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Molecules, Volume 10, Issue 8 (August 2005) – 20 articles , Pages 833-1020

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6 pages, 53 KiB  
Article
Improved Synthesis of β-D-6-Methylpurine Riboside and Antitumor Effects of the β-D- and α-D-Anomers
by C. Marasco, Jr. 1,*, P. Pera 2, A. Spiess 2, R. Bernacki 2 and J. Sufrin 2
1 D’Youville College, Department of Math and Natural Sciences, USA
2 Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, USA
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 1015-1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/10081015 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9987
Abstract
6-Methylpurine-β-D-riboside (β-D-MPR) has been synthesized by coupling6-methylpurine and 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribose using conditions that producethe β-D-anomer exclusively. The in vitro antitumor effects of β-D-MPR and 6-methyl-purine-α-D-riboside (α-D-MPR) in five human tumor cell lines showed that β-D-MPR washighly active (IC50 values ranging from 6 to [...] Read more.
6-Methylpurine-β-D-riboside (β-D-MPR) has been synthesized by coupling6-methylpurine and 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribose using conditions that producethe β-D-anomer exclusively. The in vitro antitumor effects of β-D-MPR and 6-methyl-purine-α-D-riboside (α-D-MPR) in five human tumor cell lines showed that β-D-MPR washighly active (IC50 values ranging from 6 to 34 nM). α-D-MPR, although less active than β-D-MPR, also exhibited significant antitumor effects (IC50 values ranging from 1.47 to 4.83"µ"M). Full article
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5 pages, 106 KiB  
Article
Preparation of an Eight-Membered Sesquiterpene Lactone Resulting from Sequential Gif System GoAggIII and MCPBA Oxidation of ( )-10β,14-Dihydroxy-allo-aromadendrane
by M. De Bodas 1, M. Marques 2, A. Beatriz 1 and D. De Lima 1,*
1 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Departamento de Química, Brazil
2 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Departamento de Morfofisiologia, Brazil
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 1010-1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/10081010 - 31 Aug 2005
Viewed by 8254
Abstract
Studies aimed at a comparison of chemical, biomimetic (Gif system GoAggIII)and enzymatic (CHMO) transformations of natural ( )-10β,14-dihydroxy-allo-aromadendrane have led to preparation of an eight-member sesquiterpene lactone. Full article
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5 pages, 55 KiB  
Article
Microbial Hydroxylation of Sclareol by Rhizopus Stolonifer
by D. Díez 1,*, J. M. Sanchez 2, J. M. Rodilla 3, P. M. Rocha 3, R. S. Mendes 3, C. Paulino 3, I. S. Marcos 1, P. Basabe 1 and J. G. Urones 1
1 Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Ciéncias Químicas. Universidad de Salamanca 37008, Salamanca. Spain
2 Departamento de Ingenieria Química. Facultad de Ciéncias Químicas. Universidad de Salamanca 37008, Salamanca. Spain
3 Departamento de Química. Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã. Portugal
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 1005-1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/10081005 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8941
Abstract
Incubation of sclareol with Rhizopus stolonifer affords in high yield a mixture of triols with 18-hydroxy-sclareol as the main component. Full article
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5 pages, 204 KiB  
Article
The Syntheses of Some Novel (Naphthalen-1-yl-selenyl)acetic Acid Derivatives
by Serkan Yavuz 1, Ali Dişli 1, Yılmaz Yıldırır 1,* and Lemi Türker 2
1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gazi Universitesi, Teknik Okullar, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
2 Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 1000-1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/10081000 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7290
Abstract
Some new (naphthalen-1-yl-selenyl)acetic acids derivatives 7a-d have been synthesized by two different methods, using naphthylselenols or naphthylselenocyanates. The structures of the products were investigated by spectroscopic methods. Full article
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10 pages, 131 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of 4'-(2,6,6-Trimethyl -2-Cyclohexen-1-yl) -3'-Buten-2'-Ketoxime-N-O-Alkyl Ethers
by T. Banerjee and P. Dureja *
Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institut, India
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 990-999; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080990 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7115
Abstract
4'-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3'-buten-2'-ketoxime-N-O-alkyl ethershave been synthesized starting from α-ionone, separated into their E and Z isomers andcharacterized on the basis of 1H-NMR and mass spectra. Full article
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12 pages, 418 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Nitro-p-xylenes
by L. Yan-Hong 1, Z. Tong-Lai 1,*, Z. Jian-Guo 1, G. Jin-Yu 1 and Y. Kai-Bei 2
1 State Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Explosion, Beijing Institute of Technology, P. R. China
2 Center of Analysis and Test of Chengdu Branch, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 978-989; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080978 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 11904
Abstract
In this paper we elected to nitrate p-xylene because this compound has onlyone mononitro- and trinitro- isomer. Trinitro-p-xylene was used as a starting material forthe synthesis of other compounds in subsequent work. The mononitration of p-xylene canbe easily carried out at 30°C. Nitro-p-xylene [...] Read more.
