transformation strain and stress [...] Read more.
In this work, micro-compression tests are performed at various temperatures with Ti-27Nb (at.%) single crystalline pillars to investigate anisotropic deformation behavior, including the shape memory effect. In non-tapered single-crystal pillars with loading directions parallel to [001], [011], and [111], transformation strain and stress show orientation dependence. [001]-oriented micropillars with aspect ratios of 2 and 1.5 demonstrate temperature-dependent transformation stress during micro-compression at various temperatures. Although more stress is required to induce martensite transformation in the pillar with the lower aspect ratio, the temperature dependence of ~1.8 MPa/K observed in both pillars is in good agreement with that of bulk Ti-27Nb. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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13 pages, 7317 KiB  
Article
Development of Antibacterial Ti-Cux Alloys for Dental Applications: Effects of Ageing for Alloys with Up to 10 wt% Cu
by Lee Fowler, Nomsombuluko Masia, Lesley A. Cornish, Lesley H. Chown, Håkan Engqvist, Susanne Norgren and Caroline Öhman-Mägi
Materials 2019, 12(23), 4017; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12234017 - 03 Dec 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3378
Abstract
Peri-implantitis, a disease caused by bacteria, affects dental implants in patients. It is widely treated with antibiotics, however, with growing antibiotic resistance new strategies are required. Titanium-copper alloys are prospective antibacterial biomaterials, with the potential to be a remedy against peri-implantitis and antibiotic [...] Read more.
Peri-implantitis, a disease caused by bacteria, affects dental implants in patients. It is widely treated with antibiotics, however, with growing antibiotic resistance new strategies are required. Titanium-copper alloys are prospective antibacterial biomaterials, with the potential to be a remedy against peri-implantitis and antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate Ti-Cux alloys, exploring how Cu content (up to 10 wt%) and ageing affect the material properties. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, hardness testing, bacteriological culture, and electrochemical testing were employed to characterize the materials. It was found that alloys with above 3 wt% Cu had two phases and ageing increased the volume fraction of Ti2Cu. An un-aged alloy of 5 wt% Cu showed what could be Ti3Cu, in addition to the α-Ti phase. The hardness gradually increased with increased Cu additions, while ageing only affected the alloy with 10 wt% Cu (due to changes in microstructure). Ageing resulted in faster passivation of the alloys. After two hours the aged 10 wt% Cu alloy was the only material with an antibacterial effect, while after six hours, bacteria killing occurred in all alloys with above 5 wt% Cu. In conclusion, it was possible to tune the material and antibacterial properties of Ti-Cux alloys by changing the Cu concentration and ageing, which makes further optimization towards an antibacterial material promising. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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13 pages, 41243 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Copper Alloying in a TNTZ-Cux Alloy
by Lee Fowler, Arno Janse Van Vuuren, William Goosen, Håkan Engqvist, Caroline Öhman-Mägi and Susanne Norgren
Materials 2019, 12(22), 3691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223691 - 08 Nov 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2834
Abstract
Alloying copper into pure titanium has recently allowed the development of antibacterial alloys. The alloying of biocompatible elements (Nb, Ta and Zr) into pure titanium has also achieved higher strengths for a new alloy of Ti-1.6 wt.% Nb-10 wt.% Ta-1.7 wt.% Zr (TNTZ), [...] Read more.
