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Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition Methodology & Assessment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2019) | Viewed by 55982

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ana Ramírez de Molina

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Guest Editor

PI Molecular Oncology Group. Director of Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, IMDEA-FOOD, Madrid, Spain
Interests: colon cancer; colorectal cancer; Fatty acids and lipid metabolism; Metabolism, aging and cancer

Dr. Federico Pietrocola

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Guest Editor

Senior Researcher Cellular Plasticity and Disease. AGING & METABOLISM (IRB-Barcelona), Spain
Interests: Cancer Metabolism; Cancer Biomarkers; Immunohistochemistry; epigenetics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequent and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Most colorectal tumors develop as benign lesions, but a small proportion progress to more malignant stages. CRC is not a single disease entity but a heterogeneous group of tumors, both at the intertumoral and intratumoral levels. Significant efforts have been focused on the identification of predictive biomarkers of the tumor response to anticancer therapies—mainly directed toward targets downstream in the EGFR signal transduction cascade, including mutations in the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA genes, and PTEN protein expression. In addition, the identification of prognostic biomarkers aims to stratify patients based on their expected disease outcome, independent of the treatment received.

Together with the patient genome, environmental factors associated with lifestyle influence cancer initiation and malignancy. Current evidence demonstrates that one third of cancer-related deaths could be prevented by modifying key risk factors, such as high saturated fatty acids intake, smoking or alcohol consumption. Moreover, physical activity and diet are also considered among the most important environmental risk factors for cancer development due to their association with obesity. Obesity, a state of elevated levels of circulating FA, has been associated with an increased incidence of CRC and a poor prognosis in established tumors. The intratumor variability, the tissue microenvironment, and the distant metastasis heterogeneity require the union of basic research with translation medicine and oncologists in the clinic to better define patient subpopulations for the design of personalized therapies, including precision nutrition.

On this topic you are invited to submit proposals for manuscripts that fit the topics of this Special Issue.

Dr. Ana Ramírez de Molina
Dr. Federico Pietrocola
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Colon cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Precision nutrition
Dietary patterns
Fatty acids and lipid metabolism
Bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals
Caloric restriction
Cachexia
Immunonutrition and microbiome
Metabolism, aging and cancer

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Yarrow Supercritical Extract Ameliorates the Metabolic Stress in a Model of Obesity Induced by High-Fat Diet

by Lamia Mouhid, Marta Gómez de Cedrón, Adriana Quijada-Freire, Pablo J. Fernández-Marcos, Guillermo Reglero, Tiziana Fornari and Ana Ramírez de Molina

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010072 - 26 Dec 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3597

Abstract

Nowadays, obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, or cancer, continue to be a health epidemic in westernized societies, and there is an increased necessity to explore anti-obesity therapies including pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds. Considerable attention has been placed on the identification of bioactive compounds from natural sources to manage the metabolic stress associated with obesity. In a previous work, we have demonstrated that a CO₂ supercritical fluid extract from yarrow (Yarrow SFE), downregulates the expression of the lipogenic master regulator SREBF1 and its downstream molecular targets FASN and SCD in a tumoral context. Since obesity and diabetes are strongly considered high-risk factors for cancer development, herein, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic role of Yarrow SFE in the metabolic stress induced after a high-fat diet in mice. For this purpose, 32 C57BL/6 mice were distributed in four groups according to their diets: standard diet (SD); SD supplemented with Yarrow SFE (SD + Yarrow); high-fat diet (HFD); and HFD supplemented with Yarrow SFE (HFD + Yarrow). Fasting glycemia, insulin levels, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, gene expression, and lipid content of liver and adipose tissues were analyzed after three months of treatment. Results indicate improved fasting glucose levels in plasma, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and diminished hypercholesterolemia in the HFD + Yarrow group compared to the HFD group. Mechanistically, Yarrow SFE protects liver from steatosis after the HFD challenge by augmenting the adipose tissue buffering capacity of the circulating plasma glucose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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21 pages, 1272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tolerability and Safety of a Nutritional Supplement with Potential as Adjuvant in Colorectal Cancer Therapy: A Randomized Trial in Healthy Volunteers

by Marta Gómez de Cedrón, José Moises Laparra, Viviana Loria-Kohen, Susana Molina, Juan Moreno-Rubio, Juan Jose Montoya, Carlos Torres, Enrique Casado, Guillermo Reglero and Ana Ramírez de Molina

