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Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0

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A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 25366

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Dr. Tohru Suzuki

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Guest Editor

National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
Interests: reverse genetics technique; enteric virus; coronavirus; rotavirus; calicivirus; VLPs (virus-like particles); anti-IgY; animal coronaviruses; animal rotaviruses; pathogenicity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The main topic of this Special Issue is enteric and respiratory viruses, which cause severe and acute diarrhea and pneumonia in animals, especially in the agricultural and veterinary industries. Enteric and respiratory viruses include mainly Coronaviruses (PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, SADS-CoV, Bovine CoV, and Equine CoV), Rotaviruses (RVA, RVB, RVC and RVH), and Caliciviruses (Norovirus, and Sapovirus), Toroviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses (BHV, and ADV), and Pestiviruses (BVDV, and CSFV). Diarrhea and pneumonia lead to the deterioration of health, insufficient body weight gain, and deaths of young animals, resulting in huge economic losses. However, the available information is still limited regarding enteric and respiratory viruses in animals, and hence, there are few effective strategies for the control and prevention of enteric and respiratory viruses, despite their significant economic impact. Therefore, this Special Issue welcomes all types of manuscripts (e.g., reviews, research articles, and short communications), including novel findings with respect to diagnostic approaches, experimental techniques, molecular mechanisms, pathogenicity, host-virus interactions, and the treatment of enteric and respiratory viruses.

Dr. Tohru Suzuki
Guest Editor

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Keywords

coronaviruses
rotaviruses
caliciviruses
toroviruses
adenoviruses
herpesviruses
pestiviruses
diagnosis
experimental techniques
pathogenicity
treatment

Published Papers (13 papers)

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18 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiplex RT-qPCR Application in Early Detection of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Healthy Calves

by Yusuke Goto, Kazuhiro Fukunari and Tohru Suzuki

Viruses 2023, 15(3), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030669 - 2 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1734

Abstract

Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) are associated with various predisposing factors, such as physical and physiological stress factors, and bacterial and viral pathogens. These stressors and viruses suppress immune defenses, leading to bacterial growth in the upper respiratory tract and invasion of pathogens into the lower respiratory tract. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the causative pathogens would contribute to the early detection of BRD. Nasal swabs and sera from 63 clinically healthy calves were continuously collected from seven farms in Iwate prefecture from 2019 to 2021. We attempted to monitor dynamics of BRD-associated pathogens by multiplex real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) using their nasal swab samples. In addition, we attempted to monitor fluctuation of antibody titers against each BRD-associated pathogen by virus neutralization test (VNT) using their sera. In contrast, nasal swabs from 89 calves infected with BRD were collected from 28 farms in Iwate prefecture from 2019 to 2021. We attempted to analyze their nasal swab samples by multiplex RT-qPCR aim to detect BRD-associated pathogens that are dominant in this region. As a result, our analyses using samples from clinically healthy calves showed that positive results by multiplex RT-qPCR were closely related to a significant increase of antibody titers by VNT in bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine torovirus (BToV), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). In addition, our data exhibited that BCoV, BToV, BRSV, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, and Mycoplasma bovis have been more frequently detected in calves infected with BRD compared to those detected in clinically healthy calves. Moreover, the data presented herein revealed co-infections by combination multiple viral pathogens with bacterial pathogens are closely involved in the onset of BRD. Taken together, our study demonstrates multiplex RT-qPCR which can simultaneously analyze multiple pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and is useful for the early detection of BRD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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14 pages, 3507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Death Receptor DR5 as a Proviral Factor for Viral Entry and Replication of Coronavirus PEDV

by Xiu-Zhong Zhang, Wen-Jun Tian, Jing Wang, Jing-Ling You and Xiao-Jia Wang

Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2724; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122724 - 6 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1466