Alloying copper into pure titanium has recently allowed the development of antibacterial alloys. The alloying of biocompatible elements (Nb, Ta and Zr) into pure titanium has also achieved higher strengths for a new alloy of Ti-1.6 wt.% Nb-10 wt.% Ta-1.7 wt.% Zr (TNTZ), where strength was closer to Ti-6Al-4V and higher than grade 4 titanium. In the present study, as a first step towards development of a novel antibacterial material with higher strength, the existing TNTZ was alloyed with copper to investigate the resultant microstructural changes and properties. The initial design and modelling of the alloy system was performed using the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) methods, to predict the phase transformations in the alloy. Following predictions, the alloys were produced using arc melting with appropriate heat treatments. The alloys were characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-EDS) with transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). The manufactured alloys had a three-phased crystal structure that was found in the alloys with 3 wt.% Cu and higher, in line with the modelled alloy predictions. The phases included the α-Ti (HCP-Ti) with some Ta present in the crystal, Ti2Cu, and a bright phase with Ti, Cu and Ta in the crystal. The Ti2Cu crystals tended to precipitate in the grain boundaries of the α-Ti phase and bright phase. The hardness of the alloys increased with increased Cu addition, as did the presence of the Ti2Cu phase. Further studies to optimize the alloy could result in a suitable material for dental implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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13 pages, 12853 KiB  
Article
Effect of Thermomechanical Treatments on the Phases, Microstructure, Microhardness and Young’s Modulus of Ti-25Ta-Zr Alloys
by Pedro Akira Bazaglia Kuroda, Fernanda de Freitas Quadros, Raul Oliveira de Araújo, Conrado Ramos Moreira Afonso and Carlos Roberto Grandini
Materials 2019, 12(19), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193210 - 30 Sep 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 2550
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys currently are used as implants, possessing excellent mechanical properties (more suited than stainless steel and Co-Cr alloys), good corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. The titanium alloy used for most biomedical applications is Ti-6Al-4V, however, studies showed that vanadium and [...] Read more.
Titanium and its alloys currently are used as implants, possessing excellent mechanical properties (more suited than stainless steel and Co-Cr alloys), good corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. The titanium alloy used for most biomedical applications is Ti-6Al-4V, however, studies showed that vanadium and aluminum cause allergic reactions in human tissues and neurological disorders. New titanium alloys without the presence of these elements are being studied. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of thermomechanical treatments, such as hot-rolling, annealing and solution treatment in the structure, microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti-25Ta-Zr ternary alloy system. The structural and microstructural analyses were performed using X-ray diffraction, as well as optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were analyzed using microhardness and Young’s modulus measurements. The results showed that the structure of the materials and the mechanical properties are influenced by the different thermal treatments: rapid cooling treatments (hot-rolling and solubilization) induced the formation of α” and β phases, while the treatments with slow cooling (annealing) induced the formation of martensite phases. Alloys in the hot-rolled and solubilized conditions have better mechanical properties results, such as low elastic modulus, due to retention of the β phase in these alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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10 pages, 3062 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Mechanical Proprieties of New TiMo Alloys Used for Medical Applications
by Andrei Victor Sandu, Madalina Simona Baltatu, Marcin Nabialek, Adriana Savin and Petrica Vizureanu
Materials 2019, 12(18), 2973; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182973 - 13 Sep 2019
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 4425
Abstract
Ti-based alloys are accessible for use in the human body due to their good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibilities. These main properties of alloys are important criteria for choosing biomedical implants for human bones or for other kinds of applications in general [...] Read more.
Ti-based alloys are accessible for use in the human body due to their good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibilities. These main properties of alloys are important criteria for choosing biomedical implants for human bones or for other kinds of applications in general medicine. This paper presents a comparison of four new Ti-based alloys desired to satisfy various requirements for biomedical implants. The materials were prepared with recipes for two new system alloys, TiMoZrTa (TMZT) and TiMoSi (TMS), alloys with nontoxic elements. The presented research contains microstructure images, indentation tests, Vickers hardness, XRD, and corrosion resistance, showing better characteristics than most commercial products used as implants (Young’s modulus closer to the human bone). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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8 pages, 5539 KiB  
Article
Formation and Properties of Biomedical Ti-Ta Foams Prepared from Nanoprecursors by Thermal Dealloying Process
by Grzegorz Adamek, Mikolaj Kozlowski, Mieczyslawa U. Jurczyk, Przemyslaw Wirstlein, Jakub Zurawski and Jaroslaw Jakubowicz
Materials 2019, 12(17), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172668 - 22 Aug 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2435
Abstract
The paper presents a promising method of preparation of titanium-based foams by the thermal dealloying method. The first step of this study was the Ti-Ta-Mg based nanopowder preparation using the mechanical alloying (MA) process performed at room temperature. The next step was forming [...] Read more.
