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Advances in Near-Earth Space and Atmospheric Physics from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Atmospheric Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2025 | Viewed by 3736

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Veronika Barta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
HUN-REN Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science, Sopron, Hungary
Interests: atmospheric science; ionospheric physics; ionosonde; GNSS; space weather; atmospheric electricity
Dr. Christina Arras

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Institute of Geodesy, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
2. Deutsches GeoForschungs Zentrum (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany
Interests: gnss radio occultation; geomagnetic storm; physics of the upper atmosphere, climatological changes and trends coupling processes between troposphere/mesosphere/ionosphere
Dr. Jaroslav Urbar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Atmospheric Physics of Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: GNSS; ionospheric and space physics; upper atmosphere physics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Within the near-Earth space and the atmosphere, all regions are closely interconnected, forming a multi-coupled complex system. Space weather events originating from the Sun, such as solar flares, energetic particle precipitations and effects of solar wind disturbances including Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) or Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs), can cause significant changes in the Earth's environment. These variations manifest in different spheres/regions of the system (such as geomagnetic storms and ionospheric storms) that are summarized as geospheric storms. Furthermore, the lowest part of the terrestrial plasma—the ionosphere—is strongly coupled with the neutral atmosphere. Therefore, the ionosphere is also affected from below by the different types of atmospheric waves associated with phenomena of non-space origin and irregular character (e.g., severe tropospheric convection, thunderstorms, and tectonic activity).

The variability of the plasma environment range across broad spatial scales, from local or regional to inter-hemispherical or global changes. Their temporal variability is also diversified, from the 11-year solar cycle variations to rapid changes, which are still difficult to predict as well as measure in situ. The resulting intense variations in the terrestrial plasma affect communication and navigation systems, spacecraft operations, manned space missions, as well as commercial aircraft operations. Thus, monitoring the processes within the system via ground-based and satellite observations is rather crucial.

This Special Issue aims to collate research papers that contribute toward improving our understanding of the physical processes within the Earth’s plasma environment coupled with the atmosphere, utilizing the advantages of the ground-based and satellite observations.

Dr. Veronika Barta
Dr. Christina Arras
Dr. Jaroslav Urbar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ground-based and satellite observations
  • GNSS/Lidar/SAR/Microwave radiometer
  • solar–terrestrial coupling processes
  • troposphere–ionosphere coupling
  • geospheric storms
  • ionospheric physics
  • space weather
  • model comparison with observations