In this paper we elected to nitrate p-xylene because this compound has onlyone mononitro- and trinitro- isomer. Trinitro-p-xylene was used as a starting material forthe synthesis of other compounds in subsequent work. The mononitration of p-xylene canbe easily carried out at 30°C. Nitro-p-xylene is easily nitrated to dinitro-p-xylene at atemperature of 80°C. The trinitro-p-xylene can be obtained at 120°C. Single crystals of2,3-dinitro-p-xylene and 2,3,5-trinitro-p-xylene were grown using theslow cooling method and we report the X-ray structure of the former. The thermaldecomposition of the compounds was studied using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) techniques andFT-IR. The target compounds were also characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS. Full article
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7 pages, 243 KiB  
Article
Terpenoids from Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Del
by Hesham I. El-Askary
Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 971-977; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080971 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 9997
Abstract
A new diacetyl triterpene lactone, drosericarpone (2), was isolated from the hexane extract of the herb Cleome droserifolia, together with buchariol (1, a sesquiterpene oxide, isolated for the first time from Cleome species) and stigmasterol glucoside (3). The structures of 1-3 were identified [...] Read more.
A new diacetyl triterpene lactone, drosericarpone (2), was isolated from the hexane extract of the herb Cleome droserifolia, together with buchariol (1, a sesquiterpene oxide, isolated for the first time from Cleome species) and stigmasterol glucoside (3). The structures of 1-3 were identified by spectroscopic means. Full article
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10 pages, 294 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Non-Aqueous Medium Titrations of Some New 4-Benzylidenamino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one Derivatives
by Haydar Yüksek 1,*, Osman Ücüncü 2, Muzaffer Alkan 1, Zafer Ocak 1 and Sule Bahceci 3
1 Education Faculty, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
2 Department of Chemistry, Kafkas University, 36100 Kars, Turkey
3 Fatih Education Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 961-970; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080961 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8461
Abstract
The synthesis of 3-alkyl(aryl)-4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones 3 from the reactions of 3-alkyl(aryl)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones 2 with 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde is described.The acetylation and methylation reactions of the compounds 3 giving compounds of type4 and 5, respectively, were investigated. The newly synthesized compounds werecharacterized using elemental analyses and IR, 1 [...] Read more.
