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Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Oceans".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 22563

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Kim Lee Chang

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Guest Editor

CSIRO, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
Interests: marine biotechnology; microalgae; biofuels; omega-3 oils
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Peter D. Nichols

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Guest Editor

CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Interests: lipid technology; environmental applications; marine oils; microbial ecology; marine microbial biotechnology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Mike Packer

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Guest Editor

Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
Interests: algae (including seaweeds) biology, physiology, cell biology and biotechnology; high-value and commodity products from algae; algal and cyanobacterial production and harvesting systems; redox biochemistry and bioenergetics; photobioreactor technology; biological hydrogen production; biomass to bioenergy; photosynthetic microbial fuel cells; renewables, bioremediation and integrated value-chain design
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue will focus on how marine biotechnologies could provide social, economic, and environmental sustainability.

Marine biotechnologies are not universally applicable and interfacing ecosystem knowledge with biotechnology for sustainable production of feeds, fuels and biochemicals could complement mariculture operations. The potential also exists to enhance future marine spatial planning to integrate coastal agriculture and recreation use due to the ongoing expansion of coastal population growth and the activities associated with it. For example, microalgae biotechnologies require both favorable growing conditions and economic bioprocessing for both scaling up and the associated downstream processing.

Application of such biotechnology can also help to reduce wastes by recycling nutrients and subsequently reducing greenhouse gas footprints, in order to achieve social, economic, and environmental sustainability.

The Special Issue aims to capture technologies from marine spatial planning, life cycle assessment, carbon capture technologies, nutrients cycling, through to production of high-value bioproducts, such as the health-benefitting bioingredients, especially omega (ω) 3 long-chain (LC, ≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), for use in mariculture feed and nutraceutical products. In addition, the Special Issue will provide emphasis toward scientific contributions that enhance social, economic, and environmental sustainability.

The Issue will further aim to supplement the gap between current industrial practices and R&D efforts to address future global needs.

Dr. Kim Lee Chang
Prof. Dr. Peter D. Nichols
Dr. Mike Packer
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

blue economy
marine bioproducts
biodiscovery
marine biodiversity
bioengineering
algal biotechnology

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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31 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with Algal Biomass (Pavlova sp. 459) on Membrane Lipid Composition of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr Muscle and Liver Tissues

by Nigel Guerra, Christopher C. Parrish, Minmin Wei, Judy Perry, Jorge A. Del Ángel-Rodríguez, Sean M. Tibbetts, Mohamed Emam and Stefanie M. Colombo

Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16599; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416599 - 06 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1141

Abstract

A 12-week feeding trial examined the dietary impact of replacing fishmeal (FM) with algal biomass (AB) derived from Pavlova sp. strain CCMP459 (Pav459) in Atlantic salmon diets. Three distinct diets were formulated: a control diet featuring 20% FM and 7% fish oil (FO), an experimental diet incorporating a 50:50 blend of FM and AB Pav459 and reduced FO (10% FM; 4.5% FO; 10% AB), and a second experimental diet with full replacement of FM with AB Pav459 and further reduction in FO (1.75% FO; 20% AB). Replacing FM with AB Pav459 showed no significant effects on the growth performance of Atlantic salmon. Fish across all diets exhibited growth exceeding 200% from their initial weight. Analysis of total lipid content after the 12-week trial revealed no significant differences among the diets. However, individual proportions of omega-3 (ω3) and omega-6 (ω6) fatty acids varied. Fatty acid profiling in muscle and liver tissues showed distinct compositions reflective of dietary treatments. Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) exhibited higher proportions in total fatty acids than in membrane lipids. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) emerged as the predominant fatty acid in the membranes of both liver and muscle tissues. Furthermore, an analysis of sterol composition in Pavlova and salmon muscle tissue showed the presence of important sterols, including conventionally animal-associated cholesterol. This emphasizes the suitability of microorganisms, such as Pav459, for synthesizing diverse nutrients. Stable isotope analysis demonstrated direct incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA from diets into salmon tissues. Notably, minimal biosynthesis from the precursor ALA was observed, reaffirming the utility of Pav459-derived fatty acids. The EPA+DHA proportions in the fillet consistently met daily human consumption requirements across all dietary conditions, supporting the use of Pav459 algal biomass as an alternative to FM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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18 pages, 4164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Lipidomic Profile of a Sustainable Source of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Greenshell Mussels™, Perna canaliculus

by Matthew C. Taylor, Rodney D. Roberts and Matthew R. Miller

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7586; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097586 - 05 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1286