The paper presents a promising method of preparation of titanium-based foams by the thermal dealloying method. The first step of this study was the Ti-Ta-Mg based nanopowder preparation using the mechanical alloying (MA) process performed at room temperature. The next step was forming the green compacts by cold pressing and then sintering with magnesium dealloying from the titanium-based alloy structure. The mechanism of the porous structure formation was based on the removal of magnesium from the titanium alloy at a temperature higher than the boiling point of magnesium (1090 °C). The influence of the Mg content on the formation of the porous Ti-30Ta foam has been investigated. The sintering stage was performed in vacuum. During the dealloying process, the magnesium atoms diffuse from the middle to the surface of the sample and combine to form vapors and then evaporate leaving pores surrounded by the metallic scaffold. The porosity, the mechanical properties as well as biocompatibility have been investigated. The titanium-based foam of high porosity (up to 76%) and the pore size distribution from nano- to micro-scale have been successfully prepared. For the medical applications, the Ti-Ta metallic foams have shown a positive behavior in the MTT test. The as-shown results clearly exhibit a great potential for thermal dealloying in the preparation of porous structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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16 pages, 6326 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Surface Treatment with Amine Plasma for Improving the Biocompatibility of Maxillofacial Plates
by Yeon-Woo Jeong, Seunggon Jung, Jeong Joon Han, Hong-Ju Park, Rok Young Kim, Byung-Hoon Kim and Min-Suk Kook
Materials 2019, 12(16), 2581; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162581 - 13 Aug 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2523
Abstract
To date, no products have been presented for the surface treatment of metal plates used for repairing maxillofacial defects caused by trauma. Plasma surface treatment is a useful technique for chemically modifying the surfaces of biomaterials. Amine plasma-polymerization is an efficient way to [...] Read more.
To date, no products have been presented for the surface treatment of metal plates used for repairing maxillofacial defects caused by trauma. Plasma surface treatment is a useful technique for chemically modifying the surfaces of biomaterials. Amine plasma-polymerization is an efficient way to prepare bioactive thin film polymers terminated with nitrogen-containing functional groups. The purpose of this study was to investigate the improvement in biocompatibility of titanium (Ti) plates treated with amine plasma-polymerization, and analyze their surfaces characteristics. To compare biocompatibility levels, in vitro test and animal study were performed using an amine plasma-polymerized Ti plate and an untreated Ti plate. After amine plasma-polymerization, the hydrophilicity of the Ti surface was remarkably improved. Biocompatibility was also improved for the Ti plates treated with amine plasma. The clinical application of this technique will not only shorten the time required for osseointegration, but will also improve the regeneration of bone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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14 pages, 4164 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Alloying and Electrical Current-Assisted Sintering Adopted for In Situ Ti-TiB Metal Matrix Composite Processing
by Andrzej Miklaszewski and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk
Materials 2019, 12(4), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040653 - 21 Feb 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2578
Abstract
In this work, mechanical alloying and electrical current-assisted sintering was adopted for in situ metal matrix composite material processing. Applied at the initial powder stage, mechanical alloying enables a homogeneous distribution of the starting elements in the proposed precursor powder blends. The accompanying [...] Read more.
