X-ray Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Habitat Preferences of Species—Ulva pilifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Montenegro Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Habitat and Morphological Observations
2.2. Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis
2.3. Elemental Analysis
2.4. Comparison of Data Analysis
2.5. Distribution and Habitat Preferences of the Ulva Species
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Site
3.2. Samples Preparation
3.3. Physicochemical Water Quality
3.4. Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis
3.5. Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) Technique
3.6. Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Technique
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characters | Montenegro | Poland |
---|---|---|
morphology | tube-like | tubular, curled, and bubbled |
thalli colour | bright to dark green (mature yellow-green) | bright green |
branching | frequent | abundant to almost absent |
uniseriate branches | frequent to rare, obtusely rounded ends | present |
cell shape | rounded polygonal to quadrangular | rectangular, polygonal |
structure of branch tips | globular cell on the apex | rectangular or square |
number of pyrenoids | 2–3–4 | 2–4 |
chloroplast shape | parietal | parietal, girdle-shaped |
cell size: length of cells (μm) width of cells (μm) | 42.25–66.56 7.58–19.80 | 32.05–55.20 10.50–35.50 |
thallus size: length of thalli (cm) width of thalli (mm) | 6.50–56.20 0.20–1.50 | 10.1–65.1 0.20–2.50 |
cell arrangement | disordered, in small groups or short rows | disordered, in small groups or short rows |
habitat | brackish and marine waters (sea coast) | enriched freshwaters (ponds, pools, small streams) |
mode of life | attached or free floating | attached or free floating, occasionally in masses |
Element | Concentration (%) ± Expanded Uncertainty | ||
---|---|---|---|
Site A | Site B | Site D | |
Al | 0.186 ± 0.026 | 0.243 ± 0.030 | 0.310 ± 0.034 |
Ba | 0.020 ± 0.008 | -------- | -------- |
Br | -------- | 0.039 ± 0.012 | 0.013 ± 0.006 |
Ca | 16.300 ± 0.200 | 0.854 ± 0.056 | 10.300 ± 0.200 |
Cl | 0.560 ± 0.044 | 7.630 ± 0.170 | 0.498 ± 0.042 |
Fe | 0.120 ± 0.020 | 0.129 ± 0.022 | 0.366 ± 0.036 |
K | 0.698 ± 0.050 | 3.330 ± 0.110 | 1.450 ± 0.070 |
Mg | 0.999 ± 0.060 | 1.390 ± 0.070 | 1.550 ± 0.060 |
Mn | 0.299 ± 0.032 | -------- | 1.020 ± 0.060 |
Na | 0.454 ± 0.040 | 4.990 ± 0.130 | 0.149 ± 0.024 |
P | 0.070 ± 0.016 | 0.242 ± 0.030 | 0.372 ± 0.036 |
S | 1.860 ± 0.080 | 1.860 ± 0.080 | 1.640 ± 0.080 |
Si | 1.670 ± 0.080 | 1.250 ± 0.070 | 1.640 ± 0.080 |
I | ----------- | 0.009 ± 0.006 | ------- |
Element | Concentration (μg/g) ± Expanded Uncertainty | ||
---|---|---|---|
Site A | Site B | Site D | |
Ti | 148.000 ± 2.000 | 82.600 ± 1.000 | 135.000 ± 2.000 |
V | 13.800 ± 0.800 | 7.140 ± 0.540 | 8.090 ± 1.080 |
Cr | 1.800 ± 0.640 | 9.190 ± 0.420 | 4.530 ± 0.900 |
Ni | 22.200 ± 0.200 | 15.700 ± 0.200 | 39.200 ± 0.400 |
Cu | 10.700 ± 0.200 | 9.030 ± 0.180 | 7.390 ± 0.240 |
Zn | 11.300 ± 0.200 | 19.400 ± 0.200 | 20.100 ± 0.200 |
As | 0.531 ± 0.138 | 11.100 ± 0.200 | 1.900 ± 0.140 |
Rb | 5.680 ± 0.140 | 22.200 ± 0.200 | 6.920 ± 0.140 |
Sr | 292.000 ± 2.000 | 541.000 ± 2.000 | 238.000 ± 2.000 |
Hf | 58.400 ± 0.400 | 15.700 ± 0.200 | 27.200 ± 0.400 |
Pb | 9.510 ± 0.180 | 6.030 ± 0.140 | 13.300 ± 0.200 |
Region | Habitats | References | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | |||
Egypt | limno-rheocrenic, thermal, mineral (chloride, sodium, sulphate) spring known as “Ain Abu Sherouf” in the Siwa Oasis; Red Sea coasts; brackish estuaries of the Bile River | Shaaban et al. [25] Saber et al. [4] | the Western Desert of Egypt |
Asia | |||
China | Yellow Sea, South China Sea | Wang et al. [26] Phang et al. [27] | the Subei Shoal coastal waters; bordered by Philippines |
Japan | freshwater and brackish | Shimada et al. [28] | |
Korea | marine | Lee et al. [29] | |
Turkey | Aegean Sea | Taskin et al. [30] | |
Vietnam | marine | Nguyen et al. [31] | mats |
Australia | |||
marine | Kraft et al. [32] Kirkendale-Saunders and Winberg [33] | algal blooms, southern Australia | |
Europe | |||
Czech Republic | lakes, ponds, streams, rivers in Central Europe | Mareš et al. [12] Messyasz and Rybak [34] | |
Germany | pond | Kopp [20] Mareš et al. [12] | |
Great Britain | near the top of the shore, on rocks or other algae, on open coasts or in estuaries and harbours | Brodie et al. [35] John et al. [1] | |
Greece | Ionian Sea | Tsiamis et al. [36] | the Greek coasts |
Hungary | freshwater | Mareš et al. [12] | |
France | freshwater | Anon [37] | |
Italy | marine | Sfriso [38] | Veneto, Mediterranean Sea |
Montenegro | freshwater (a river, a ditch, the Milet Canal) and marine (on the rocky shore of the Adriatic Sea) | Czerwik-Marcinkowska et al. | |
Poland | from freshwater to hyperhaline, and brine habitats | Mareš et al. [12] Messyasz et al. [18] Richter and Pietryka [19] | mats |
Portugal | ponds | Favot et al. [39] | the Ria Formosa Lagoon |
Slovakia | freshwater | Mareš et al. [12] | |
Sweden | Mareš et al. [12] | ||
North America | |||
USA | freshwater | Lougheed and Stevenson [13] | Lake Michigan, Muskegon Lake |
South America | |||
Argentina | freshwater | Boraso and Zaixso [40] |
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Czerwik-Marcinkowska, J.; Piwowarczyk, R.; Uher, B.; Tomal, E.; Wojciechowska, A. X-ray Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Habitat Preferences of Species—Ulva pilifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Montenegro Case Study. Molecules 2020, 25, 5022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215022
Czerwik-Marcinkowska J, Piwowarczyk R, Uher B, Tomal E, Wojciechowska A. X-ray Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Habitat Preferences of Species—Ulva pilifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Montenegro Case Study. Molecules. 2020; 25(21):5022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215022
Chicago/Turabian StyleCzerwik-Marcinkowska, Joanna, Renata Piwowarczyk, Bohuslav Uher, Ewa Tomal, and Anna Wojciechowska. 2020. "X-ray Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Habitat Preferences of Species—Ulva pilifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Montenegro Case Study" Molecules 25, no. 21: 5022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215022