Advances in Environmental Hydraulics

The water consumption rate for hydropower station power generation is an important index of the economic operation of hydropower stations, which has been widely considered and applied in the production practice of hydropower stations and has great significance for the full utilization of hydroelectric resources. This paper takes A and B cascade hydropower stations as the research objects to study the variation patterns of the water consumption rate of hydropower stations under different conditions, which mainly includes the following: (1) in this study, the relationship curve of output–gross head–flow (NH_grossQ) of each unit was established based on the relationship curve of output–net head–flow (NHQ) and the flow–head loss curve of each unit; (2) the mirror vertical shift method was used to calculate and plot the relationship curve of gross head–flow for combinations of multiple units; (3) the outflow–water–output characteristic curve of the hydropower station under the conditions of different reservoir water levels, different discharge flow, or different power generation output under the optimal operation of the hydropower station were calculated and drawn; (4) the outflow–water level–output curve of the hydropower station under various conditions was converted into an outflow–water level–water consumption curve; (5) the variation characteristics of the water consumption rate of the hydropower station under different conditions were analyzed; (6) on the basis of the definition of the water consumption rate of cascade hydropower stations, the research on the variation in the water consumption rate of cascade hydropower stations was carried out under the conditions of different water levels of the A reservoir, different water levels of the B reservoir, different discharge, and different total output of the hydropower stations. The variation pattern of the water consumption rate of hydropower stations under different conditions obtained in this paper can provide technical support for the real-time economic operation of cascade hydropower stations. Full article

Suitable friction groups are provided for solving three typical hydraulic problems. While the friction group based on viscous forces is used for calculating the pressure drop or head loss in pipes and open channels, commonly referred to as the Type 1 problem in hydraulic engineering, additional friction groups with similar behaviors are introduced for calculating steady flow discharge as the Type 2 problem and, for estimating hydraulic diameter as the Type 3 problem. Contrary to the viscous friction group, the traditional Darcy–Weisbach friction factor demonstrates a negative correlation with the Reynolds number. This results in curves that slope downward from small to large Reynolds numbers on the well-known Moody chart. In contrast, the friction group used here, based on viscous forces, establishes a more appropriate relationship. In this case, the friction and Reynolds number are positively correlated, meaning that both increase or decrease simultaneously. Here, rearranged diagrams for all three mentioned problems show similar behaviors. This paper compares the Moody diagram with the diagram for the viscous force friction group. The turbulent parts of both diagrams are based on the Colebrook equation, with the newly reformulated version using the viscous force friction group. As the Colebrook equation is implicit with respect to friction, requiring an iterative solution, an explicit solution using the Lambert W-function for the reformulated version is offered. Examples are provided for both pipes and open channel flow. Full article

Various analytical solutions for computing production and injection-induced pressure changes in aquifers and oil reservoirs have been derived over the past century. All prior solutions assumed a constant well rate as the boundary condition. However, in many practical situations, the fluid withdrawal from and/or injection into such subsurface reservoirs occurs with the aid of pump devices that maintain a constant bottomhole pressure in the well. Until now, how the well rate will decline over time, based on the pressure difference in the well relative to the initial reservoir pressure, could not be rapidly computed analytically (using the diffusivity as the key governing system parameter), because no concise expression had been derived with the boundary condition of a constant bottomhole pressure. The present study shows how the pressure diffusion equation can be readily solved for wells acting as sinks and sources with a constant bottomhole pressure condition. We consider both fractured and unfractured completions, as well as injection and production modes. The new solutions do not require an elaborate time-stepped pressure-matching procedure as in nodal analysis, the only other physics-based analytical method currently available to compute the well rate decline when a constant bottomhole pressure production system is used, which unlike our new method proposed here is limited to single well systems. Full article

In order to reveal the impact of hydrodynamic conditions on the transport and diffusion of pollutants in Liaodong Bay in China, this article uses MIKE21 to establish a numerical model to simulate the hydrodynamic mechanisms of tidal currents and residual currents in Liaodong Bay. The model has been calibrated using observation data from 10 stations, and the simulation results of the tidal currents, Euler residual currents, Lagrangian residual currents, and particle tracking in Liaodong Bay have been calculated. Subsequently, a comparative analysis is conducted based on the abovementioned data and measured data, exploring the impact of hydrodynamic conditions on the transport and diffusion of COD in Liaodong Bay. The research results in this article indicate that high concentration COD areas are mainly concentrated in the coastal areas around the estuary of the Liao River and the Daliao River, and river input is the main source of COD in Liaodong Bay. The Euler residual circulation can form COD enrichment in some areas, which is significantly higher than the background concentration, and the large-scale transportation of COD after entering Liaodong Bay is determined by the Lagrangian residual current. The particle tracking results in the estuarine area can effectively characterize the actual transportation of pollutants. The results of the Lagrangian residual flow and particle tracking in the bay indicate that river pollutants are mainly transported to the west bank after entering Liaodong Bay. The distribution of a COD concentration of 1.5 mg/L confirms this finding. The research findings presented in this paper offer valuable insights into the spatial distribution and transportation mechanisms of pollutants. These results hold significant implications for pollution prevention and mitigation strategies in comparable bay environments. Full article