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of Coronaviridae, causes high mortality in newborn piglets, and has caused significant economic losses in the pig industry. PEDV infection can induce apoptosis, both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent, but the details of apoptosis remain clarified. This study investigated the effect of death receptor DR5 on PEDV infection and its relationship with PEDV-induced apoptosis. We found that DR5 knockdown reduced viral mRNA and protein levels of PEDV, and the viral titer decreased from 10^4.5 TCID₅₀ to 10^3.4 TCID₅₀ at 12 hpi. Overexpression of DR5 significantly increased the viral titer. Further studies showed that DR5 facilitates viral replication by regulating caspase-8-dependent apoptosis, and the knockdown of DR5 significantly reduced PEDV-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, we detected a biphasic upregulation expression of DR5 in both Vero cells and piglets in response to PEDV infection. We found that DR5 also facilitates viral entry of PEDV, especially, incubation with DR5 antibody can reduce the PEDV binding to Vero cells. Our study improves the understanding of the mechanism by which PEDV induces apoptosis and provides new insights into the biological function of DR5 in PEDV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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11 pages, 2687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring of Avian Influenza Viruses and Paramyxoviruses in Ponds of Moscow and the Moscow Region

by Anastasia Treshchalina, Yulia Postnikova, Alexandra Gambaryan, Aydar Ishmukhametov, Alexei Prilipov, Galina Sadykova, Natalia Lomakina and Elizaveta Boravleva

Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2624; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122624 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1353

Abstract

The ponds of the Moscow region during the autumn migration of birds are a place with large concentrations of mallard ducks, which are the main hosts of avulaviruses (avian paramyxoviruses) and influenza A viruses (IAV). The purpose of this study was the determination of the biological diversity of IAV and avulaviruses isolated from mallards in Moscow’s ponds. A phylogenetic analysis of IAV was performed based on complete genome sequencing, and virus genomic reassortment in nature was studied. Almost all IAV genome segments clustered with apathogenic duck viruses according to phylogenetic analysis. The origin of the genes of Moscow isolates were different; some of them belong to European evolutionary branches, some to Asian ones. The majority of closely related viruses have been isolated in the Western Eurasian region. Much less frequently, closely related viruses have been isolated in Siberia, China, and Korea. The quantity and diversity of isolated viruses varied considerably depending on the year and have decreased since 2014, perhaps due to the increasing proportion of nesting and wintering ducks in Moscow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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14 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Retrospective Study of Viral Molecular Prevalences in Cats in Southern Italy (Campania Region)

by Maria Grazia Amoroso, Francesco Serra, Gianluca Miletti, Lorena Cardillo, Claudio de Martinis, Luisa Marati, Flora Alfano, Gianmarco Ferrara, Ugo Pagnini, Esterina De Carlo, Giovanna Fusco and Serena Montagnaro

Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2583; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112583 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1939

Abstract

From 2019 to 2021, a retrospective molecular study was conducted in the Campania region (southern Italy) to determine the prevalence of viral diseases in domestic cats. A total of 328 dead animals were analyzed by Real-Time PCR for the presence of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline enteric coronavirus (FCoV), rotavirus (RVA), feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), and feline calicivirus (FCV). The possible presence of SARS-CoV-2 was also investigated by Real-Time PCR. The cats included in this study were specifically sourced and referred by local veterinarians and local authorities to the Zooprofilactic Experimental Institute of Southern Italy (IZSM) for pathological evaluation. The samples consisted of owners, catteries, and stray cats. Results revealed: 73.5% positive cats for FPV (189/257), 23.6% for FeLV (21/89), 21.5% for FCoV (56/266), 11.4% for RVA (16/140), 9.05% for FeHV-1 (21/232), and 7.04 for FCV (15/213). In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 was never detected. FPV was more prevalent in winter (p = 0.0027). FCoV FHV-1, FCV, and RVA predominated in autumn, whereas FeLV predominated in summer. As expected, viral infections were found more frequently in outdoor and shelter cats than in indoor ones, although no statistical association was found between animal lifestyle and viral presence. The study showed a high prevalence of FPV, FeLV, and FCoV and a moderate prevalence of RVA, FHV-1, and FCV. Moreover, the prevalence of these pathogens varied among the cat populations investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

7 pages, 445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in 1186 Equids Presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in California from 2020 to 2022

by Kaila Lawton, Stefan M. Keller, Samantha Barnum, Christina Arredondo-Lopez, Kennedy Spann and Nicola Pusterla

Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2497; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112497 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2410