Abstract

Greenshell mussel (GSM- Perna canaliculus) is the most important aquaculture species in New Zealand and produces one of the most expensive bioactive lipid extracts on the nutraceutical market. There have been numerous studies on the composition of GSM as well as pre-clinical and clinical studies on the efficacy of GSM extracts and foods. With increases in analytical capabilities, lipidomic studies using advanced mass spectral data may provide new insight into the content and activity of the lipidome, the totality of all lipids, of GSM. This study is the first reported characterisation of the GSM lipidome which may disclose important novel information regarding its nutrition, biology, physiology, and epidemiology. This study adds to the traditional lipid analytical outputs with new lipidomic capabilities to interrogate the lipid species differences between tissues rich in oil. We have identified 16 different lipid species in GSM including ceramide aminoethyl phosphonate (CAEP). Many lipid species are differentially expressed between tissues and correlation analysis demonstrates lipid species associated with the digestive gland that may be obtained from food sources, whilst other lipid species are dominant in the mantle or gonad. Linking this new information to the GSM breeding programmes may deliver functional breeding attributes to deliver premium strains for enhanced nutrition and/or extract production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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29 pages, 3711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Replacement of Fish Oil with Microbial Oil (Schizochytrium sp. T18) on Membrane Lipid Composition of Atlantic Salmon Parr Muscle and Liver Tissues

by Nigel Guerra, Christopher C. Parrish, Minmin Wei, Judy Perry, Roberto E. Armenta and Stefanie M. Colombo

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 4594; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054594 - 04 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

A 16-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate effects of replacing dietary fish oil (FO) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microbial oil (MO) from Schizochytrium sp. (T18) on membrane lipid composition of Atlantic salmon parr liver and muscle tissues. Four nutritionally balanced diets were formulated with varying levels of FO, MO, and canola oil (CO), including a control diet with 20% FO, a secondary control diet with 10% FO and 10% CO, and two experimental diets that completely replaced FO with a low (5%) and high (10%) proportion of MO. No significant differences were observed in growth parameters (81–98 g; weight gain), total lipid class composition, and total sterol content among the dietary treatments. However, there were significant differences in the proportions of individual ꞷ3 and ꞷ6 fatty acids in both liver and muscle tissues, reflecting the different dietary treatments. Notably, the presence of low eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the MO diets did not affect the growth performance of the fish, suggesting a lower requirement for EPA in the diet and a greater necessity for DHA. The results also showed that DHA was present in very high proportions in the cellular membrane, particularly in muscle tissue, with low levels of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. Overall, the findings suggest that MO derived from Schizochytrium sp. (T18) could be a potential substitute for FO in the diet of farmed Atlantic salmon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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23 pages, 2619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Aurantiochytrium mangrovei Biomass Grown on Digestate as a Sustainable Feed Ingredient of Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, Juveniles and Larvae

by Philippe Soudant, Mariana Ventura, Luc Chauchat, Maurean Guerreiro, Margaux Mathieu-Resuge, Fabienne Le Grand, Victor Simon, Sophie Collet, José-Luis Zambonino-Infante, Nelly Le Goïc, Christophe Lambert, Fleuriane Fernandes, Alla Silkina, Marcella Fernandes de Souza and Denis de la Broise

Sustainability 2022, 14(21), 14573; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114573 - 05 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1835

Abstract

The use of microalgae as a sustainable source of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) as an alternative to fish oils from small pelagic fish (e.g., anchovy, sardine) has received growing interest in the past few years. The present study aimed to: (i) produce Aurantiochytrium mangrovei biomass by heterotrophic fermentation using a medium containing anaerobic digestion liquid effluent, and (ii) evaluate a biomass rich in n-3 LC-PUFA and good quality proteins as a feed ingredient for sea bass juveniles and larvae. Two 800 L bioreactors were used to produce Aurantiochytrium biomass in non-axenic conditions. Biomass was then filtered through a crossflow filtration system (300 Kda ceramic membrane) and freeze-dried. Sea bass juveniles (32.7 ± 4.2 g) were fed both a control diet and a diet containing 15% of freeze-dried A. mangrovei biomass for 38 days. Juvenile survival percentage was 90% on average in both dietary conditions. Similar growth was observed between fish fed with both diets, demonstrating the feasibility to replace 15% of a standard fish feed by Aurantiochytrium biomass. The liver of sea bass juveniles fed with the A. mangrovei diet contained significantly higher proportions of 22:6n-3, 22:5n-6, and 20:4n-6 than those fed with the control diet, while the proportions of 16:0, 16:1n-7, and 18:1n-9 were significantly lower. The secondary oxidation, as measured by malonylaldehyde (MDA) content, in the liver and muscle of juveniles fed with the microalgae diet tended to be higher than in fish fed the control diet, but the differences were not statistically significant. Although the larvae survival percentage was low for all the tanks after 41 days of rearing, the inclusion of 15% of hydrolyzed A. mangrovei biomass in the larvae micro-diet did not impair the development of sea bass larvae and only marginally affected their lipid composition. In the future, we have to further optimize a sustainable workflow between Aurantiochytrium cultivation and fish feed production and confirm the zootechnical and biochemical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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9 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Compound-Specific Carbon Stable Isotope Analysis of Squalene to Establish Provenance and Ensure Sustainability for the Deep-Water Shark Liver Oil Industry

by Andrew T. Revill, Richard Saul, Elizabeth A. Brewer and Peter D. Nichols

Sustainability 2022, 14(15), 9228; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159228 - 27 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1678