The synthesis of 3-alkyl(aryl)-4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzylidenamino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones 3 from the reactions of 3-alkyl(aryl)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ones 2 with 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde is described.The acetylation and methylation reactions of the compounds 3 giving compounds of type4 and 5, respectively, were investigated. The newly synthesized compounds werecharacterized using elemental analyses and IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and UV spectral data.In addition, to investigate the effects of solvents and molecular structure upon acidity,compounds 3 were titrated potentiometrically with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide infour non-aqueous solvents (isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, acetonitrile and N,N-dimethylformamide). The half-neutralization potential values and the corresponding pKavalues were determined for all cases. Full article
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24 pages, 295 KiB  
Review
Reactions of 3-Formylchromone with Active Methylene and Methyl Compounds and Some Subsequent Reactions of the Resulting Condensation Products
by R. Gasparová 2,* and M. Lácova 1
1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of St. Cyril and Methodius, Slovak Republic
2 Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Slovak Republic
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 937-960; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080937 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 14681
Abstract
This review presents a survey of the condensations of 3-formylchromone with various active methylene and methyl compounds, e.g. malonic or barbituric acid derivatives, five-membered heterocycles, etc. The utilisation of the condensation products for the synthesis of different heterocyclic systems, which is based on [...] Read more.
This review presents a survey of the condensations of 3-formylchromone with various active methylene and methyl compounds, e.g. malonic or barbituric acid derivatives, five-membered heterocycles, etc. The utilisation of the condensation products for the synthesis of different heterocyclic systems, which is based on the ability of the γ-pyrone ring to be opened by the nucleophilic attack is also reviewed. Finally, the applications of microwave irradiation as an unconventional method of reaction activation in the synthesis of condensation products is described and the biological activity of some chromone derivatives is noted. Full article
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8 pages, 59 KiB  
Article
Simple and Efficient Synthesis of 2,7-Difunctionalized-1,8-Naphthyridines
by S. Goswami *, R. Mukherjee, R. Mukherjee, S. Jana, A. Maity and A. Adak
Department of Chemistry, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, India
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 929-936; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080929 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 11495
Abstract
The syntheses in good yields of some new difunctionalized 1,8-naphthyridines 4, 6, 8 and 9 and a novel triethylene glycol ether-linked dinaphthyridine, 10a, along with the mononaphthyridine-linked ether alcohol 10b are described. An improved and milder method for the synthesis of 2,7-diamino-1,8-naphthyridine (14) [...] Read more.
The syntheses in good yields of some new difunctionalized 1,8-naphthyridines 4, 6, 8 and 9 and a novel triethylene glycol ether-linked dinaphthyridine, 10a, along with the mononaphthyridine-linked ether alcohol 10b are described. An improved and milder method for the synthesis of 2,7-diamino-1,8-naphthyridine (14) is also reported. Full article
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7 pages, 118 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Antioxidant Vitamins (A, E, C) and Lipid Peroxidation Levels in Rats Injected N-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl) amine
by F. Karatas 1,*, H. Kara 2, S. Servi 1, T. Tug 3, F. A. Erulas 1 and M. Koca 1
1 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
2 Elazig School of Health Sciences, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
3 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 922-928; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080922 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10939
Abstract
The present study examined the influence of synthetic N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl) amine (2-Amdz) on levels of vitamins A, E and C and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats. A total of 30 rats, divided into two groups, were used in the study. The control group was given [...] Read more.
The present study examined the influence of synthetic N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl) amine (2-Amdz) on levels of vitamins A, E and C and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats. A total of 30 rats, divided into two groups, were used in the study. The control group was given only a subcutaneous injection of 250 μL 75% ethanol, every other day. The other group of rats was administered a subcutaneous injection of 2-Amdz (25 mg kg-1, dissolved in 250 μL of 75% ethanol). Injections were continued for 16 days. After the application of 2-Amdz for 16 days, the serum levels of vitamins A, E and C and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by HPLC. The serum vitamin A, E, and C levels decreased significantly compared to controls (p<0.05) whereas serum MDA levels were higher than control levels (p<0.005). As a result, it can be suggested that 2-Amdz induced a severe stress and more importantly, increased the amount of free radicals and significantly decreased the levels of serum antioxidant vitamins. Full article
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10 pages, 227 KiB  
Article
A New iso-Amyl Benzothiazolyl Sulfoxide as an Extractant for Palladium and the Crystal Structure of its Palladium (II) Complex
by Yao-Wei Li 1, Guo-Bang Gu 1,*, Hai-Yang Liu 1,*, Herman H. Y. Sung 2, Ian D. Williams 2 and Chi-K. Chang 2,*
1 Department of Applied Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
2 Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P.R. China
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 912-921; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080912 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 10926
Abstract
A new iso-amyl benzothiazolyl sulfoxide (ABSO) was synthesized and used inthe extraction of Pd(II) from hydrochloric acid media. Pd(II) was extracted quantitativelyfrom 0.1 M HCl with ABSO in benzene (0.5 M). Ammonia solution (2.0 M) could beused as stripping agent. ABSO and Pd(II) [...] Read more.