Abstract

While some companion animals have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, their role in the COVID-19 pandemic has remained poorly investigated. Equids are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 based on the similarity of the human ACE-2 receptor and reports of infection. Clinical disease and prevalence factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in equids have not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and selected prevalence factors in 1186 equids presented for various conditions to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over a two-year period. Blood samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using an ELISA targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Further, selected prevalence factors (season, age, breed, sex, presenting complaint) were retrieved from the medical records. No information was available on whether the horses had come into contact with COVID-19-positive individuals. Among the study animals, 42/1186 (3.5%) horses had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Amongst the prevalence factors investigated, only seasonality (spring) was associated with a greater frequency of seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2. Horses with medical and surgical complaints were more likely to test seropositive to SARS-CoV-2 compared to horses presented for routine health care procedures, suggesting more frequent and/or longer interactions with individuals with COVID-19. While horses can become infected with SARS-CoV-2 via the occasional spillover from COVID-19 individuals, clinical disease expression remains subclinical, making horses an unlikely contributor to the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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13 pages, 3308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Canine Coronavirus Activates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor during In Vitro Infection

by Claudia Cerracchio, Francesco Serra, Maria Grazia Amoroso and Filomena Fiorito

Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112437 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1552

Abstract

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that interacts with substrates, including microbial metabolites. Recent advances reveal that AhR is involved in the host response to coronaviruses (CoVs) infection. Particularly, AhR antagonists decrease the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via AhR up-regulation, resulting in suppression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in mammalian cells. Herein, we report that AhR is expressed in canine fibrosarcoma (A72) cells, where it is considerably activated by infection with genotype II of canine coronavirus (CCoV-II). The pharmacological inhibition of AhR, by CH223191, suppressed cell death signs and increased cell viability. Furthermore, the AhR antagonist induced a meaningful decline in virus yield, accompanied by the inhibition of the expression of viral nuclear protein (NP). Fascinatingly, during CCoV infection, a novel co-expression of NP and AhR expression was found. Taken together, our preliminary findings show that infection with CCoV activates AhR, and pharmacologic AhR inhibition reduces CCoV replication, identifying AhR as a possible candidate target for CCoV antiviral therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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19 pages, 4459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rotavirus A Inoculation and Oral Vitamin A Supplementation of Vitamin A Deficient Pregnant Sows Enhances Maternal Adaptive Immunity and Passive Protection of Piglets against Virulent Rotavirus A

by Juliet Chepngeno, Joshua O. Amimo, Husheem Michael, Kwonil Jung, Sergei Raev, Marcia V. Lee, Debasu Damtie, Alfred O. Mainga, Anastasia N. Vlasova and Linda J. Saif

Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112354 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1994

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of vitamin A deficiency (VAD)/supplementation (±VA) and group A RV (RVA) maternal immunization of RVA seropositive multiparous pregnant sows, on their immune responses (anamnestic response) and on passive protection of their piglets against RVA challenge. Our results showed that VAD- mock sows had increased RVA RNA shedding at 1–5 days post piglet RVA challenge, and their litters had increased RVA shedding and diarrhea frequency throughout the experiment. VAD decreased memory B cell frequencies while VA supplementation increased RVA specific IgA/IgG antibody (Ab) secreting cell (ASC) numbers in blood, milk, and tissues of RVA inoculated VAD sows. The increased numbers of RVA specific IgA/IgG ASCs in blood, milk/colostrum, intestinal contents, and tissues in VA supplemented VAD sows, suggest a role of VA in B cell immunity and trafficking to tissues. We also observed that RVA inoculated sows had the highest viral neutralizing Ab titers in serum and milk while VA supplementation of VAD sows and RVA inoculation increased IgA⁺ B cell frequencies in sow colostrum. In summary, we demonstrated that daily oral VA-supplementation (2nd trimester-throughout lactation) to RVA inoculated VAD sows improved the function of their gut-mammary-IgA immunological axis, reducing viral RNA shedding, diarrhea, and increasing weight gain in suckling piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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17 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibody Response to Rotavirus C Pre-Farrow Natural Planned Exposure to Gilts and Their Piglets

by Deepak Kumar, Amanda V. Anderson, Jeremy Pittman, Nora L. Springer, Douglas G. Marthaler and Waithaka Mwangi

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2250; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102250 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1603