Abstract

Deep-water dogfish (sharks) are caught on Australia’s continental shelf as by-products to other deep-water species with revenue derived from fillets for human consumption and from the livers which are sold for their oil content. Deep-water dogfish utilise a large oil-rich liver for buoyancy, which may account for 20–25% of their body weight. An important constituent of certain dogfish liver oil is squalene, a highly unsaturated triterpenoid (C₃₀H₅₀) hydrocarbon which in some species can be up to 90% of the oil, though in the Australian commercial species it is typically around 50%. Squalene (and deep-water dogfish liver oil in general) has a long-standing high value in products, such as cosmetics and nutraceuticals. Manufacturers are increasingly required to demonstrate the sustainability of products, and this is integral to the importance of demonstrating product provenance. Australia’s mid-slope deep-water dogfish fishery is recognised globally as well managed and sustainable; therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish products derived from these regions from other unregulated, unsustainable and cheaper sources in order to protect Australia’s competitive advantages and ensure sustainability. In this study, we have sourced deep-water dogfish liver oil samples originating from Southeast Australia, New Zealand, India, Northeast Africa and the Arabian Sea. The squalene was isolated by commercial or laboratory processing. A compound-specific carbon stable isotope analysis of the derived squalene was then used to determine isotopic resolution and assign the likely origins of a variety of commonly available off-the-shelf nutraceuticals in Australian outlets. Squalene sourced and produced from Southeast Australian and New Zealand dogfish liver oils showed δ¹³C values in the range of −22.1 to −24.2‰, with all other squalene samples distinguishable at −19.9 to −20.7‰. Many of the off-the-shelf squalene products claiming to be of Australian origin showed δ¹³C values very distinct from the range of the genuine Southeast Australian- and New Zealand-produced squalene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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19 pages, 8038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Sources of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Northern Australian Tropical Crossbred Beef Steers through Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Lipogenic Genes for Meat Eating Quality

by Felista W. Mwangi, Shedrach B. Pewan, John R. Otto, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Edward Charmley, Christopher P. Gardiner, Bunmi S. Malau-Aduli, Robert T. Kinobe and Aduli E. O. Malau-Aduli

Sustainability 2022, 14(14), 8409; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148409 - 08 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in lipogenic genes of northern Australian tropically adapted crossbred beef cattle and to evaluate associations with healthy lipid traits of the Longissimus dorsi (loin eye) muscle. The hypothesis tested was that there are significant associations between SNP loci encoding for the fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes and human health beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) within the loin eye muscle of northern Australian crossbred beef cattle. Brahman, Charbray, and Droughtmaster crossbred steers were fed on Rhodes grass hay augmented with desmanthus, lucerne, or both, for 140 days and the loin eye muscle sampled for intramuscular fat (IMF), fat melting point (FMP), and fatty acid composition. Polymorphisms in FABP4, SCD, and FASN genes with significant effects on lipid traits were identified with next-generation sequencing. The GG genotype at the FABP4 g.44677239C>G locus was associated with higher proportion of linoleic acid than the CC and CG genotypes (p < 0.05). Multiple comparisons of genotypes at the SCD g.21266629G>T locus indicated that the TT genotype had significantly higher eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids than GG genotype (p < 0.05). Significant correlations (p < 0.05) between FASN SNP and IMF, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were observed. These results provide insights into the contribution of lipogenic genes to intramuscular fat deposition and SNP marker-assisted selection for improvement of meat-eating quality, with emphasis on alternate and sustainable sources of ω3 LC-PUFA, in northern Australian tropical crossbred beef cattle, hence an acceptance of the tested hypothesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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Review

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19 pages, 1658 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evaluating Alternative and Sustainable Food Resources: A Review of the Nutritional Composition of Myctophid Fishes

by Bowen Zhang, Heidi Pethybridge, Patti Virtue, Peter D. Nichols, Kerrie Swadling, Alan Williams and Kim Lee-Chang

Sustainability 2023, 15(15), 12039; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512039 - 06 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1899

