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Micromachines
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Carbon Based Electronic Devices
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Carbon Based Electronic Devices

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "D：Materials and Processing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2019) | Viewed by 67542

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alberto Tagliaferro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, TO, Italy
Interests: materials science; nanotechnology; nanomaterials processing; carbon-based materials; microstructure-property relationship; sensors; Raman spectroscopy
Prof. Dr. Costas Charitidis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
RNANO Lab - Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR-15780 Zographos Athens, Greece
Interests: polymers nanocomposites; carbon based materials; advanced composite materials; nanocomposites; nanoindentation; nanomechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

For more than 50 years, silicon has dominated the electronics industry. However, this growth will come to an end, due to resources limitations. Thus, research developments need to focus to alternative materials, with higher performance and better functionality. Current research achievements have indicated that carbon is one of the promising candidates for its exploitation in the electronics industry. Whereas the physical properties of graphite and diamond have been investigated for many years, the potential for electronic applications of other allotropes of carbon (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibres, carbon films, carbon balls and beads, carbon fibers, etc), has only been appreciated relatively recently. Carbon-based materials offer a number of exciting possibilities for new applications of electronic devices, due to their unique thermal and electrical properties. However, the success of carbon-based electronics depends on the rapid progress of the fabrication, doping and manipulation techniques. In this Special Issue, we focus on both insights and advancements in carbon-based electronics. We will also cover various topics ranging from synthesis, functionalisation, and characterisation of carbon-based materials, for their use in electronic devices, including advanced manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing, ink-jet printing, spray-gun technique, etc.

Dr. Alberto Tagliaferro
Prof. Dr. Costas Charitidis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Carbon based inks
  • Carbon nanofibres
  • Carbon nanotubes
  • Carbon fibres
  • Characterisation
  • Flexible devices
  • Functionalisation
  • Graphene
  • Memory arrays
  • MEMS
  • Sensors
  • Smart devices
  • Supercapacitors

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 146 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for the Special Issue on Carbon Based Electronic Devices
by Alberto Tagliaferro and Costas Charitidis
Micromachines 2019, 10(12), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10120856 - 06 Dec 2019
Viewed by 1621
Abstract
For more than 50 years, silicon has dominated the electronics industry [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 3774 KiB  
Article
Graphene Oxide Decorated Nanometal-Poly(Anilino-Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid) for Application in High Performance Supercapacitors
by Nomxolisi R. Dywili, Afroditi Ntziouni, Chinwe Ikpo, Miranda Ndipingwi, Ntuthuko W. Hlongwa, Anne L. D. Yonkeu, Milua Masikini, Konstantinos Kordatos and Emmanuel I. Iwuoha
Micromachines 2019, 10(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10020115 - 11 Feb 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3528
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) decorated with silver (Ag), copper (Cu) or platinum (Pt) nanoparticles that are anchored on dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA)-doped polyaniline (PANI) were prepared by a simple one-step method and applied as novel materials for high performance supercapacitors. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO) decorated with silver (Ag), copper (Cu) or platinum (Pt) nanoparticles that are anchored on dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA)-doped polyaniline (PANI) were prepared by a simple one-step method and applied as novel materials for high performance supercapacitors. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) analyses revealed that a metal-decorated polymer matrix is embedded within the GO sheet. This caused the M/DBSA–PANI (M = Ag, Cu or Pt) particles to adsorb on the surface of the GO sheets, appearing as aggregated dark regions in the HRSEM images. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies revealed that GO was successfully produced and decorated with Ag, Cu or Pt nanoparticles anchored on DBSA–PANI. This was confirmed by the appearance of the GO signature epoxy C–O vibration band at 1040 cm−1 (which decreased upon the introduction of metal nanoparticle) and the PANI characteristic N–H stretching vibration band at 3144 cm−1 present only in the GO/M/DBSA–PANI systems. The composites were tested for their suitability as supercapacitor materials; and specific capacitance values of 206.4, 192.8 and 227.2 F·g−1 were determined for GO/Ag/DBSA–PANI, GO/Cu/DBSA–PANI and GO/Pt/DBSA–PANI, respectively. The GO/Pt/DBSA–PANI electrode exhibited the best specific capacitance value of the three electrodes and also had twice the specific capacitance value reported for Graphene/MnO2//ACN (113.5 F·g−1). This makes GO/Pt/DBSA–PANI a very promising organic supercapacitor material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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Graphical abstract

9 pages, 5825 KiB  
Article
Nano-Graphitic based Non-Volatile Memories Fabricated by the Dynamic Spray-Gun Deposition Method
by Paolo Bondavalli, Marie Blandine Martin, Louiza Hamidouche, Alberto Montanaro, Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta and Costas A. Charitidis
Micromachines 2019, 10(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10020095 - 29 Jan 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3175
Abstract
This paper deals with the fabrication of Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) based on oxidized carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Stable suspensions of oxidized CNFs have been prepared in water and sprayed on an appropriate substrate, using the dynamic spray-gun deposition method, developed at Thales [...] Read more.