In this work, mechanical alloying and electrical current-assisted sintering was adopted for in situ metal matrix composite material processing. Applied at the initial powder stage, mechanical alloying enables a homogeneous distribution of the starting elements in the proposed precursor powder blends. The accompanying precursor preparation and the structurally confirmed size reduction allow obtainment of a nanoscale range for the objects to be sintered. The nano precursors aggregated in the micro-sized particle objects, subjected to electrical current-assisted sintering, characterize the metal matrix composite sinters with high uniformity, proper densification, and compaction response, as well as maintaining a nanoscale whose occurrence was confirmed by the appearance of the highly dispersed reinforcement phase in the examined Ti-TiB material example. The structural analysis of the sinters confirms the metal matrix composite arrangement and provides an additional quantitive data overview for the comparison of the processing conditions. The mechanical alloying examined in this work and the electrical current-assisted sintering approach allow in situ metal matrix composite structures to create their properties by careful control of the processing steps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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13 pages, 3619 KiB  
Article
Plasma-Induced Crystallization of TiO2 Nanotubes
by Metka Benčina, Ita Junkar, Rok Zaplotnik, Matjaz Valant, Aleš Iglič and Miran Mozetič
Materials 2019, 12(4), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040626 - 20 Feb 2019
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3700
Abstract
Facile crystallization of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs), synthesized by electrochemical anodization, with low pressure non-thermal oxygen plasma is reported. The influence of plasma processing conditions on TiO2 NTs crystal structure and morphology was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and [...] Read more.
Facile crystallization of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs), synthesized by electrochemical anodization, with low pressure non-thermal oxygen plasma is reported. The influence of plasma processing conditions on TiO2 NTs crystal structure and morphology was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the first time we report the transition of amorphous TiO2 NTs to anatase and rutile crystal structures upon treatment with highly reactive oxygen plasma. This crystallization process has a strong advantage over the conventional heat treatments as it enables rapid crystallization of the surface. Thus the crystalline structure of NTs is obtained in a few seconds of treatment and it does not disrupt the NTs’ morphology. Such a crystallization approach is especially suitable for medical applications in which stable crystallized nanotubular morphology is desired. The last part of the study thus deals with in vitro biological response of whole blood to the TiO2 NTs. The results indicate that application of such surfaces for blood connecting devices is prospective, as practically no platelet adhesion or activation on crystallized TiO2 NTs surfaces was observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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12 pages, 4264 KiB  
Article
Surface Characteristics and Hydrophobicity of Ni-Ti Alloy through Magnetic Mixed Electrical Discharge Machining
by C.C. Feng, L. Li, C.S. Zhang, G.M. Zheng, X. Bai and Z.W. Niu
Materials 2019, 12(3), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030388 - 26 Jan 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2954
Abstract
Nickel–titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy has been selected as stent material given its good biocompatibility. In this study, experimental research on this material was conducted using magnetic field-assisted electrical discharge machining (EDM). The surface topography of the machined workpiece was analyzed with a scanning electron [...] Read more.
Nickel–titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy has been selected as stent material given its good biocompatibility. In this study, experimental research on this material was conducted using magnetic field-assisted electrical discharge machining (EDM). The surface topography of the machined workpiece was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hydrophobicity was measured by using an optical contact angle measuring instrument. The roughness values of different positions on the surface were measured using a TR200 roughness instrument. Results showed that the composite structure of solidification bulge–crater–pore–particle can be prepared on the surface of the Ni-Ti alloy through magnetic mixed EDM using suitable processing parameters. Moreover, the contact angle of the surface reaches 138.2°. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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13 pages, 7487 KiB  
Article
Influence of Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti–26Nb Alloy Elaborated In Situ by Laser Additive Manufacturing with Ti and Nb Mixed Powder
by Jing Wei, Hongji Sun, Dechuang Zhang, Lunjun Gong, Jianguo Lin and Cuie Wen
Materials 2019, 12(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12010061 - 25 Dec 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3410
Abstract
In the present work, a Ti–26Nb alloy was elaborated in situ by laser additive manufacturing (LAM) with Ti and Nb mixed powders. The alloys were annealed at temperatures ranging from 650 °C to 925 °C, and the effects of the annealing temperature on [...] Read more.