Capillary barriers are widely used as a cover system to enhance the upper-soil-layer water storage capacity and reduce water infiltrate into the lower soil layer. In this paper, the effects of the median soil–particle size ratio on the water storage capacity of capillary barriers were studied using a series of indoor one-dimensional soil column infiltration tests. The results show that the water storage capacity rises with an increase in the median soil–particle size ratio until it exceeds 10. The variation in the total water storage capacity is related to not only the median soil–particle size ratio but also the particle size of coarse-grained soil or fine-grained soil. When the fine-grained soil-layer particle size is constant, the total water storage first increases, then decreases, and finally remains constant after increasing the median soil–particle size ratio. In contrast, when the coarse-grained soil layer particle size is constant, the relationship between the capillary barrier’s total water storage and median soil–particle size ratio can be defined as a power function. Using the capillary barrier can increase coarse-grained sand by 90% in water storage capacity and can only increase fine-grained sand by 7% in water storage capacity. The breakthrough time increases with the increase in the median soil–particle size ratio. The presence of the coarse and fine-grained soil layer interface in the capillary barrier can affect the fine-grained soil layer infiltration rate. Full article

This study investigates the behavior of chubs (Squalius cephalus) of mid-body length (9.7–15.6 cm) with respect to turbulent flow conditions in a pool representing an experimental vertical slot fishway. Velocity and turbulence were characterized using PIV data. The influence of turbulent flow on fish behavior was assessed through the number of successful fish passage attempts, the associated passage times, and the spatial distribution of fish in the pool. Turbulence conditions were modified by the addition of one or three vertical rigid cylinders inside the pool. The results show that these adaptations may facilitate the passage of chubs. Results provide valuable insights and information to understand the relationship between fish behavior and hydraulic conditions, especially in the context of improving the design of fishways. Full article

Environmental flow assessment is an essential tool in water resource management. This study employs a holistic approach to evaluate the environmental flow in the Yen Basin, Thanh Hoa, Vietnam. Based on information gathered from a field survey, the Yen River system is divided into five reaches, and environmental objectives and ecological assets are identified in each reach. Hydrological and hydraulic mathematical models are applied to simulate the flow regime in the river, demonstrating their potential to assess environmental flow, especially in basins with limited data. The detailed results from the mathematical model facilitate selecting environmental flow components to address specific objectives for each river reach. By analyzing and selecting the flow regime, this study aims to ensure environmental protection while also considering basin development requirements, laying the groundwork for defining prescribed flow regimes in basin water management. Full article

The presence of macroroughness elements directly affects the flow velocity in mountain headwater streams. Hydraulic roughness is the dominant resistance to flow caused by objects protruding into the water, but it is not measurable in the field. This study quantified the reach-average hydraulic roughness based on the channel morphology in two mountain streams. The average flow velocities of the reaches were measured using the dye-tracing method. The magnitude of the hydraulic roughness was derived from the grain size of the streambed materials (D₅₀ and D₈₄) and the cross-sectional/longitudinal bed roughness. The observations for low flows (0.04–0.43 m²/s discharge per unit width) indicated that the longitudinal 90% inter-percentile range ($IP{R}_{90}^L$) seemed to have considerable merit in examining the influences of large roughness elements on flow conveyance. A dimensionless hydraulic geometry relation that can reflect the field measurements over a limited range of hydraulic characteristics was also developed for estimating the reach-average flow velocity in steep and rough streams. Thus, the research framework used appears to provide a reliable method of quantifying reach-average hydraulic roughness from local data in mountain headwater streams. Full article

One of the major problems associated with bridge piers is ensuring their safety against local scouring caused by the erosive action of flow. Numerous countermeasures have been developed and tested to solve this problem, among which sacrificial piles are highly recognized due to their high performance, economy, durability, and ease of construction. Several factors affect the performance of sacrificial piles, such as their number, size, degree of submergence, and geometric arrangement parameters. In this study, the performance of a group of linearly arranged cylindrical sacrificial piles in reducing local scour around a circular bridge pier was investigated by varying the number of piles (or sheltering area) and distance between piles and the pier under clear-water conditions. Three values of distance between piles and the pier and three values of sheltering area (or number of piles) were tested. The efficiencies of sacrificial piles in different configurations were presented in terms of the percentage reduction in maximum scour depth at an unprotected pier under the same hydraulic conditions. The results of this experiment show that when linearly arranged sacrificial piles are placed close to the pier (at distance D; D is the pier diameter), an increase in the number of piles (or sheltered area) results in an increased scour depth, and when placed far from the pier (2D and 3D), an increase in the number of piles results in a decrease in scour depth around the pier. In addition, for 40% and 60% sheltering conditions, scour depth increased with an increase in the spacing between piles and the pier, while for 80% sheltering conditions, optimum protection was observed at a distance of 2D. Overall, two piles placed at distance D provided optimum protection with a scour depth reduction of 41.6%, while minimum protection was recorded when the same were placed at a spacing of 3D from the pier (25.5%). Full article

