Insulating Material with Scale Components for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Water Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures and Discussion
2.1. Experimental Instruments and Medicines
2.2. Experimental Section
2.2.1. Sintering and Testing of Special Glass Glaze Materials (Specimen ①)
2.2.2. Sintering and Testing of Prepared Glass Glaze (Specimen ②)
2.2.3. Sintering and Testing of Prepared Glass Glaze (Specimens ③, ④, and ⑤)
2.3. Insulation Resistance Dependence on the Temperature and Time in Different Environment Conditions
2.3.1. Air Temperature Test
2.3.2. Normal Temperature Water Test
2.3.3. Test in Variable Temperature and Pressure
2.3.4. Temperature Shock Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Insulation Resistance Dependence on the Temperature and Time in Different Environment Conditions of Composite Glaze in Air
3.2. Variation of Resistance with Temperature and Time Test of Composite Color Glaze in Water at Different Times
3.3. Test in Water under Variable Temperature and Pressure
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Formula | SiO2 | BaO | CaO | ZnO | B2O3 | TiO2 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | Cr2O3 | Clay |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Component content % | 27.1505 | 27.7305 | 2.607 | 2.9805 | 4.1339 | 2.0336 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 28.504 | 4.834 |
Chemical formula | SiO2 | BaO | CaO | ZnO | B2O3 | TiO2 | Fe2O3 |
Component content % | 25.025 | 17.016 | 4.6 | 1.829 | 2.537 | 1.248 | 0.007 |
Chemical formula | SO3 | Cr2O3 | Clay | CaSO4 | MgSO4 | Ca(OH)2 | |
Component content % | 0.009 | 17.491 | 2.966 | 6.818 | 6.818 | 13.636 |
Chemical formula | SiO2 | BaO | CaO | ZnO | B2O3 | TiO2 | Fe2O3 |
Component content % | 25.025 | 17.016 | 4.6 | 1.829 | 2.537 | 1.248 | 0.007 |
Chemical formula | SO3 | Cr2O3 | Clay | CaSO4 | MgSO4 | Ca(OH)2 | |
Component content % | 0.009 | 17.491 | 2.966 | 27.272 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Chemical formula | SiO2 | BaO | CaO | ZnO | B2O3 | TiO2 | Fe2O3 |
Component content % | 25.025 | 17.016 | 4.6 | 1.829 | 2.537 | 1.248 | 0.007 |
Chemical formula | SO3 | Cr2O3 | Clay | CaSO4 | MgSO4 | Ca(OH)2 | |
Component content % | 0.009 | 17.491 | 2.966 | 0.000 | 27.272 | 0.000 |
Chemical formula | SiO2 | BaO | CaO | ZnO | B2O3 | TiO2 | Fe2O3 |
Component content % | 25.025 | 17.016 | 4.6 | 1.829 | 2.537 | 1.248 | 0.007 |
Chemical formula | SO3 | Cr2O3 | Clay | CaSO4 | MgSO4 | Ca(OH)2 | |
Component content % | 0.009 | 17.491 | 2.966 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 27.272 |
Specimen | Temperature /°C | Resistance /MΩ | Specimen | Temperature /°C | Resistance /MΩ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
① | 17.2 | ∞ | ② | 17.1 | ∞ |
50.5 | ∞ | 50.3 | ∞ | ||
82.3 | ∞ | 81.2 | ∞ | ||
109.6 | ∞ | 109.6 | ∞ | ||
142.3 | ∞ | 142.1 | ∞ | ||
171.8 | ∞ | 171.1 | ∞ | ||
198.2 | ∞ | 199.8 | ∞ | ||
233.5 | 980.3 | 228.9 | ∞ | ||
258.6 | 925.5 | 259.7 | 985.6 | ||
288.8 | 880.3 | 291.2 | 936.9 | ||
324.1 | 830.8 | 319.8 | 893.6 | ||
348.7 | 760.5 | 351.5 | 847.5 | ||
381.3 | 725.3 | 379.8 | 815.3 | ||
411.5 | 663.7 | 411.2 | 765.4 | ||
448.3 | 567.9 | 449.5 | 702.3 |
Specimen | Temperature/°C | Time/h | Resistance /MΩ | Specimen | Temperature/°C | Time/h | Resistance /MΩ | Specimen | Temperature/°C | Time/h | Resistance /MΩ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
① | 20 | 0 | 98.5 | ② | 20.5 | 0 | ∞ | ② | 19.3 | 36 | 3.9 |
18.9 | 0.5 | 5.5 | 21.0 | 0.5 | 99.6 | 19.2 | 39 | 3.8 | |||
17.4 | 3 | 4.8 | 21.2 | 3 | 16.6 | 19.4 | 42 | 2.6 | |||
21.3 | 6 | 3.5 | 22.4 | 6 | 15.4 | 19.6 | 45 | 2.5 | |||
