Sustainability

Editorial

7 pages, 225 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead”: An Editorial Commentary

by Ilaria Perissi, Stefano Armenia, Roberto Pasqualino and Denes Csala

Sustainability 2023, 15(18), 13519; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813519 - 09 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1427

Abstract

This Special Issue focuses on proposing and analyzing systemic interdisciplinary approaches to support collaborative strategies and agreed-upon global sustainability policies toward addressing the challenges that lie ahead for our planet’s future. The contributions target applications in system dynamics, systems thinking, discrete event simulation, [...] Read more.

This Special Issue focuses on proposing and analyzing systemic interdisciplinary approaches to support collaborative strategies and agreed-upon global sustainability policies toward addressing the challenges that lie ahead for our planet’s future. The contributions target applications in system dynamics, systems thinking, discrete event simulation, agent-based modelling, and hybrid approaches and provide valuable qualitative and quantitative insights to guide the collaborative efforts of governments, institutions, organizations in general, and even the financial sector toward the next Conference of Parties (COP28). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

Research

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24 pages, 2733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renewable Electricity Transition: A Case for Evaluating Infrastructure Investments through Real Options Analysis in Brazil

by Anna Carolina Martins, Marcelo de Carvalho Pereira and Roberto Pasqualino

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10495; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310495 - 03 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1557

Abstract

This paper explores the uncertainty of expected returns by adopting the real options analysis method for the financial evaluation of renewable energy projects in Brazil. Energy transition is key to meeting climate targets, and real options analysis can play a pivotal role in [...] Read more.

This paper explores the uncertainty of expected returns by adopting the real options analysis method for the financial evaluation of renewable energy projects in Brazil. Energy transition is key to meeting climate targets, and real options analysis can play a pivotal role in evaluating renewable energy projects to meet those targets. The impact of the volatility of the chosen variables on the viability of the project is studied using Monte Carlo simulation in the R software. The results indicate that the lower the option value the higher the volatility of the project, leading to lower likelihood of the project being financed. The resulting model represents a simple instrument that can be incorporated in larger modelling frameworks (e.g., agent-based simulation) to assess the impact of real option analysis on different markets and environmental and socio-political conditions. These findings represent a strong case for the adoption of systems modelling to inform policy to support global energy transition, as the application of this method can make a renewable energy project financially more attractive in comparison to those relying on carbon intensive energy sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

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35 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Potential of Marine Renewable Energy: A Net Energy Perspective

by Roger Samsó, Júlia Crespin, Antonio García-Olivares and Jordi Solé

Sustainability 2023, 15(10), 8050; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108050 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2178

Abstract

It is often claimed that marine renewable energy alone could meet the electricity demand of current and future human societies. However, such claims are based on highly uncertain estimations of the global potentials of marine renewable energy sources (including tidal, ocean currents, wave, [...] Read more.

It is often claimed that marine renewable energy alone could meet the electricity demand of current and future human societies. However, such claims are based on highly uncertain estimations of the global potentials of marine renewable energy sources (including tidal, ocean currents, wave, offshore wind and salinity and thermal gradients), and do not take into account the embedded energy of current technologies. To better understand the effective potential of marine energy, we conducted a literature review of its gross, technical, economic and sustainable potentials, as well as the energy return on investment (EROI), and estimated the net energy potential. We found that all marine technologies could provide a maximum energy surplus of 57,000

TWh

/

yr

. This figure goes down to

\sim 5000 TWh / yr

when excluding offshore wind. The previous figures do not include the contribution from ocean currents, for which no reliable estimates of global potentials and EROIs could be obtained. Due to its high upfront costs and environmental impacts and low social acceptance, no additional tidal range capacity expansion is envisioned. Similarly, the combination of a low sustainable potential and the low EROI makes the large-scale exploitation of salinity gradients unlikely with current technologies. Including all technologies, the average EROI of marine energy is

\sim 20

, but excluding offshore wind reduces the average EROI to

\sim 8

. While we did consider sustainability constraints for some marine energy sources, our estimation of marine net energy potential primarily relied on technical factors and did not account for economic and legal constraints. Therefore, the results presented here should be interpreted as an upper bound for the actual net energy contribution of marine energy sources to the global energy mix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

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11 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peaking Dynamics of the Production Cycle of a Nonrenewable Resource

by Ilaria Perissi, Alessandro Lavacchi and Ugo Bardi

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6920; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086920 - 20 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1419

Abstract

We use a system dynamics model to analyse the cycle of production of a nonrenewable natural resource, with a specific interest in crude oil. This subject has been empirically studied for a long time. However, modelling studies able to correlate the peaking with [...] Read more.

We use a system dynamics model to analyse the cycle of production of a nonrenewable natural resource, with a specific interest in crude oil. This subject has been empirically studied for a long time. However, modelling studies able to correlate the peaking with the parameters of the system have been very rare, and only recently proposed. In the present paper, we examine the timing of the peaking mainly as a function of the energy return for energy invested (EROI). The model provides approximate formulas for evaluating the peak time and “rules of thumb” that are useful for understanding the peaking phenomenon in the exploitation of natural resources. It shows that the peaking of the production curve occurs at a time that is inversely proportional to the EROI of the process at the start of the cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

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23 pages, 1335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systems Thinking and Group Concept Mapping for Classification of Marketing Techniques in Mobility Plans

by Stefano Armenia, Georgios Tsaples, Riccardo Onori, Alessandro Pompei and Robert Magnuszewski

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16936; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416936 - 16 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1848