This paper deals with the fabrication of Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) based on oxidized carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Stable suspensions of oxidized CNFs have been prepared in water and sprayed on an appropriate substrate, using the dynamic spray-gun deposition method, developed at Thales Research and Technology. This technique allows extremely uniform mats to be produced while heating the substrate at the boiling point of the solvent used for the suspensions. A thickness of around 150 nm of CNFs sandwiched between two metal layers (the metalized substrate and the top contacts) has been achieved, creating a Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) structure typical of ReRAM. After applying a bias, we were able to change the resistance of the oxidized layer between a low (LRS) and a high resistance state (HRS) in a completely reversible way. This is the first time that a scientific group has produced this kind of device using CNFs and these results pave the way for the further implementation of this kind of memory on flexible substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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14 pages, 4234 KiB  
Article
Laser Treatments for Improving Electrical Conductivity and Piezoresistive Behavior of Polymer–Carbon Nanofiller Composites
by Andrea Caradonna, Claudio Badini, Elisa Padovano, Antonino Veca, Enea De Meo and Mario Pietroluongo
Micromachines 2019, 10(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10010063 - 18 Jan 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4058
Abstract
The effect of carbon nanotubes, graphene-like platelets, and another carbonaceous fillers of natural origin on the electrical conductivity of polymeric materials was studied. With the aim of keeping the filler content and the material cost as low as possible, the effect of laser [...] Read more.
The effect of carbon nanotubes, graphene-like platelets, and another carbonaceous fillers of natural origin on the electrical conductivity of polymeric materials was studied. With the aim of keeping the filler content and the material cost as low as possible, the effect of laser surface treatments on the conductivity of polymer composites with filler load below the percolation threshold was also investigated. These treatments allowed processing in situ conductive tracks on the surface of insulating polymer-based materials. The importance of the kinds of fillers and matrices, and of the laser process parameters was studied. Carbon nanotubes were also used to obtain piezoresistive composites. The electrical response of these materials to a mechanical load was investigated in view of their exploitation for the production of pressure sensors and switches based on the piezoresistive effect. It was found that the piezoresistive behavior of composites with very low filler concentration can be improved with proper laser treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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10 pages, 2394 KiB  
Article
Pressure Sensitivity Enhancement of Porous Carbon Electrode and Its Application in Self-Powered Mechanical Sensors
by Keren Dai, Xiaofeng Wang, Zheng You and He Zhang
Micromachines 2019, 10(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10010058 - 16 Jan 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3644
Abstract
Microsystems with limited power supplies, such as electronic skin and smart fuzes, have a strong demand for self-powered pressure and impact sensors. In recent years, new self-powered mechanical sensors based on the piezoresistive characteristics of porous electrodes have been rapidly developed, and have [...] Read more.
Microsystems with limited power supplies, such as electronic skin and smart fuzes, have a strong demand for self-powered pressure and impact sensors. In recent years, new self-powered mechanical sensors based on the piezoresistive characteristics of porous electrodes have been rapidly developed, and have unique advantages compared to conventional piezoelectric sensors. In this paper, in order to optimize the mechanical sensitivity of porous electrodes, a material preparation process that can enhance the piezoresistive characteristics is proposed. A flexible porous electrode with superior piezoresistive characteristics and elasticity was prepared by modifying the microstructure of the porous electrode material and adding an elastic rubber component. Furthermore, based on the porous electrode, a self-powered pressure sensor and an impact sensor were fabricated. Through experimental results, the response signals of the sensors present a voltage peak under such mechanical effects and the sensitive signal has less clutter, making it easy to identify the features of the mechanical effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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9 pages, 2863 KiB  
Article
Spray-On Liquid-Metal Electrodes for Graphene Field-Effect Transistors
by Jordan L. Melcher, Kareem S. Elassy, Richard C. Ordonez, Cody Hayashi, Aaron T. Ohta and David Garmire
Micromachines 2019, 10(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10010054 - 14 Jan 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4708
Abstract
Advancements in flexible circuit interconnects are critical for widespread adoption of flexible electronics. Non-toxic liquid-metals offer a viable solution for flexible electrodes due to deformability and low bulk resistivity. However, fabrication processes utilizing liquid-metals suffer from high complexity, low throughput, and significant production [...] Read more.