In the present work, a Ti–26Nb alloy was elaborated in situ by laser additive manufacturing (LAM) with Ti and Nb mixed powders. The alloys were annealed at temperatures ranging from 650 °C to 925 °C, and the effects of the annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. It has been found that the microstructure of the as-deposited alloy obtained in the present conditions is characterized by columnar prior β grains with a relatively strong <001> fiber texture in the build direction. The as-deposited alloy exhibits extremely high strength, and its ultimate tensile strength and yield strength are about 799 MPa and 768 MPa, respectively. The annealing temperature has significant effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys. Annealing treatment can promote the dissolution of unmelted Nb particles and eliminate the micro-segregation of Nb at the elliptical-shaped grain boundaries, while increasing the grain size of the alloy. With an increase in annealing temperature, the strength of the alloy decreases but the ductility increases. The alloy annealed at 850 °C exhibits a balance of strength and ductility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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7 pages, 1920 KiB  
Communication
Titanium Plasma-Sprayed Coatings on Polymers for Hard Tissue Applications
by Artur Wypych, Piotr Siwak, Daniel Andrzejewski and Jaroslaw Jakubowicz
Materials 2018, 11(12), 2536; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122536 - 13 Dec 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3153
Abstract
The paper presents the results of titanium plasma spraying (TPS) on polymer substrates. Polyethylene (PE300), polyamide PA6, and fiber glass-reinforced polyamide (PA6.6-GF30) were used as substrates. The PE300 and PA6.6-GF30 substrates exhibited appropriate behavior during the TPS process, whereas the PA6 substrate did [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of titanium plasma spraying (TPS) on polymer substrates. Polyethylene (PE300), polyamide PA6, and fiber glass-reinforced polyamide (PA6.6-GF30) were used as substrates. The PE300 and PA6.6-GF30 substrates exhibited appropriate behavior during the TPS process, whereas the PA6 substrate did not “accept” Ti during plasma spraying, and the coating did not form. The TPS coatings exhibited low porosity and high homogeneity, and they had a typical multilayer structure composed of Ti and its oxides. The nanoindentation test showed good mechanical properties of the coatings and demonstrated a hardness and a Young’s modulus of approximately 400 HV and 200 GPa, respectively. The bending test confirmed the good adhesion of the titanium coatings to the polymer substrates. The Ti coatings did not fall off the substrate after its significant bending deformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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11 pages, 5668 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Evaluation of the Properties of Ultrafine to Nanocrystalline Grade 2 Titanium Wires
by Jan Palán, Radek Procházka, Jan Džugan, Jan Nacházel, Michal Duchek, Gergely Németh, Kristián Máthis, Peter Minárik and Klaudia Horváth
Materials 2018, 11(12), 2522; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122522 - 11 Dec 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3448
Abstract
This paper describes the mechanical properties and microstructure of commercially pure titanium (Grade 2) processed with Conform severe plastic deformation (SPD) and rotary swaging techniques. This technology enables ultrafine-grained to nanocrystalline wires to be produced in a continuous process. A comprehensive description is [...] Read more.
This paper describes the mechanical properties and microstructure of commercially pure titanium (Grade 2) processed with Conform severe plastic deformation (SPD) and rotary swaging techniques. This technology enables ultrafine-grained to nanocrystalline wires to be produced in a continuous process. A comprehensive description is given of those properties which should enable straightforward implementation of the material in medical applications. Conform SPD processing has led to a dramatic refinement of the initial microstructure, producing equiaxed grains already in the first pass. The mean grain size in the transverse direction was 320 nm. Further passes did not lead to any additional appreciable grain refinement. The subsequent rotary swaging caused fine grains to become elongated. A single Conform SPD pass and subsequent rotary swaging resulted in an ultimate strength of 1060 MPa and elongation of 12%. The achieved fatigue limit was 396 MPa. This paper describes the production possibilities of ultrafine to nanocrystalline wires made of pure titanium and points out the possibility of serial production, particularly in medical implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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18 pages, 5860 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Sphene-Based Ceramic Coatings on cpTi Substrates for Dental Implants: An In Vitro Study
by Hamada Elsayed, Giulia Brunello, Chiara Gardin, Letizia Ferroni, Denis Badocco, Paolo Pastore, Stefano Sivolella, Barbara Zavan and Lisa Biasetto
Materials 2018, 11(11), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112234 - 09 Nov 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4403
Abstract
Titanium implant surface modifications have been widely investigated to favor the process of osseointegration. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of sphene (CaTiSiO5) biocoating, on titanium substrates, on the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (hADSCs). [...] Read more.