Abstract

Additional and alternative sustainable food resources are needed as the global human population increases. Marine fishes have long provided essential nutrients, such as omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), protein, and vitamins to meet human dietary requirements and feed for agricultural production. Many current commercial fish stocks are depleted or fully exploited, but oceanic mesopelagic fishes, particularly the myctophids (lanternfishes), represent a potentially very large and unfished resource. This review analysed the literature on nutritional and biochemical compositions of myctophids as a first step towards understanding the health benefits and risks of consuming them. We found that myctophids have high levels of protein (11–23% wet weight, WW) and variable lipid content (0.5–26% WW). In most species, desirable triacylglycerols or phospholipids dominated over less-desirable wax esters, and most have abundant amounts of health-promoting n-3 LC-PUFA, such as DHA and EPA. Myctophids have low levels of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Most nutritional information is available for species from the Pacific and Southern Oceans and for the genera Benthosema, Electrona, and Diaphus. Myctophids generally possess favourable nutritional profiles, but major gaps in knowledge regarding their stock assessment, ecology and the economic viability for their harvest are barriers to developing sustainable fisheries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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31 pages, 2300 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Wastewater Treatment Plants to the Oceans: A Review on Synthetic Chemical Surfactants (SCSs) and Perspectives on Marine-Safe Biosurfactants

by Karen C. L. Fung, Henrique S. Dornelles, Maria B. A. Varesche and Tony Gutierrez

Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11436; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411436 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

Synthetic chemical surfactants (SCSs) are a versatile group of amphiphilic chemical compounds synthesized from fossil fuel precursors which have found use in various industrial applications. Their global usage is estimated to be over 15 million tons annually, which has resulted in unabated environmental damage and potential toxicological effects to humans and other organisms. Current societal challenges to ensure environmental protection and reduce reliance on finite resources have led to an increased demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives, such as biosurfactants, to replace these toxic pollutants. Biosurfactants are biodegradable, non-toxic, and generally environmentally compatible amphiphilic compounds. Although there is enormous potential for microbial biosurfactants to replace SCSs, the key challenge limiting their commercialization relates to their low yields and substantial cost for production compared to that for the SCSs. In this review, we discuss the release of SCSs, with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as the major point source of their release into the ocean, and we then delve into the consequences of these pollutants on marine organisms and humans. We then explore microbial biosurfactants as a replacement for SCSs, with a focus on rhamnolipids, and end with some perspectives on current and future work for commercializing microbial biosurfactants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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14 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessReview

New Sustainable Oil Seed Sources of Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Journey from the Ocean to the Field

by Xue-Rong Zhou, Zhuyun June Yao, Katrina Benedicto, Peter D. Nichols, Allan Green and Surinder Singh

Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11327; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411327 - 20 Jul 2023

Viewed by 3687

Abstract

Omega-3 long-chain (≥C₂₀) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) play a critical physiological role in health and are nutritionally important for both humans and animals. The abundance of marine-derived resources of the health-benefitting ω3 LC-PUFA is either static or in some cases declining. This review focuses on the development and deregulation of novel oilseed crops producing ω3 LC-PUFA and their market applications. Genetic engineering of ω3 LC-PUFA into sustainable oilseed crops involving multiple-gene pathways to reach fish oil-like levels of these key nutrients has been extremely challenging. After two decades of collaborative effort, oilseed crops containing fish oil-levels of ω3 LC-PUFA and importantly also containing a high ω3/ω6 ratio have been developed. Deregulation of genetically engineered crops with such novel nutritional traits is also challenging and more trait-based regulations should be adopted. Some ω3 LC-PUFA-producing oilseed crops have been approved for large-scale cultivation, and for applications into feed and food. These genetically engineered oilseed crops can and will help meet the increasing market demand for aquaculture and human nutrition. These new oil seed sources of ω3 LC-PUFA offer a sustainable, safe, cost-effective, and scalable land-based solution, which can have critical and positive health, economic, and environmental impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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22 pages, 1134 KiB

Open AccessReview

Greenshell Mussel Products: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainability, Traditional Use, and Efficacy

by Matthew R. Miller, Maryam Abshirini, Frances M. Wolber, Te Rerekohu Tuterangiwhiu and Marlena C. Kruger

Sustainability 2023, 15(5), 3912; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053912 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3154

Abstract

Greenshell^TM mussels (GSMs), Perna canaliculus, are Aotearoa/New Zealand’s most important aquaculture species and is sold as a variety of food products worldwide. GSMs are a traditional and culturally valuable food of the Māori people. Following the development of a series of nutraceutical products (dried powders and extracted oils) by the GSM aquaculture industry in the 1960s, there has been an increased scientific interest in the clinical health benefits of GSM products. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in GSMs have exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, and the clinical evidence has led to GSM powders and oils being extensively promoted as treatments for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This review defines the nutritional composition of GSMs and describes the sustainability of GSMs and their traditional uses. The review also details the health benefits of GSMs in clinical applications and identifies potential mechanisms and molecular pathways initiated by the various bioactive components of GSMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biotechnology for Sustainability of Ecologically Significant Resources)

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