Advancements in flexible circuit interconnects are critical for widespread adoption of flexible electronics. Non-toxic liquid-metals offer a viable solution for flexible electrodes due to deformability and low bulk resistivity. However, fabrication processes utilizing liquid-metals suffer from high complexity, low throughput, and significant production cost. Our team utilized an inexpensive spray-on stencil technique to deposit liquid-metal Galinstan electrodes in top-gated graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). The electrode stencils were patterned using an automated vinyl cutter and positioned directly onto chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene transferred to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. Our spray-on method exhibited a throughput of 28 transistors in under five minutes on the same graphene sample, with a 96% yield for all devices down to a channel length of 50 μm. The fabricated transistors possess hole and electron mobilities of 663.5 cm2/(V·s) and 689.9 cm2/(V·s), respectively, and support a simple and effective method of developing high-yield flexible electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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13 pages, 8410 KiB  
Article
Plasma Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanofibres with Silver, Palladium and Platinum Nanoparticles for Cost-Effective and High-Performance Supercapacitors
by Zelun Li, Shaojun Qi, Yana Liang, Zhenxue Zhang, Xiaoying Li and Hanshan Dong
Micromachines 2019, 10(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10010002 - 21 Dec 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3329
Abstract
Due to their relatively low cost, large surface area and good chemical and physical properties, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are attractive for the fabrication of electrodes for supercapacitors (SCs). However, their relatively low electrical conductivity has impeded their practical application. To this end, a [...] Read more.
Due to their relatively low cost, large surface area and good chemical and physical properties, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are attractive for the fabrication of electrodes for supercapacitors (SCs). However, their relatively low electrical conductivity has impeded their practical application. To this end, a novel active-screen plasma activation and deposition technology has been developed to deposit silver, platinum and palladium nanoparticles on activated CNFs surfaces to increase their specific surface area and electrical conductivity, thus improving the specific capacitance. The functionalised CNFs were fully characterised using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and their electrochemical properties were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed a significant improvement in specific capacitance, as well as electrochemical impedance over the untreated CNFs. The functionalisation of CNFs via environmental-friendly active-screen plasma technology provides a promising future for cost-effective supercapacitors with high power and energy density. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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9 pages, 2901 KiB  
Article
White-Light Photosensors Based on Ag Nanoparticle-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Materials
by Wei-Chen Tu, Xiang-Sheng Liu, Shih-Lun Chen, Ming-Yi Lin, Wu-Yih Uen, Yu-Cheng Chen and Yu-Chiang Chao
Micromachines 2018, 9(12), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9120655 - 11 Dec 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3211
Abstract
The unique and outstanding electrical and optical properties of graphene make it a potential material to be used in the construction of high-performance photosensors. However, the fabrication process of a graphene photosensor is usually complicated and the size of the device also is [...] Read more.
The unique and outstanding electrical and optical properties of graphene make it a potential material to be used in the construction of high-performance photosensors. However, the fabrication process of a graphene photosensor is usually complicated and the size of the device also is restricted to micrometer scale. In this work, we report large-area photosensors based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) implemented with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) via a simple and cost-effective method. To further optimize the performance of photosensors, the absorbance and distribution of the electrical field intensity of graphene with AgNPs was simulated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method through use of the surface plasmon resonance effect. Based on the simulated results, we constructed photosensors using rGO with 60–80 nm AgNPs and analyzed the characteristics at room temperature under white-light illumination for outdoor environment applications. The on/off ratio of the photosensor with AgNPs was improved from 1.166 to 9.699 at the bias voltage of −1.5 V, which was compared as a sample without AgNPs. The proposed photosensor affords a new strategy to construct cost-effective and large-area graphene films which raises opportunities in the field of next-generation optoelectronic devices operated in an outdoor environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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9 pages, 4376 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Stable Carbon Nanotube Cold Cathode Electron Emitters with Post-Growth Electrical Aging
by Jung Hyun Kim, Jung Su Kang and Kyu Chang Park
Micromachines 2018, 9(12), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9120648 - 07 Dec 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3780
Abstract
We fabricated carbon nanotube (CNT) cold cathode emitters with enhanced and stable electron emission properties and long-time stability with electrical aging as a post-treatment. Our CNT field emitters showed improved electrical properties by electrical aging. We set the applied bias for effective electrical [...] Read more.