Trash racks installed at hydropower plants cause head losses that reduce energy output. Previous research has thoroughly investigated head losses through both experimental and field studies. However, only a limited number of numerical studies have been performed, which have shown significant simplifications in terms of model complexity. In this study, the head loss coefficients ξ of circular bar trash racks (CBTRs) were analyzed using 3D Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Specifically, a single submerged bar oriented perpendicular to the flow direction was studied under homogeneous inflow conditions while (i) the blocking ratio P was varied between 0.043 and 0.444, and (ii) the flow velocity U was varied between 0.3 and 1.0 m/s. The model parameters were selected primarily based on the extensive literature on flow past circular cylinders, particularly at a Reynolds bar number Re_b of 3900. To ensure the validity of the parameters, systematic independence tests were performed, including simulations with three and five bars in the computational domain. The results confirmed the suitability of 3D LES as an appropriate tool to determine ξ of CBTRs. In general, ξ decreased continuously with decreasing P and increased with increasing U when Re_b ≥ 3981, which is consistent with comparable flow parameters observed in previous studies of flow past circular cylinders. Notably, the study found that the empirical formulas used for comparison tended to underestimate ξ when P was relatively low. Finally, the potential of the presented approach for future applications was discussed in detail. Full article

Agricultural drainage canals that connect upstream fish spawning areas to downstream rivers and lakes serve as crucial habitats for migrating fish. However, disconnections, such as drops and chutes, have been constructed in these canals due to agricultural modernization and flood control measures, hindering the movement of fish that find it difficult to ascend in fast-flowing currents. Portable fishways offer a promising solution to reconnect waterbodies in agricultural canals, as they can be easily removed during high water discharges to avoid impeding the canals’ drainage function. In addition to experimental assessments of fishway functionality, employing a hydrodynamic model to explore effective placement strategies for portable fishways is essential to maximize their effectiveness. This study presents a method for determining the best horizontal location of a portable fishway in an agricultural drainage canal using two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations within the specified cases. The applicability of this method is demonstrated by addressing the positioning challenge of a portable fishway on a chute in an agricultural drainage canal in Japan. The results indicate that the proposed method allows for the selection of a suitable location, considering preferable hydraulic conditions both within the portable fishway and around its entrance. Full article

The shoal area of the lower Yellow River in China is not flooded with water during the dry season, so various plants can grow. When floods overflow the plains in the flood season, the complexity of water resistance is increased due to the resistance to water flow by vegetation, which directly affects flood discharge in the beach area. The drag force coefficient (C_D), Manning’s roughness coefficient (n), and Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient (f) are commonly used to characterize vegetation drag force. Such studies are commonly conducted in clear water, but flood water in the lower Yellow River is generally muddy. In order to study the effect of the same sediment content and different sedimentation thicknesses on the resistance of muddy waters containing vegetation, this study conducted experiments in a flume (length = 28 m, width = 0.5 m, and height = 0.5 m) under different deposition thicknesses. The results showed that the vegetation drag force coefficient (C_D), vegetation roughness (n_b), and Darcy-Weisbach drag coefficient (f) all decreased logarithmically with increasing Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr). When Re > 30,000, under the conditions of different siltation thicknesses of vegetation, the vegetation roughness tended to stabilize near its minimum value. When the Reynolds number of the water flow is large (Re > 20,000), the variation of the Darcy-Weisbach drag coefficient f slows down with the Reynolds number Re. Logarithmic functions were established for the above resistance coefficients and flow coefficients, and the corresponding correlation coefficients were high, indicating that the conclusions were reliable. Full article

This study is concerned with the generation and propagation of strongly nonlinear waves in shallow water. A numerical wave flume is developed where nonlinear waves of solitary and cnoidal types are generated by use of the Level I Green-Naghdi (GN) equations by a piston-type wavemaker. Waves generated by the GN theory enter the domain where the fluid motion is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations to achieve the highest accuracy for wave propagation. The computations are performed in two dimensions, and by an open source computational fluid dynamics package, namely OpenFoam. Comparisons are made between the characteristics of the waves generated in this wave tank and by use of the GN equations and the waves generated by Boussinesq equations, Laitone’s 1st and 2nd order equations, and KdV equations. We also consider a numerical wave tank where waves generated by the GN equations enter a domain in which the fluid motion is governed by the GN equations. Discussion is provided on the limitations and applicability of the GN equations in generating accurate, nonlinear, shallow-water waves. The results, including surface elevation, velocity field, and wave celerity, are compared with laboratory experiments and other theories. It is found that the nonlinear waves generated by the GN equations are highly stable and in close agreement with laboratory measurements. Full article