Abstract

A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the dynamics of genotype-specific (G6 and P[5]) antibody response to different doses (3, 2 and 1) of rotavirus C (RVC) natural planned exposure (NPE) in gilt serum, colostrum/milk and piglet serum, and compare with antibody response to rotavirus A NPE (RVA genotypes G4, G5, P[7] and P[23]). G6 and P[5] antigens of RVC were expressed in mammalian and bacterial cells, and used to develop individual indirect ELISAs. For both antigens, group 1 with 3 doses of NPE resulted in significantly higher IgG and IgA levels in colostrum compared to other groups. In piglet serum, group 1 P[5] IgG levels were significantly higher than other study groups at day 0 and 7. Piglet serum had higher IgA levels for group 1 piglets compared to other groups for both antigens. A comparison of colostrum antibody levels to rotavirus A (RVA) and RVC revealed that colostrum RVC IgG and IgA titers were lower than RVA titers irrespective of the G and P-type. Next generation sequencing (NGS) detected same RVC genotypes (G6 and P[5]) circulating in the piglet population under the window of lactogenic immunity. We conclude that the low RVC load in NPE material (real-time PCR Ct-values 32.55, 29.32 and 30.30) failed to induce sufficient maternal immunity in gilts (low colostrum RVC antibody levels) and passively prevent piglets from natural RVC infection in the farrowing room. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study comparing differences in antibody response to porcine RVA and RVC in a commercial setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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14 pages, 2314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CD163-Expressing Porcine Macrophages Support NADC30-like and NADC34-like PRRSV Infections

by Yulin Xu, Mengxue Ye, Shaohua Sun, Qi Cao, Jia Luo, Yuening Wang, Wanglong Zheng, François Meurens, Nanhua Chen and Jianzhong Zhu

Viruses 2022, 14(9), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14092056 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2445

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has a strict cell tropism. In addition to the primary alveolar macrophages, PRRSV is strictly cytotropic to African green monkey kidney cells, such as MARC-145 cells; however, MARC-145 cells are not infected by most NADC30-like and NADC34-like PRRSV strains. The essential scavenger receptor CD163 has been proved to mediate productive infection of PRRSV in various non-permissive cell lines. In this study, we systematically tested the porcine CD163 stably expressing 3D4/21 cells for infections with various PRRSV strains. The results showed that the porcine CD163-expressing macrophages support the infections of PRRSV2 of lineages 1, 5, and 8, as evidenced by Western blotting, immunofluorescence assay, quantitative PCR, and virus titration assay. Considering the current prevalence of NADC30-like and NADC34-like PRRSV2 of lineage 1 in China, the CD163-expressing macrophages are very useful for PRRSV research and disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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16 pages, 5030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Complete Genome Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) and an Unclassified CRESS DNA Virus from Diarrheic Pigs in the Dominican Republic: First Evidence for Predominance of PCV2d from the Caribbean Region

by Kerry Gainor, Yussaira Castillo Fortuna, Angeline Steny Alakkaparambil, Wendy González, Yashpal Singh Malik and Souvik Ghosh

Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1799; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081799 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1660

Abstract

We report here high rates (47.5%, 48/101) of detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in diarrheic pigs from three pig farms in the Dominican Republic. Seventeen of the PCV2 positive samples, representing the three pig farms, different age groups and sampling periods (2020–2021), were amplified for the complete PCV2 genome. Based on analysis of open reading frame 2 and complete genome sequences, the 17 PCV2 strains were assigned to the PCV2d genotype. Significant differences were observed in PCV2 detection rates between the vaccinated (20% (10/50)) and unvaccinated (62.5% (10/16) and 80% (28/35)) farms, corroborating previous observations that PCV2a-based vaccines confer protection against heterologous PCV2 genotypes. The present study is the first to report detection and molecular characterization of PCV2 from the Dominican Republic, warranting large-scale molecular epidemiological studies on PCV2 in pig farms and backyard systems across the country. For the first time, PCV2d was identified as the predominant PCV2 genotype in a study from the Caribbean region, suggesting that a genotype shift from PCV2b to PCV2d might be happening in the Caribbean region, which mirrored the current PCV2 genotype scenario in many other parts of the world. Besides PCV2, we also identified a pigeon circovirus-like virus, and a circular Replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA virus, which was characterized for the complete genome. The CRESS DNA virus shared a similar genomic organization and was related to unclassified CRESSV2 DNA viruses (belonging to the Order Cirlivirales) from porcine feces in Hungary, indicating that related unclassified CRESS DNA viruses are circulating among pigs in different geographical regions, warranting further studies on the epidemiology and biology of these novel viruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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17 pages, 4385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porcine Enteric Coronavirus PEDV Induces the ROS-ATM and Caspase7-CAD-γH2AX Signaling Pathways to Foster Its Replication