19.5 | 9 | 3.2 | 23.6 | 9 | 15.1 | 20.4 | 48 | 2.3 | |||
19.7 | 12 | 2.6 | 23.1 | 12 | 12.4 | 20.6 | 51 | 2.2 | |||
20.2 | 15 | 2.1 | 22.6 | 15 | 10.9 | 19.5 | 54 | 1.9 | |||
20.6 | 18 | 1.4 | 22.5 | 18 | 9.8 | 18.6 | 57 | 1.7 | |||
18.9 | 21 | 0.5 | 21.4 | 21 | 8.6 | 18.4 | 60 | 1.5 | |||
18.8 | 24 | 0.3 | 19.6 | 24 | 7.6 | 18.3 | 63 | 1.5 | |||
18.0 | 27 | 0.1 | 19.1 | 27 | 7.2 | 18.1 | 66 | 1.3 | |||
17.9 | 30 | 0.6 × 10−6 | 18.5 | 30 | 5.3 | 17.0 | 69 | 1.3 | |||
18.2 | 33 | 0.5 × 10−6 | 18.2 | 33 | 4.2 | 17.2 | 72 | 0.8 |
Specimen | Temperature | Water Pressure | Time | Resistance | Specimen | Temperature | Water Pressure | Time | Resistance | Specimen | Temperature | Water Pressure | Time | Resistance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
/°C | /MPa | /h | /MΩ | /°C | /MPa | /h | /MΩ | /°C | /MPa | /h | /MΩ | |||
① | 20.2 | 0.10 | 1.1 | 5.3 | ② | 20.5 | 0.10 | 1.1 | 5.3 | ② | 331.3 | 12.05 | 20.0 | 1.3 |
46.4 | 0.10 | 1.5 | 5.0 | 46.2 | 0.10 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 351.3 | 12.00 | 24.0 | 1.2 | |||
75.3 | 0.10 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 74.2 | 0.10 | 1.8 | 5.0 | 351.5 | 12.00 | 28.0 | 1.1 | |||
99.4 | 0.10 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 98.6 | 0.10 | 2.1 | 4.9 | 351.3 | 12.00 | 34.0 | 1.1 | |||
120.3 | 0.21 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 121.0 | 0.21 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 351.5 | 12.00 | 40.0 | 1.1 | |||
141.5 | 0.42 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 140.9 | 0.42 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 351.2 | 12.00 | 46.0 | 1.1 | |||
151.5 | 0.49 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 150.8 | 0.49 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 350.8 | 12.00 | 52.0 | 0.9 | |||
178.7 | 0.98 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 181.9 | 1.09 | 6.0 | 3.5 | 351.2 | 12.00 | 60.0 | 0.8 | |||
199.6 | 1.58 | 7.5 | 0.9 | 210.5 | 1.98 | 9.0 | 2.8 | 350.3 | 12.00 | 65.0 | 0.5 | |||
205.6 | 1.75 | 8.0 | 0.6 | 240.6 | 3.31 | 12.0 | 1.7 | 351.2 | 12.00 | 72.0 | 0.3 | |||
208.3 | 1.81 | 9.0 | 0.5 | 272.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 1.5 | 351.1 | 12.00 | 73.2 | 0.3 × 10−6 | |||
239.2 | 3.32 | 12.0 | 0.5 × 10−6 | 300.2 | 8.93 | 17.0 | 1.4 |
Temperature /°C | Time/h | Resistance /MΩ | Temperature /°C | Time/h | Resistance /MΩ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
21.5 | 0 | 88.5 | 21.3 | 40 | 2.6 |
21.5 | 5 | 15.1 | 21.2 | 45 | 2.5 |
21.6 | 10 | 14.0 | 20.8 | 50 | 2.0 |
22.0 | 15 | 10.2 | 21.0 | 55 | 1.8 |
22.3 | 20 | 8.5 | 21.4 | 60 | 1.4 |
22.8 | 25 | 7.4 | 21.1 | 65 | 1.3 |
22.4 | 30 | 4.8 | 21.0 | 70 | 0.9 |
22.4 | 35 | 3.7 | 20.9 | 75 | 0.8 |
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Zhao, X.; Lou, Z.; Gao, Y.; Feng, W.; Wang, D.; He, X. Insulating Material with Scale Components for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Water Applications. Molecules 2024, 29, 4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174046
Zhao X, Lou Z, Gao Y, Feng W, Wang D, He X. Insulating Material with Scale Components for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Water Applications. Molecules. 2024; 29(17):4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174046
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Xiaoqiang, Zongyong Lou, Yide Gao, Wenhui Feng, Dong Wang, and Xiao He. 2024. "Insulating Material with Scale Components for High-Temperature and High-Pressure Water Applications" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4046. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174046