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Volume 23
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Review

The Impacts of Cholesterol, Oxysterols, and Cholesterol Lowering Dietary Compounds on the Immune System

by
Rintaro Yanagisawa
1,†,
Chaoqi He
1,†,
Akira Asai
2,
Michael Hellwig
3,
Thomas Henle
4 and
Masako Toda
1,5,*
1
Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
2
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
3
Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
4
Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
5
Institute of Fermentation Sciences, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(20), 12236; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012236
Submission received: 30 August 2022 / Revised: 7 October 2022 / Accepted: 9 October 2022 / Published: 13 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Components, Nutrition and Immune Modulation)
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Abstract

Cholesterol and its oxidized forms, oxysterols, are ingested from foods and are synthesized de novo. Cholesterol and oxysterols influence molecular and cellular events and subsequent biological responses of immune cells. The amount of dietary cholesterol influence on the levels of LDL cholesterol and blood oxysterols plays a significant role in the induction of pro-inflammatory state in immune cells, leading to inflammatory disorders, including cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol and oxysterols synthesized de novo in immune cells and stroma cells are involved in immune homeostasis, which may also be influenced by an excess intake of dietary cholesterol. Dietary compounds such as β-glucan, plant sterols/stanols, omega-3 lipids, polyphenols, and soy proteins, could lower blood cholesterol levels by interfering with cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Such dietary compounds also have potential to exert immune modulation through diverse mechanisms. This review addresses current knowledge about the impact of dietary-derived and de novo synthesized cholesterol and oxysterols on the immune system. Possible immunomodulatory mechanisms elicited by cholesterol-lowering dietary compounds are also discussed.
Keywords: cholesterol; oxysterol; immune modulation; inflammation; β-glucan; plant stanol/sterol; omega-3 lipids; polyphenol; soy proteins cholesterol; oxysterol; immune modulation; inflammation; β-glucan; plant stanol/sterol; omega-3 lipids; polyphenol; soy proteins

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yanagisawa, R.; He, C.; Asai, A.; Hellwig, M.; Henle, T.; Toda, M. The Impacts of Cholesterol, Oxysterols, and Cholesterol Lowering Dietary Compounds on the Immune System. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012236

AMA Style

Yanagisawa R, He C, Asai A, Hellwig M, Henle T, Toda M. The Impacts of Cholesterol, Oxysterols, and Cholesterol Lowering Dietary Compounds on the Immune System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(20):12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012236

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanagisawa, Rintaro, Chaoqi He, Akira Asai, Michael Hellwig, Thomas Henle, and Masako Toda. 2022. "The Impacts of Cholesterol, Oxysterols, and Cholesterol Lowering Dietary Compounds on the Immune System" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20: 12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012236

APA Style

Yanagisawa, R., He, C., Asai, A., Hellwig, M., Henle, T., & Toda, M. (2022). The Impacts of Cholesterol, Oxysterols, and Cholesterol Lowering Dietary Compounds on the Immune System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(20), 12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012236

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