We fabricated carbon nanotube (CNT) cold cathode emitters with enhanced and stable electron emission properties and long-time stability with electrical aging as a post-treatment. Our CNT field emitters showed improved electrical properties by electrical aging. We set the applied bias for effective electrical aging, with the bias voltage defined at the voltage where Joule heating appeared. At the initial stage of aging, the electron emission current started to increase and then was saturated within 3 h. We understood that 5 h aging time was enough at proper aging bias. If the aging bias is higher, excessive heating damages CNT emitters. With the electrical aging, we obtained improved electron emission current from 3 mA to 6 mA. The current of 6 mA was steadily driven for 9 h. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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7 pages, 3238 KiB  
Article
Selective Detection of NO and NO2 with CNTs-Based Ionization Sensor Array
by Hui Song, Kun Li and Chang Wang
Micromachines 2018, 9(7), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9070354 - 16 Jul 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3177
Abstract
The accurate detection of NOx is an important issue, because nitrogen oxides are not only environmental pollutants, but also harm to human health. An array composed of two carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based ionization sensors with different separations is proposed for NO and NO [...] Read more.
The accurate detection of NOx is an important issue, because nitrogen oxides are not only environmental pollutants, but also harm to human health. An array composed of two carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based ionization sensors with different separations is proposed for NO and NO2 selective detection. The experimental results indicate that the CNTs-based ionization sensor has an intrinsic, monotonically decreasing response to NO or NO2. The sensor with 80 µm separations and 100 µm separations exhibited the highest sensitivity of −0.11 nA/ppm to 300 ppm NO and −0.49 nA /ppm to 70 ppm NO2, respectively. Although the effect of the NO2 concentration on the NO response is much stronger than that of NO on NO2, the array of these two sensors still exhibits the ability to simultaneously detect the concentrations of NO and NO2 in a gas mixture without component separation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

43 pages, 4895 KiB  
Review
Selective Carbon Material Engineering for Improved MEMS and NEMS
by Stephane Neuville
Micromachines 2019, 10(8), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10080539 - 16 Aug 2019
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5223
Abstract
The development of micro and nano electromechanical systems and achievement of higher performances with increased quality and life time is confronted to searching and mastering of material with superior properties and quality. Those can affect many aspects of the MEMS, NEMS and MOMS [...] Read more.
The development of micro and nano electromechanical systems and achievement of higher performances with increased quality and life time is confronted to searching and mastering of material with superior properties and quality. Those can affect many aspects of the MEMS, NEMS and MOMS design including geometric tolerances and reproducibility of many specific solid-state structures and properties. Among those: Mechanical, adhesion, thermal and chemical stability, electrical and heat conductance, optical, optoelectronic and semiconducting properties, porosity, bulk and surface properties. They can be affected by different kinds of phase transformations and degrading, which greatly depends on the conditions of use and the way the materials have been selected, elaborated, modified and assembled. Distribution of these properties cover several orders of magnitude and depend on the design, actually achieved structure, type and number of defects. It is then essential to be well aware about all these, and to distinguish and characterize all features that are able to affect the results. For this achievement, we point out and discuss the necessity to take into account several recently revisited fundamentals on carbon atomic rearrangement and revised carbon Raman spectroscopy characterizing in addition to several other aspects we will briefly describe. Correctly selected and implemented, these carbon materials can then open new routes for many new and more performing microsystems including improved energy generation, storage and conversion, 2D superconductivity, light switches, light pipes and quantum devices and with new improved sensor and mechanical functions and biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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25 pages, 3542 KiB  
Review
Functionalized Carbon Materials for Electronic Devices: A Review
by Urooj Kamran, Young-Jung Heo, Ji Won Lee and Soo-Jin Park
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040234 - 03 Apr 2019
Cited by 82 | Viewed by 7224
Abstract
Carbon-based materials, including graphene, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), are very promising materials for developing future-generation electronic devices. Their efficient physical, chemical, and electrical properties, such as high conductivity, efficient thermal and electrochemical stability, and high specific [...] Read more.