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 8448 KiB  
Article
Ionospheric Absorption Variation Based on Ionosonde and Riometer Data and the NOAA D-RAP Model over Europe During Intense Solar Flares in September 2017
by Veronika Barta, Tamás Bozóki, Dávid Péter Süle, Daniel Kouba, Jens Mielich, Tero Raita and Attila Buzás
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(21), 3975; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16213975 - 25 Oct 2024
Viewed by 305
Abstract
A novel method was developed based on the amplitude data of the EM waves measured by Digisondes to calculate and investigate the relative ionospheric absorption changes. The effect of 13 solar flares (>C8) that occurred from 4 to 10 September 2017 were studied [...] Read more.
A novel method was developed based on the amplitude data of the EM waves measured by Digisondes to calculate and investigate the relative ionospheric absorption changes. The effect of 13 solar flares (>C8) that occurred from 4 to 10 September 2017 were studied at three European Digisonde stations (Juliusruh (54.63°N, 13.37°E), Průhonice (49.98°N, 14.55°E) and San Vito (40.6°N, 17.8°E)). The present study compares the results of the amplitude method with the absorption changes measured by the Finnish Riometer Network and determined by the NOAA D-RAP model during the same events. The X-class flares caused 1.5–2.5 dB of attenuation at 30–32.5 MHz based on the riometer data, while the absorption changes were between 10 and 15 dB in the 2.5–4.5 MHz frequency range according to the amplitude data. The impact caused by energetic particles after the solar flares are clearly seen in the riometer data, while among the Digisonde stations it can be observed only at Juliusruh in some certain cases. Comparing the results of the amplitude method with the D-RAP model it seems evident that the observed absorption values almost always exceed the values given by the model both at 2.5 MHz and at 4 MHz during the investigated period. According to the comparison between the riometer data with the D-RAP, generally, the model underestimates the absorption values obtained from the riometers during solar flares except at the highest latitude stations, while D-RAP overestimates the impact during the particle events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Near-Earth Space and Atmospheric Physics from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations)
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24 pages, 8333 KiB  
Article
Technical Possibilities and Limitations of the DPS-4D Type of Digisonde in Individual Meteor Detections
by Csilla Szárnya, Zbyšek Mošna, Antal Igaz, Daniel Kouba, Tobias G. W. Verhulst, Petra Koucká Knížová, Kateřina Podolská and Veronika Barta
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(14), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142658 - 20 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 639
Abstract
During the peak days of the 2019 Leonids and Geminids (16–19 November and 10–16 December), two ionograms/minute and one Skymap/minute campaign measurements were carried out at the Sopron (47.63°N, 16.72°E) and Průhonice (50.00°N, 14.60°E) Digisonde stations. The stations used frequencies between 1 and [...] Read more.
During the peak days of the 2019 Leonids and Geminids (16–19 November and 10–16 December), two ionograms/minute and one Skymap/minute campaign measurements were carried out at the Sopron (47.63°N, 16.72°E) and Průhonice (50.00°N, 14.60°E) Digisonde stations. The stations used frequencies between 1 and 17 MHz for the ionograms, and the Skymaps were made at 2.5 MHz. A temporary optical camera was also installed at Sopron with a lower brightness limit of +1 visual magnitude. The manual scaling of ionograms for November and December 2019 to study the behavior of the regular sporadic E layer was also completed. Although the distributions of the stations were similar, there were interesting differences despite the relative proximity of the stations. The optical measurements detected 88 meteors. A total of 376 meteor-induced traces were found on the Digisonde ionograms at a most probable amplitude (MPA) threshold of 4 dB and of these, 40 cases could be linked to reflections on the Skymaps, too. Of the 88 optical detections, 31 could be identified on the ionograms. The success of detections depends on the sensitivity of the instruments and the noise-filtering. Geometrically, meteors above 80 km and with an altitude angle of 40° or higher can be detected using the Digisondes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Near-Earth Space and Atmospheric Physics from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations)
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17 pages, 1665 KiB  
Article
Impacts of the Sudden Stratospheric Warming on Equatorial Plasma Bubbles: Suppression of EPBs and Quasi-6-Day Oscillations
by Ercha Aa, Nicholas M. Pedatella and Guiping Liu
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(8), 1469; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081469 - 21 Apr 2024
Viewed by 860
Abstract
This study investigates the day-to-day variability of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) over the Atlantic–American region and their connections to atmospheric planetary waves during the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event of 2021. The investigation is conducted on the basis of the GOLD (Global Observations [...] Read more.
This study investigates the day-to-day variability of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) over the Atlantic–American region and their connections to atmospheric planetary waves during the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event of 2021. The investigation is conducted on the basis of the GOLD (Global Observations of the Limb and Disk) observations, the ICON (Ionospheric Connection Explorer) neutral wind dataset, ionosonde measurements, and simulations from the WACCM-X (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere–ionosphere eXtension). We found that the intensity of EPBs was notably reduced by 35% during the SSW compared with the non-SSW period. Furthermore, GOLD observations and ionosonde data show that significant quasi-6-day oscillation (Q6DO) was observed in both the intensity of EPBs and the localized growth rate of Rayleigh–Taylor (R-T) instability during the 2021 SSW event. The analysis of WACCM-X simulations and ICON neutral winds reveals that the Q6DO pattern coincided with an amplification of the quasi-6-day wave (Q6DW) in WACCM-X simulations and noticeable ∼6-day periodicity in ICON zonal winds. The combination of these multi-instrument observations and numerical simulations demonstrates that certain planetary waves like the Q6DW can significantly influence the day-to-day variability of EPBs, especially during the SSW period, through modulating the strength of prereversal enhancement and the growth rate of R-T instability via the wind-driven dynamo. These findings provide novel insights into the connection between atmospheric planetary waves and ionospheric EPBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Near-Earth Space and Atmospheric Physics from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations)
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28 pages, 5309 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of MAX-DOAS Profile Retrievals under Different Vertical Resolutions of Aerosol and NO2 Profiles and Elevation Angles
by Xin Tian, Mingsheng Chen, Pinhua Xie, Jin Xu, Ang Li, Bo Ren, Tianshu Zhang, Guangqiang Fan, Zijie Wang, Jiangyi Zheng and Wenqing Liu
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(22), 5431; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15225431 - 20 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1239
Abstract
In the Multi-Axis Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) trace gas and aerosol profile inversion algorithm, the vertical resolution and the observation information obtained through a series of continuous observations with multiple elevation angles (EAs) can affect the accuracy of an aerosol profile, thus further [...] Read more.
In the Multi-Axis Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) trace gas and aerosol profile inversion algorithm, the vertical resolution and the observation information obtained through a series of continuous observations with multiple elevation angles (EAs) can affect the accuracy of an aerosol profile, thus further affecting the results of the gas profile. Therefore, this study examined the effect of the vertical resolution of an aerosol profile and EAs on the NO2 profile retrieval by combining simulations and measurements. Aerosol profiles were retrieved from MAX-DOAS observations and co-observed using light detection and ranging (Lidar). Three aerosol profile shapes (Boltzmann, Gaussian, and exponential) with vertical resolutions of 100 and 200 m were used in the atmospheric radiative transfer model. Firstly, the effect of the vertical resolution of the input aerosol profile on the retrieved aerosol profile with a resolution of 200 m was studied. The retrieved aerosol profiles from the two vertical resolution aerosol profiles as input were similar. The aerosol profile retrieved from a 100 m resolution profile as input was slightly overestimated compared to the input value, whereas that from a 200 m resolution input was slightly underestimated. The relative deviation of the aerosol profile retrieved from the 100 m resolution as input was higher than that of the 200 m. MAX-DOAS observations in Hefei city on 4 September 2020 were selected to verify the simulation results. The aerosol profiles retrieved from the oxygen collision complex (O4) differential slant column density derived from MAX-DOAS observations and Lidar simulation were compared with the input Lidar aerosol profiles. The correlation between the retrieved and input aerosol profiles was high, with a correlation coefficient R > 0.99. The aerosol profiles retrieved from the Lidar profile at 100 and 200 m resolutions as input closely matched the Lidar aerosol profiles, consistent with the simulation result. However, aerosol profiles retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements differed from the Lidar profiles due to the influence of the averaging kernel matrix smoothing, the different location and viewing geometry, and uncertainties associated with the Lidar profiles. Next, NO2 profiles of different vertical resolutions were used as input profiles to retrieve the NO2 profiles under a single aerosol profile scenario. The effect of the vertical resolution on the retrieval of NO2 profiles was found to be less significant compared to aerosol retrievals. Using the Lidar aerosol profile as the a priori aerosol information had little effect on NO2 profile retrieval. Additionally, the retrieved aerosol profiles and aerosol optical depths varied under different EAs. Ten EAs (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 15, 30, and 90°) were found to obtain more information from observations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Near-Earth Space and Atmospheric Physics from Ground-Based and Satellite Observations)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Impacts of storm “Zyprian” on middle and upper atmosphere observed from Central European stations
Authors: Petra Koucká Knížová; Kateřina Potužníková; Kateřina Podolská; Marcell Pásztor; Tamás Bozóki; Tereza Šindelářová; Csilla Szárnya; Zbyšek Mošna; Jaroslav Chum; Daniel Kouba; Martin Setvák; Attila Buzás; Petr Zacharov; István Bozsó; Hana Hanzlíková; Michal Kozubek; Dalia Burešová; Kitti A. Berényi; Veronika Barta
Affiliation: Dept. of Ionosphere and Aeronomy, Institute of Atmospheric Physics CAS, Prague, 141 00 Czech Republic
Abstract: .Mesoscale convective systems are effective sources of atmospheric disturbances that can reach ionospheric heights and significantly alter atmospheric and ionospheric conditions. Convective systems can affect Earth’s atmosphere on a continental scale and up to F-layer heights. Extratropical cyclone “Zyprian” occurred at the beginning of July, 2021 and dominated weather over the whole of Europe. An extensive cold front associated with “Zyprian” moved from western to eastern Europe, followed by ground-level convergence and the formation of organized convective thunderstorm systems. Torrential rains in Czechia have caused a great deal of damage and casualties. Storm related signatures were developed in ground microbarograph measurements of infrasound and gravity waves. Within the stratosphere, a shift of polar jet stream and increase in specific humidity related to the storm system were observed. At the ionospheric heights irregular stratification and radio wave reflection planes undulation were observed. Increase of wave-like activity was detected on ionograms and narrowband VLF data. On directograms and SKYmaps, strong and rapid changes in the horizontal plasma motion were recorded. However, no prevailing plasma motion direction was identified within the F-layer. Increased variability within the ionosphere is attributed mainly to the “Zyprian” cyclone as it developed during low geomagnetic activity and stable solar forcing.