Titanium implant surface modifications have been widely investigated to favor the process of osseointegration. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of sphene (CaTiSiO5) biocoating, on titanium substrates, on the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (hADSCs). Sphene bioceramic coatings were prepared using preceramic polymers and nano-sized active fillers and deposited by spray coating. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, surface roughness measurements and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed. The chemical stability of the coatings in Tris-HCl solution was investigated. In vitro studies were performed by means of proliferation test of hADSCs seeded on coated and uncoated samples after 21 days. Methyl Thiazolyl-Tetrazolium (MTT) test and immunofluorescent staining with phalloidin confirmed the in vitro biocompatibility of both substrates. In vitro osteogenic differentiation of the cells was evaluated using Alizarin Red S staining and quantification assay and real-time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). When hADSCs were cultured in the presence of Osteogenic Differentiation Medium, a significantly higher accumulation of calcium deposits onto the sphene-coated surfaces than on uncoated controls was detected. Osteogenic differentiation on both samples was confirmed by PCR. The proposed coating seems to be promising for dental and orthopedic implants, in terms of composition and deposition technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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11 pages, 2832 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Mechanical Stability of Elastic Titanium, Nickel-Titanium, and Stainless Steel Nails Used in the Fixation of Diaphyseal Long Bone Fractures
by Pei-Yuan Lee, Yen-Nien Chen, Jin-Jia Hu and Chih-Han Chang
Materials 2018, 11(11), 2159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112159 - 01 Nov 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4460
Abstract
Elastic nails made of the nickel-titanium shape memory alloy (Nitinol) have been reported to control bone modeling in animal studies. However, the mechanical stability of the Nitinol nail in the fixation of long bone fractures remains unclear. This study compared mechanical stability among [...] Read more.
Elastic nails made of the nickel-titanium shape memory alloy (Nitinol) have been reported to control bone modeling in animal studies. However, the mechanical stability of the Nitinol nail in the fixation of long bone fractures remains unclear. This study compared mechanical stability among nails made of three materials, namely Nitinol, titanium, and stainless steel, in the fixation of long bone fractures. These three materials had identical shapes (arc length: π/2 and radius: 260 mm). A cylindrical sawbone with a 10-mm gap and fixed with two C-shaped elastic nails was used to examine the stability of the nails. A finite element (FE) model was developed based on the sawbone model. The end cap for elastic nails was not used in the sawbone test but was considered based on a constraint equation in FE simulation. The results of stability tests appeared to depend on the presence or absence of the end cap. In the sawbone test, the titanium nail yielded a higher ultimate force against the applied load than did the stainless steel and Nitinol nails before the gap completely closed; the difference in linear stiffness between the nails was nonsignificant. In FE simulation, the titanium nail produced smaller gap shortening than did stainless steel and Nitinol nails without the end cap; the difference in gap shortening between the nails was minor with the end cap. The titanium elastic nail should be a better choice in managing diaphyseal long bone fractures when the end cap is not used. For Nitinol and stainless steel nails, the end cap should be used to stop the nail from dropping out and to stabilize the fractured bone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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18 pages, 5724 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetic Analysis, Characterization and Discussion of Inductive Transmission Parameters for Titanium Based Housing Materials in Active Medical Implantable Devices
by Waldemar Gruenwald, Mayukh Bhattacharrya, Dirk Jansen and Leonhard Reindl
Materials 2018, 11(11), 2089; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112089 - 25 Oct 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2826
Abstract
The growing demand for active medical implantable devices requires data and or power links between the implant and the outside world. Every implant has to be encapsulated from the body by a specific housing and one of the most common materials used is [...] Read more.