A new iso-amyl benzothiazolyl sulfoxide (ABSO) was synthesized and used inthe extraction of Pd(II) from hydrochloric acid media. Pd(II) was extracted quantitativelyfrom 0.1 M HCl with ABSO in benzene (0.5 M). Ammonia solution (2.0 M) could beused as stripping agent. ABSO and Pd(II) form a 2:1 adduct [Pd (ABSO)2Cl2] in theextraction. X-ray crystal structure determination revealed PdCl2(ABSO)2 is asquare-planar complex in which ABSO acts as a neutral unidentate ligand coordinatedwith palladium(II) via the thiazolyl N atom. Full article
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11 pages, 137 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Cyclophellitol Utilizing a Palladium Chloride Mediated-Ferrier-II Rearrangement
by H. Takahashi and S. Ikegami *
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Japan
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 901-911; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080901 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8042
Abstract
Cyclophellitol and its C3-epimer have been synthesized from5-enoglucopyranoside and 5-enomannopyranoside, respectively. The carbocyclic skeletonwas constructed through a Ferrier-II reaction meditated by PdCl2. Full article
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8 pages, 126 KiB  
Article
The 5-Endo-trig Cyclization of D-Glucose Derived γ-Alkenylamines with Mercury (II) Salts: Synthesis of 1-Deoxycastanospermine and its 8a-epi-Analogue†
by D. Dhavale * and S. Jachak
Department of Chemistry, Garware Research Centre, University of Pune, India
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 893-900; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080893 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8091
Abstract
The intramolecular aminomercuration of γ-alkenylamines 1a, 1b and 4 was shown to afford the 5-endo-trig cyclized product exclusively in good yield. The utility of pyrrolidine derivatives thus obtained from D-glucose derived γ-alkenylamines 1a and 1b was demonstrated in the synthesis of 1-deoxycastanospermine (3a) [...] Read more.
The intramolecular aminomercuration of γ-alkenylamines 1a, 1b and 4 was shown to afford the 5-endo-trig cyclized product exclusively in good yield. The utility of pyrrolidine derivatives thus obtained from D-glucose derived γ-alkenylamines 1a and 1b was demonstrated in the synthesis of 1-deoxycastanospermine (3a) and 1-deoxy-8a-epi- castanospermine (3b). Full article
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9 pages, 137 KiB  
Article
Bi(OTf)3 and SiO2-Bi(OTf)3 as Effective Catalysts for the Ferrier Rearrangement#
by J. Babu 1, A. Khare 2 and Y. Vankar 1,*
1 Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, India
2 Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, India
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 884-892; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080884 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 9403
Abstract
Bi(OTf)3 and SiO2-Bi(OTf)3 are found to effectively catalyze the Ferrierrearrangement of tri-O-acetyl glycals with different alcohols providing an effective routeto 2,3-unsaturated O-glycosides with good anomeric selectivity and good to excellentyields after short reaction times. Full article
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13 pages, 99 KiB  
Article
Towards a Synthesis of Vigabatrin Using Glycal Chemistry
by S. Boga, J. Aidhen and I. Aidhen *
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 871-883; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080871 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 10505
Abstract
Application of the Ferrier rearrangement led to a novel carbohydrate based synthetic route to 4-aminohexenoic acid viz. (R) and (S)-vigabatrin. The potential of D- glucose or D-galactose as the chiral starting materials for the synthesis of (R) and (S)- vigabatrin has been explored. [...] Read more.