Title: Ionospheric absorption variation based on ionosonde and riometer data and the NOAA D-RAP model over Europe during intense solar flares in September, 2017
Authors: Veronika Barta; Tamás Bozóki; Dávid Péter Süle; Daniel Kouba; Jens Mielich; Tero Raita; Attila Buzás
Affiliation: HUN-REN Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science
Abstract: A novel method has been developed based on the amplitude data of the EM waves measured by Digisondes to calculate and investigate the relative ionospheric absorption changes. The effect of 13 solar flares (> C4.8) that occurred between 06:00 and 16:30 UT from 04 to 10 September 2017 have been studied at three European Digisonde stations (Juliusruh (54.63° N, 13.37° E), Průhonice (49.98° N, 14.55° E) and San Vito (40.6° N, 17.8° E)). Present study compares the results of the amplitude method with the absorption changes measured by the Finnish Riometer Network and determined by the NOAA D-RAP model during the same events. The X-class flares caused 1.5–2.5 dB attenuation at 30–32.5 MHz based on riometer data, while the absorption changes were between 10 and 15 dB in the 2.5–4.5 MHz frequency range according to the amplitude data. The impact caused by the energetic particles after the solar flares are clearly seen in the riometer data, while it can be observed only at Juliusruh (~55°) at some certain cases among the Digisonde stations. Comparing the results of the amplitude method with the D-RAP model it seems evident that the observed values exceed the values given by the model both at 2.5 MHz and at 4 MHz almost always during the investigated period. According to the comparison between the riometer data with the D-RAP, the model underestimates the values obtained from the riometers during the X-class solar flares, while it overestimates the caused impact during the particle events.

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