Comparison of Eco-Friendly Ionic Liquids and Commercial Bio-Derived Lubricant Additives in Terms of Tribological Performance and Aquatic Toxicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection and Synthesis of ILs
2.2. Commercial Baseline Lubricant and Anti-Wear Additives
2.3. Base Oils
2.4. Tribological Evaluation
2.5. Surface Characterization
2.6. Toxicity Test
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Molecular Structures, Thermal Stability, and Oil Solubility of the ILs
3.2. Tribological Behavior
3.3. Aquatic Toxicity
3.4. ILs vs. Commercial Anti-Wear Additives
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mobil 25 Fully Formulated Hydraulic Oil | BT-4 Base Oil | BT-22 Base Oil | BT-Mix (Blend of BT-4 and BT-22 @ 0.593:0.407 Mass Ratio) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Viscosity @ 40 °C (cSt) | 46 | 23.2 | 159.5 | 44.8 |
Viscosity @ 100 °C (cSt) | 7.1 | 4.4~4.9 | 23.9 | 6.7 |
Biodegradability (OECD 301B) | - | 88% | 79% | - |
EcoToxicity (OECD 201/202/203) | - | >1000 mg/L (SDS) | >1000 mg/L (SDS) | - |
Ionic Liquid | Solubility in BT-Mix | Commercial Additive | Solubility in BT-Mix |
---|---|---|---|
[P4444][DBP] | 1–2 wt% | Irgalube-349 | >5 wt% |
[N4441][DBP] | >5 wt% | RC3760 | >5 wt% |
[N444H][DBP] | >5 wt% | RC9420 | >5 wt% |
[Mor][DBP] | >5 wt% | RC9410 | >5 wt% |
M93.001 | >5 wt% |
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He, X.; Stevenson, L.M.; Kumara, C.; Mathews, T.J.; Luo, H.; Qu, J. Comparison of Eco-Friendly Ionic Liquids and Commercial Bio-Derived Lubricant Additives in Terms of Tribological Performance and Aquatic Toxicity. Molecules 2024, 29, 3851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163851
He X, Stevenson LM, Kumara C, Mathews TJ, Luo H, Qu J. Comparison of Eco-Friendly Ionic Liquids and Commercial Bio-Derived Lubricant Additives in Terms of Tribological Performance and Aquatic Toxicity. Molecules. 2024; 29(16):3851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163851
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Xin, Louise M. Stevenson, Chanaka Kumara, Teresa J. Mathews, Huimin Luo, and Jun Qu. 2024. "Comparison of Eco-Friendly Ionic Liquids and Commercial Bio-Derived Lubricant Additives in Terms of Tribological Performance and Aquatic Toxicity" Molecules 29, no. 16: 3851. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163851