The growing demand for active medical implantable devices requires data and or power links between the implant and the outside world. Every implant has to be encapsulated from the body by a specific housing and one of the most common materials used is titanium or titanium alloy. Titanium thas the necessary properties in terms of mechanical and chemical stability and biocompatibility. However, its electrical conductivity presents a challenge for the electromagnetic transmission of data and power. The proposed paper presents a fast and practical method to determine the necessary transmission parameters for titanium encapsulated implants. Therefore, the basic transformer-transmission-model is used with measured or calculated key values for the inductances. Those are then expanded with correction factors to determine the behavior with the encapsulation. The correction factors are extracted from finite element method simulations. These also enable the analysis of the magnetic field distribution inside of the housing. The simulated transmission properties are very close to the measured values. Additionally, based on lumped elements and magnetic field distribution, the influential parameters are discussed in the paper. The parameter discussion describes how to enhance the transmitted power, data-rate or distance, or to reduce the size of the necessary coils. Finally, an example application demonstrates the usage of the methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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17 pages, 7496 KiB  
Article
Diffusivities and Atomic Mobilities in bcc Ti-Mo-Zr Alloys
by Weimin Bai, Guanglong Xu, Mingyue Tan, Zhijie Yang, Lijun Zeng, Di Wu, Libin Liu and Ligang Zhang
Materials 2018, 11(10), 1909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101909 - 08 Oct 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4201
Abstract
β-type (with bcc structure) titanium alloys have been widely used as artificial implants in the medical field due to their favorable properties. Among them, Ti-Mo alloy attracted numerous interests as metallic biomaterials. Understanding of kinetic characteristics of Ti alloys is critical to understand [...] Read more.
β-type (with bcc structure) titanium alloys have been widely used as artificial implants in the medical field due to their favorable properties. Among them, Ti-Mo alloy attracted numerous interests as metallic biomaterials. Understanding of kinetic characteristics of Ti alloys is critical to understand and manipulate the phase transformation and microstructure evolution during homogenization and precipitation. In this work, diffusion couple technique was employed to investigate the diffusion behaviors in bcc Ti-Mo-Zr alloys. The diffusion couples were prepared and annealed at 1373 K for 72 h and 1473 K for 48 h, respectively. The composition-distance profiles were obtained via electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). The chemical diffusion coefficients and impurity diffusion coefficients were extracted via the Whittle-Green method and Hall method. The obtained diffusion coefficients were assessed to develop a self-consistent atomic mobility database of bcc phase in Ti-Mo-Zr system. The calculated diffusion coefficients were compared with the experimental results. They showed good agreement. Simulations were implemented by Dictra Module in Thermo-Calc software. The predicted composition-distance profiles, inter-diffusion flux, and diffusion paths are consistent with experimental data, confirming the accuracy of the database. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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16 pages, 9594 KiB  
Article
Assay of Secondary Anisotropy in Additively Manufactured Alloys for Dental Applications
by Elena Bassoli and Lucia Denti
Materials 2018, 11(10), 1831; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11101831 - 26 Sep 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2459
Abstract
Even though additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have been available since the late 1980s, their application in medicine is still striving to gain full acceptance. For the production of dental implants, the use of AM allows to save time and costs, but also to [...] Read more.
Even though additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have been available since the late 1980s, their application in medicine is still striving to gain full acceptance. For the production of dental implants, the use of AM allows to save time and costs, but also to ensure closer dimensional tolerances and higher repeatability, as compared to traditional manual processes. Among the several AM solutions, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is the most appropriate for the production of metal prostheses. The target of this paper was to investigate the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of Co–Cr–Mo and Ti–6Al–4V alloys processed by L-PBF, with a specific focus on secondary anisotropy that is usually disregarded in the literature. Tensile specimens were built in the EOSINT-M270 machine, along different orientations perpendicular to the growth direction. Density, hardness, and tensile properties were measured and the results combined with microstructural and fractographic examination. For both alloys, the results provided evidence of high strength and hardness, combined with outstanding elongation and full densification. Extremely fine microstructures were observed, sufficient to account for the good mechanical response. Statistical analysis of the mechanical properties allowed to attest the substantial absence of secondary anisotropy. The result was corroborated by the observations of the microstructures and of the failure modes. Overall, the two alloys proved to be high-performing, in very close agreement with the values reported in the datasheets, independently of the build orientation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ti-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
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