Application of the Ferrier rearrangement led to a novel carbohydrate based synthetic route to 4-aminohexenoic acid viz. (R) and (S)-vigabatrin. The potential of D- glucose or D-galactose as the chiral starting materials for the synthesis of (R) and (S)- vigabatrin has been explored. Full article
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12 pages, 98 KiB  
Article
Epoxidation and Bis-hydroxylation of C-Phenyl-∆2,3-glycopyranosides
by G. Fakha and D. Sinou *
Laboratoire de Synthèse Asymétrique, CPE Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 859-870; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080859 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8641
Abstract
Epoxidation and cis-hydroxylation of C-phenyl-∆2,3-glycopyranosides have beencarried out with a view to developing C-aryl glycoside synthesis. Epoxidation of (2,3- and (6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzenedideoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzene gave predominantly the allo-adductswhatever the configuration at the anomeric center. Epoxidation of (4,6-di-O-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzene gave the manno- andallo-adducts in a 89:11 [...] Read more.
Epoxidation and cis-hydroxylation of C-phenyl-∆2,3-glycopyranosides have beencarried out with a view to developing C-aryl glycoside synthesis. Epoxidation of (2,3- and (6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzenedideoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzene gave predominantly the allo-adductswhatever the configuration at the anomeric center. Epoxidation of (4,6-di-O-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzene gave the manno- andallo-adducts in a 89:11 and 40:60 ratios for the α- and β-anomers, respectively.Hydroxylation of α-C-phenyl-∆2,3-glycopyranosides using OsO4 afforded the manno-adductonly, whatever the substituents at positions 4 and 6, whereas hydroxylation of (2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzene and (4,6-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-dideoxy- β-D-erythro-hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzene gave the manno- and allo-adducts in25:75 and 80:20 ratios, respectively. Full article
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16 pages, 179 KiB  
Article
Triisobutylaluminium (TIBAL) Promoted Rearrangement of C-glycosides
by M. Sollogoub * and P. Sinay
Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, France
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 843-858; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080843 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7669
Abstract
Triisobutylaluminium-promoted rearrangement of unsaturated glycosides containing electron-donating aglycons, such as C-aryl glycosides, provides direct access to highly functionalised cyclohexane derivatives. Full article
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6 pages, 59 KiB  
Article
Pyrimidine Acyclo-C-Nucleosides by Ring Transformations of 2-Formyl-L-arabinal
by Ahmed Bari 1, Holger Feist 1, Manfred Michalik 2 and Klaus Peseke 1,*
1 Institut für Chemie der Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
2 Leibniz-Institut für Organische Katalyse, Buchbinderstr. 5–6, D-18055 Rostock, Germany
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 837-842; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080837 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8351
Abstract
The protected 2-formyl-L-arabinal 2 reacted with thiourea and cyanamide in the presence of sodium hydride to afford via ring transformations the 5-[1R,2S-1,2- bis(benzyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidines 3 and 4, respectively. Similarly, treatment of 2 with 3-amino-2H-1,2,4-triazole yielded 6-[1R,2S-1,2- bis(benzyloxy)-3-hydroxypropyl][1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (5). Full article
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4 pages, 43 KiB  
Editorial
Unsaturated Sugars: Syntheses and Applications. A Special Issue in Honour of Professor Kalpattu Kuppuswamy Balsubramanian
by G. Sundararajan 1,* and N. G. Ramesh 2
1 Professor, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras - 600 036, India
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology – Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110 016, India
Molecules 2005, 10(8), 833-836; https://doi.org/10.3390/10080833 - 31 Aug 2005
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5230
Abstract
Kalpattu Kuppuswamy Balsubramanian (popularly and affectionately addressed as KKB) was born on September 5th 1939, at Mylapore, Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India, in a family gifted with tradition in the noble profession of teaching.[...] Full article
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