Abstract

Due to the increasing urbanization of the global population, policymakers and academia have shifted their attention toward mobility plans and inquiries on how to best design and implement them. Hence, in order to introduce meaningful and lasting mobility plans, coordination and addressing the [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing urbanization of the global population, policymakers and academia have shifted their attention toward mobility plans and inquiries on how to best design and implement them. Hence, in order to introduce meaningful and lasting mobility plans, coordination and addressing the needs of a wide number of stakeholders are required. Reaching such a broad target audience may appear challenging for policymakers; nonetheless, the employment of appropriate marketing techniques can make the different stakeholders aware of the problems at stake and inform them about the available solutions. However, the question of which marketing technique to use in order to increase the probability of success for the mobility plan still remains. The purpose of the current paper is to propose a hybrid method that can assist policymakers in categorizing the marketing techniques towards the sustainable urban mobility plan’s steps, with the combination of Systems Thinking and modified Group Concept Mapping. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations to policymakers on which marketing technique appears to be the most appropriate under different conditions. The novelties of the paper are the combination of the two methodologies and the practical recommendations that could be useful by policymakers. Moreover, the paper illustrates an example of how to structure and more efficiently use evidence-based policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

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20 pages, 5310 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigating European Union Decarbonization Strategies: Evaluating the Pathway to Carbon Neutrality by 2050

by Ilaria Perissi and Aled Jones

Sustainability 2022, 14(8), 4728; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084728 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4767

Abstract

Despite the rich and extensive documentation provided by European Member States and the European Commission in describing National Energy and Climates Plans and Long-Term Strategy plans, it is still very difficult to evaluate where and how the European Union as a whole has [...] Read more.

Despite the rich and extensive documentation provided by European Member States and the European Commission in describing National Energy and Climates Plans and Long-Term Strategy plans, it is still very difficult to evaluate where and how the European Union as a whole has positioned itself on the path to achieving the Green Deal objectives, named the Fit 55% package in 2030 and the achievement of carbon neutrality by 2050. This research aims to fill this gap, proposing a simple but exhaustive semantic scaling methodology that allows, for the first time, a quantitative evaluation of the quality of the National Plans based on European Commission assessments to measure their compliance with the European Green Deal objectives. Results show that Member States have more clearly set the Green Deal targets than the actions to deliver against those targets. Actions, in term of nationals policies and funds administration, are still immature and partially addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

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Review

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21 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decarbonization Strategies in the UAE Built Environment: An Evidence-Based Analysis Using COP26 and COP27 Recommendations

by Jasmina Locke, Jacinta Dsilva and Saniya Zarmukhambetova

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 11603; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511603 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4049

Abstract

The urgency of addressing climate change is increasingly evident through the rise in devastating natural disasters and significant shifts in global temperatures. With the urbanization of rural landscapes to accommodate population growth, the built environment has emerged as a major contributor to climate [...] Read more.

The urgency of addressing climate change is increasingly evident through the rise in devastating natural disasters and significant shifts in global temperatures. With the urbanization of rural landscapes to accommodate population growth, the built environment has emerged as a major contributor to climate change, accounting for approximately 40% of natural resource consumption and carbon emissions. In pursuit of tackling climate challenges, countries have united under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to develop strategies for climate action and adaptation, through the Conference of the Parties (COP). The UAE has been an active member of the COP and has been at the forefront of implementing decarbonization strategies. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the decarbonization recommendations presented during COP26 and COP27, specifically focusing on the built environment sector. The primary objective is to highlight how recommendations were effectively incorporated into the UAE’s built environment sector, employing a case study approach further highlighting the specific implementation strategies adopted in the G+2 SEE Institute building while demonstrating how COP26, COP27, and the UAE’s National Climate Change Plan 2017–2050 recommendations were translated into practical measures. The study places particular emphasis on the areas of energy, water and waste management, investigating how these strategies were integrated to promote decarbonization efforts. By examining the G+2 SEE Institute building case, this research attempts to provide valuable insights on aligning built environment practices with climate change mitigation objectives. The planning of the building structure employed a systems thinking approach, while assessments were conducted to identify materials and designs that would enable the building to achieve net-zero status. Real-time data analysis was employed for comprehensive analysis. The findings of this study will contribute to the body of knowledge on sustainable construction practices and serve as a guide for stakeholders, including developers, policymakers, and practitioners, in adopting effective strategies in reducing carbon emissions and fostering environmental sustainability in line with the Paris Agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

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Other

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15 pages, 1443 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Climate and Energy Crises from the Perspective of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Trade-Offs between Systemic Transition and Societal Collapse?

by Jordi Solé

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032231 - 25 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2214

Abstract

AR6 IPCC reports give divergent messages about the different socio-economic transition approaches to deal with the current climate emergency. The dangers of not giving a clear message to policymakers and to society on the need of changing the current socio-economic paradigm are considerable: [...] Read more.

AR6 IPCC reports give divergent messages about the different socio-economic transition approaches to deal with the current climate emergency. The dangers of not giving a clear message to policymakers and to society on the need of changing the current socio-economic paradigm are considerable: to fall in the SSP3-7.0 scenario, which is conducive to the collapse of our current civilization. In this work, key variables to assess the main functionalities of global socio-economy are analyzed under a system dynamics approach. This allows for understanding what the evolution is of our current socio-economy in a framework of climate change and resource depletion. The aim of this work is to provide a different perspective on socio-economic evolution by identifying similar characteristics in the worst-case IPCC scenarios with historical behavior in complex societies. From such a historical perspective and the current system evolution, a conceptual model is proposed to explain our globalized complex system near to a phase transition. Then, phase transition correspondences from the model to the current socio-economic system are proposed and a series of corresponding preventive measures (in terms of social actions, economic measures, and their linked policies) are suggested to avoid collapse scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From COP 26 to COP 27: Contributions of Systems Approaches to Address the Challenges Ahead)

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