by Xin Ming, Huan Chen, Ying Yang, Pu Zhao, Liumei Sun, Caisheng Zhang, Hyun-Jin Shin, Jeong-Soo Lee, Yong-Sam Jung and Yingjuan Qian

Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081782 - 15 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2019

Abstract

DNA damage response (DDR) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which eukaryotic cells sense DNA lesions caused by intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, including virus infection. Although interactions between DNA viruses and DDR have been extensively studied, how RNA viruses, especially coronaviruses, regulate DDR remains unknown. A previous study showed that the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the Coronaviridae family, induces DDR in infected cells. However, the underlying mechanism was unclear. This study showed that PEDV activates the ATM-Chk2 signaling, while inhibition of ATM or Chk2 dampens the early stage of PEDV infection. Additionally, we found that PEDV-activated ATM signaling correlates with intracellular ROS production. Interestingly, we showed that, unlike the typical γH2AX foci, PEDV infection leads to a unique γH2AX staining pattern, including phase I (nuclear ring staining), II (pan-nuclear staining), and III (co-staining with apoptotic bodies), which highly resembles the apoptosis process. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PEDV-induced H2AX phosphorylation depends on the activation of caspase-7 and caspase-activated DNAse (CAD), but not ATM-Chk2. Finally, we showed that the knockdown of H2AX attenuates PEDV replication. Taken together, we conclude that PEDV induces DDR through the ROS-ATM and caspase7-CAD-γH2AX signaling pathways to foster its early replication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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18 pages, 5405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Frequent Occurrence of Simultaneous Infection with Multiple Rotaviruses in Swiss Pigs

by Sibylle Baumann, Titus Sydler, Giuliana Rosato, Monika Hilbe, Dolf Kümmerlen, Xaver Sidler and Claudia Bachofen

Viruses 2022, 14(5), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14051117 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2468

Abstract

Rotavirus (RV) infections are the most important viral cause of diarrhea in piglets in Switzerland and are thought to cause substantial economic losses to the pig industry. However, no data are available on the occurrence and dynamics of the main porcine RV species, namely RVA, RVB, and RVC, and the diversity of the circulating strains. We therefore tested fecal samples from a cross-sectional (n = 95) and a longitudinal (n = 48) study for RVA, RVB, and RVC by real-time RT-PCR and compared the results of the cross-sectional study to postmortem findings. In addition, eight samples were fully genotyped by using next-generation sequencing. In the cross-sectional study, triple RV infections significantly correlated with diarrhea and wasting and were most frequent in the weaned age group. In the longitudinal study, the shedding of RV peaked one week after weaning and decreased thereafter. Here, mainly double infections were seen, and only a few animals showed diarrhea. The full-genome sequencing revealed a genotype pattern similar to other European countries and, importantly, co-infection by up to four RVA strains. Our results imply that the weaning of piglets may trigger not only RV shedding but facilitate co-infection of multiple RV species and strains in the same host. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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Review

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13 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Bioactive Compounds against Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses

by Cong Duan, Yufeng Luo, Xianming Liang and Xia Wang

Viruses 2022, 14(10), 2217; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102217 - 8 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1782

Abstract

Pig diarrhea is a universal problem in the process of pig breeding, which seriously affects the development of the pig industry. Porcine enteric coronaviruses (PECoVs) are common pathogens causing diarrhea in pigs, currently including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). With the prosperity of world transportation and trade, the spread of viruses is becoming wider and faster, making it even more necessary to prevent PECoVs. In this paper, the host factors required for the efficient replication of these CoVs and the compounds that exhibit inhibitory effects on them were summarized to promote the development of drugs against PECoVs. This study will be also helpful in discovering general host factors that affect the replication of CoVs and provide references for the prevention and treatment of other CoVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric and Respiratory Viruses in Animals 3.0)

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