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092001 - 24 Aug 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5891

Abstract

Bioactive supplements display relevant therapeutic properties when properly applied according to validated molecular effects. Our previous research efforts established the basis to develop a dietary supplement based on a Rosmarinus officinalis supercritical extract. This was enriched in phenolic diterpenes (RE) with proven properties against signaling pathways involved in colon tumorigenesis, and shark liver oil rich in alkylglycerols (AKG) as a bioactive lipid vehicle to improve RE bioavailability and synergize with the potential therapeutic action of the extract. Herein, we have investigated the tolerability and safety of the supplement and the biological and molecular effects from an immuno-nutritional perspective. Sixty healthy volunteers participated in a six week, double-blind, randomized parallel pilot study with two study arms: RE-AKG capsules (CR) and control capsules (CC). Mean age (±SD) of volunteers was 28.32 (±11.39) and 27.5 (±9.04) for the control and the study groups, respectively. Safety of the CR product consumption was confirmed by analyzing liver profile, vital constants, and oxidation markers (LDLox in blood and isoprostanes and thromboxanes in urine). The following were monitored: (1) the phenotyping of plasmatic leukocytes and the ex vivo response of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); (2) expression of genes associated with immune-modulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and tumorigenesis; and (3) the correlation of selected genetic variants (SNPs) with the differential responses among individuals. The lack of adverse effects on liver profile and oxidation markers, together with adequate tolerability and safe immunological adaptations, provide high-quality information for the potential use of CR as co-adjuvant of therapeutic strategies against colorectal cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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25 pages, 3289 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inflammation in Primary and Metastatic Liver Tumorigenesis–Under the Influence of Alcohol and High-Fat Diets

by Lauren S. Strathearn, Afanasii I. Stepanov and Joan Font-Burgada

Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040933 - 27 Mar 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5662

Abstract

The liver plays an outsized role in oncology. Liver tumors are one of the most frequently found tumors in cancer patients and these arise from either primary or metastatic disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer and the 6th most common cancer type overall, is expected to become the 3rd leading cause of cancer mortality in the US by the year 2030. The liver is also the most common site of distant metastasis from solid tumors. For instance, colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasizes to the liver in two-thirds of cases, and CRC liver metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in these patients. The interplay between inflammation and cancer is unmistakably evident in the liver. In nearly every case, HCC is diagnosed in chronic liver disease (CLD) and cirrhosis background. The consumption of a Western-style high-fat diet is a major risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), both of which are becoming more prevalent in parallel with the obesity epidemic. Excessive alcohol intake also contributes significantly to the CLD burden in the form of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Inflammation is a key component in the development of all CLDs. Additionally, during the development of liver metastasis, pro-inflammatory signaling is crucial in eliminating invading cancer cells but ironically also helps foster a pro-metastatic environment that supports metastatic seeding and colonization. Here we review how Westernized high-fat diets and excessive alcohol intake can influence inflammation within the liver microenvironment, stimulating both primary and metastatic liver tumorigenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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19 pages, 1466 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interplay between Dietary Polyphenols and Oral and Gut Microbiota in the Development of Colorectal Cancer

by Carolina Cueva, Mariana Silva, Iris Pinillos, Begoña Bartolomé and M. Victoria Moreno-Arribas

Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030625 - 27 Feb 2020

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 6875

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed type of cancer worldwide. Dietary features play an important role in its development, and the involvement of human microbial communities in this pathology has also recently been recognized. Individuals with CRC display alterations in gut bacterial composition and a notably higher abundance of putative oral bacteria in colonic tumors. Many experimental studies and preclinical evidence propose that dietary polyphenols have a relevant role in CRC development and progression, mainly attributed to their immunomodulatory activities. Furthermore, polyphenols can modulate oral and gut microbiota, and in turn, intestinal microbes catabolize polyphenols to release metabolites that are often more active and better absorbed than the original phenolic compounds. The current study aimed to review and summarize current knowledge on the role of microbiota and the interactions between dietary polyphenols and microbiota in relation to CRC development. We have highlighted the mechanisms by which dietary polyphenols and/or their microbial metabolites exert their action on the pathogenesis and prevention of CRC as modulators of the composition and/or activity of oral and intestinal microbiota, including novel screening biomarkers and possible nutritional therapeutic implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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32 pages, 1516 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Energy Restriction and Colorectal Cancer: A Call for Additional Research

by Maria Castejón, Adrian Plaza, Jorge Martinez-Romero, Pablo Jose Fernandez-Marcos, Rafael de Cabo and Alberto Diaz-Ruiz

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010114 - 01 Jan 2020

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8735

Abstract

Colorectal cancer has the second highest cancer-related mortality rate, with an estimated 881,000 deaths worldwide in 2018. The urgent need to reduce the incidence and mortality rate requires innovative strategies to improve prevention, early diagnosis, prognostic biomarkers, and treatment effectiveness. Caloric restriction (CR) is known as the most robust nutritional intervention that extends lifespan and delays the progression of age-related diseases, with remarkable results for cancer protection. Other forms of energy restriction, such as periodic fasting, intermittent fasting, or fasting-mimicking diets, with or without reduction of total calorie intake, recapitulate the effects of chronic CR and confer a wide range of beneficial effects towards health and survival, including anti-cancer properties. In this review, the known molecular, cellular, and organismal effects of energy restriction in oncology will be discussed. Energy-restriction-based strategies implemented in colorectal models and clinical trials will be also revised. While energy restriction constitutes a promising intervention for the prevention and treatment of several malignant neoplasms, further investigations are essential to dissect the interplay between fundamental aspects of energy intake, such as feeding patterns, fasting length, or diet composition, with all of them influencing health and disease or cancer effects. Currently, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of different forms of fasting to fight cancer, particularly colorectal cancer, should still be contemplated with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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25 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Factors in the Control of Gut Homeostasis, Intestinal Stem Cells, and Colorectal Cancer

by Federica Francescangeli, Maria Laura De Angelis and Ann Zeuner

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122936 - 03 Dec 2019

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5628

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Global CRC burden is expected to increase by 60% in the next decade, with low-income countries experiencing an escalation of CRC incidence and mortality in parallel to the adoption of western lifestyles. CRC incidence is also sharply increasing in individuals younger than 50 years, often presenting at advanced stages and with aggressive features. Both genetic and environmental factors have been recognized as major contributors for the development of CRC, the latter including diet-related conditions such as chronic inflammation and obesity. In particular, a diet rich in fat and sugars (Western-style diet, WSD) has been shown to induce multiple pathophysiological changes in the intestine linked to an increased risk of CRC. In this scenario, dietary factors have been recently shown to play novel unexpected roles in the regulation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and of the gut microbiota, which represent the two main biological systems responsible for intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, diet is increasingly recognized to play a key role in the neoplastic transformation of ISCs and in the metabolic regulation of colorectal cancer stem cells. This review illustrates novel discoveries on the role of dietary components in regulating intestinal homeostasis and colorectal tumorigenesis. Particular focus is dedicated to new areas of research with potential clinical relevance including the effect of food components on ISCs and cancer stem cells (CSCs), the existence of CRC-specific microbial signatures and the alterations of intestinal homeostasis potentially involved in early-onset CRC. New insights on the role of dietary factors in intestinal regulation will provide new tools not only for the prevention and early diagnosis of CRC but also for improving the effectiveness of current CRC therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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20 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessReview

Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

by Jose M. Comeche, Iris Comino, Cesare Altavilla, Jose Tuells, Ana Gutierrez-Hervas and Pablo Caballero

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 2865; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122865 - 22 Nov 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4984

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease mediated by the immune system and characterized by the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. This study is to understand how the use of parenteral nutrition (PN) can affect the adult population diagnosed with IBD. We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. From the different databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS, CINAHL, WOS), we found 119 registers with an accuracy of 16% (19 registers). After a full-text review, only 15 research studies were selected for qualitative synthesis and 10 for meta-analysis and meta-regression. The variables used were Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI), albumin, body weight (BW), and postoperative complications (COM). PN has shown to have efficacy for the treatment of IBD and is compatible with other medicines. The CDAI and albumin improve, although the effect of PN is greater after a while. However, the effect on the albumin could be less than the observed value in the meta-analysis due to possible publication bias. The BW does not change after intervention. COM utilizing PN has been observed, although the proportion is low. More studies specifically referring to ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are needed to develop more concrete clinical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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20 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessReview

Precision Nutrition and Cancer Relapse Prevention: A Systematic Literature Review

by Clara Reglero and Guillermo Reglero

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112799 - 16 Nov 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7475

Abstract

Cancer mortality rates are undergoing a global downward trend; however, metastasis and relapse after surgery and adjuvant treatments still correlate with poor prognosis and represent the most significant challenges in the treatment of this disease. Advances in genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics are improving our understanding regarding cancer metabolic diversity, resulting in detailed classifications of tumors and raising the effectiveness of precision medicine. Likewise, the growing knowledge of interactions between nutrients and the expression of certain genes could lead to cancer therapies based on precision nutrition strategies. This review aims to identify the recent advances in the knowledge of the mechanistic role of bioactive phytochemicals in foodstuffs in tumor progression, metastasis, and chemo-resistance in order to assess their potential use in precision nutrition therapies targeting relapse in lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancer, and leukemia. A considerable number of bioactive phytochemicals in foodstuffs were identified in the literature with proven effects modulating tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. In addition, the use of foodstuffs in cancer, and specifically in relapse therapies, is being reinforced by the development of different formulations that significantly increase the therapeutic efficiency of these products. This can open the possibility for testing combinations of bioactive phytochemicals with cancer relapse treatments as a potential prevention strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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21 pages, 1452 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rectal Cancer: 20% Risk Reduction Thanks to Dietary Fibre Intake. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Vincenza Gianfredi, Daniele Nucci, Tania Salvatori, Giulia Dallagiacoma, Cristina Fatigoni, Massimo Moretti and Stefano Realdon

Nutrients 2019, 11(7), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071579 - 12 Jul 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6442

Abstract

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between dietary fibre intake and rectal cancer (RC) risk. In January 2019, a structured computer search on PubMed/Medline, Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE) and Scopus was performed for studies reporting the results of primary research evaluating dietary fibre intake in women and men as well as the risk of developing RC. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations were followed. Highest vs. lowest fibre concentrations was compared. The Egger test was used to estimate publication bias. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated with I² statistics. The search strategy identified 912 papers, 22 of which were included in our meta-analysis. Having evaluated a total of 2,876,136 subjects, the results suggest a protective effect of dietary fibre intake on RC prevention. The effect Size (ES) was [0.77 (95% CI = 0.66–0.89), p-value = 0.001)]. Moderate statistical heterogeneity (Chi² = 51.36, df = 21, I² = 59.11%, p-value = 0.000) was found. However, no publication bias was found, as confirmed by Egger’s linear regression test (Intercept −0.21, t = −0.24, p = 0.816). The findings suggest that dietary fibre intake could be protective against RC, with a clinically relevant reduction of RC risk. Identifying preventive measures to avoid the development of RC, especially by following a healthy lifestyle including healthy diet, is pivotal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Indices for Colorectal Cancer, Mortality and the Related Disease)

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