Carbon-based materials, including graphene, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), are very promising materials for developing future-generation electronic devices. Their efficient physical, chemical, and electrical properties, such as high conductivity, efficient thermal and electrochemical stability, and high specific surface area, enable them to fulfill the requirements of modern electronic industries. In this review article, we discuss the synthetic methods of different functionalized carbon materials based on graphene oxide (GO), SWCNTs, MWCNTs, carbon fibers (CFs), and activated carbon (AC). Furthermore, we highlight the recent developments and applications of functionalized carbon materials in energy storage devices (supercapacitors), inkjet printing appliances, self-powered automatic sensing devices (biosensors, gas sensors, pressure sensors), and stretchable/flexible wearable electronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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29 pages, 5738 KiB  
Review
Carbon-Based Materials for Humidity Sensing: A Short Review
by Jean-Marc Tulliani, Barbara Inserra and Daniele Ziegler
Micromachines 2019, 10(4), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10040232 - 31 Mar 2019
Cited by 97 | Viewed by 5997
Abstract
Humidity sensors are widespread in many industrial applications, ranging from environmental and meteorological monitoring, soil water content determination in agriculture, air conditioning systems, food quality monitoring, and medical equipment to many other fields. Thus, an accurate and reliable measurement of water content in [...] Read more.
Humidity sensors are widespread in many industrial applications, ranging from environmental and meteorological monitoring, soil water content determination in agriculture, air conditioning systems, food quality monitoring, and medical equipment to many other fields. Thus, an accurate and reliable measurement of water content in different environments and materials is of paramount importance. Due to their rich surface chemistry and structure designability, carbon materials have become interesting in humidity sensing. In addition, they can be easily miniaturized and applied in flexible electronics. Therefore, this short review aims at providing a survey of recent research dealing with carbonaceous materials used as capacitive and resistive humidity sensors. This work collects some successful examples of devices based on carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon black, carbon fibers, carbon soot, and more recently, biochar produced from agricultural wastes. The pros and cons of the different sensors are also discussed in the present review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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24 pages, 1742 KiB  
Review
Rheological Issues in Carbon-Based Inks for Additive Manufacturing
by Charlie O’ Mahony, Ehtsham Ul Haq, Christophe Silien and Syed A. M. Tofail
Micromachines 2019, 10(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10020099 - 29 Jan 2019
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6260
Abstract
As the industry and commercial market move towards the optimization of printing and additive manufacturing, it becomes important to understand how to obtain the most from the materials while maintaining the ability to print complex geometries effectively. Combining such a manufacturing method with [...] Read more.
As the industry and commercial market move towards the optimization of printing and additive manufacturing, it becomes important to understand how to obtain the most from the materials while maintaining the ability to print complex geometries effectively. Combining such a manufacturing method with advanced carbon materials, such as Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, and Carbon fibers, with their mechanical and conductive properties, delivers a cutting-edge combination of low-cost conductive products. Through the process of printing the effectiveness of these properties decreases. Thorough optimization is required to determine the idealized ink functional and flow properties to ensure maximum printability and functionalities offered by carbon nanoforms. The optimization of these properties then is limited by the printability. By determining the physical properties of printability and flow properties of the inks, calculated compromises can be made for the ink design. In this review we have discussed the connection between the rheology of carbon-based inks and the methodologies for maintaining the maximum pristine carbon material properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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27 pages, 7357 KiB  
Review
Transparent Conductive Electrodes Based on Graphene-Related Materials
by Yun Sung Woo
Micromachines 2019, 10(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10010013 - 26 Dec 2018
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 7409
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are the most important key component in photovoltaic and display technology. In particular, graphene has been considered as a viable substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The outstanding [...] Read more.
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are the most important key component in photovoltaic and display technology. In particular, graphene has been considered as a viable substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The outstanding mechanical strength of graphene also provides an opportunity to apply it as a flexible electrode in wearable electronic devices. At the early stage of the development, TCE films that were produced only with graphene or graphene oxide (GO) were mainly reported. However, since then, the hybrid structure of graphene or GO mixed with other TCE materials has been investigated to further improve TCE performance by complementing the shortcomings of each material. This review provides a summary of the fabrication technology and the performance of various TCE films prepared with graphene-related materials, including graphene that is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and GO or reduced GO (rGO) dispersed solution and their composite with other TCE materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and other conductive organic/inorganic material. Finally, several representative applications of the graphene-based TCE films are introduced, including solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and electrochromic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Based Electronic Devices)
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