Phenotypic, Metabolic and Genetic Adaptations of the Ficus Species to Abiotic Stress Response: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Adaption of the Ficus Species to Tropical Environment
3. The Responses of Ficus to Abiotic Stress
3.1. The Responses of Ficus to Heat Stress
3.2. The Responses of Ficus to Drought Stress
3.3. The Responses of Ficus to Flood Stress
3.4. The Responses of Ficus to Oxidative Stress
3.5. The Responses of Ficus to Saline-Alkali Stress
4. The Adaptive Genes and Molecular Mechanism of Ficus Relating to Abiotic Stress
5. Potential Application of Ficus Genes in Genetic Breeding
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Latin Name | Level | GenBank | Release Date | Genome Size | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ficus carica | Chromosome | GCA_009761775.1 | December 2019 | 333.4 Mb | [46] |
Ficus microcarpa | Chromosome | GCA_025413485.1 | September 2022 | 426.6 Mb | [1] |
Ficus hispida | Chromosome | GCA_025413025.1 | September 2022 | 369.8 Mb | [1] |
Ficus religiosa | Scaffold | GCA_024759925.1 | August 2022 | 406.1 Mb | [47] |
Ficus erecta | Contig | GCA_008635985.1 | September 2019 | 595.8 Mb | [48] |
Species | Response | Stress | References |
---|---|---|---|
Hemiepiphytic Ficus | Morphology, behavior, physiology | Heat, drought | [57,58,59] |
Ficus carica L. | Morphology, behavior, physiology | Heat, drought, salt | [18,33,60,61,62,63] |
Ficus chartacea var. torulosa | Physiology | Heat | [64] |
Ficus tinctoria | Physiology | Drought | [65] |
Ficus racemosa | Physiology | Drought | [65] |
Ficus deltoidea | Physiology | Drought | [66] |
Ficus septica | Physiology | Drought | [67] |
Ficus benjamina L. | Physiology, cytology | Drought | [68] |
Ficus orthoneura | Morphology | Drought | [51] |
Ficus microcarpa | Physiology, morphology | Drought, oxidative | [69,70] |
Ficus concinna | Molecular mechanisms | Drought | [71] |
Ficus ssp. | Morphology | Flood | [72] |
Ficus tikoua | Viability | Flood | [73] |
Ficus crytophylla | Behavior | Flood | [74] |
Ficus squamosa | Behavior | Flood | [75] |
Ficus religiosa L. | Physiology | oxidative | [76] |
Hemiepiphytic Ficus | Morphology, behavior, physiology | Heat, drought | [57,58,59] |
Stress | Responses | |
---|---|---|
Heat stress | Morphology | Stomatal closure and leaf abscission. |
Physiology | Decreased photosystem activity; reduced photosynthetic rate; increased transpiration rate; elevated levels of IAA, ROS, MG, and lipid peroxidation. | |
Cytology | Reduced chlorophyll synthesis. | |
Molecular | Inactivation of heat-sensitive proteins; synthesis of heat shock proteins. | |
Drought stress | Morphology | Regulated leaf temperature, increased leaf abscission, reduced stomatal conductance; decreased root hydraulic conductance (Lp); and unchanged leaf turgor pressure. |
Physiology | Decreased photosynthetic and transpiration rates; accumulation of dry matter; reduced glutamine; enhanced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ); activation of cyclic electron flow (CEF) and increased isoprene emission rate. | |
Cytology | Reduced chlorophyll synthesis and damaged thylakoid structure. | |
Molecular | Increased transcription of POD2, POD4, Cn-ZnSOD2, and Mn-SOD1; decreased transcription of APX1. | |
Flood stress | Morphology | Seed dispersal via water; reduced stomatal conductance; formation of aerial prop roots. |
Physiology | Nutrient imbalance; accumulation of ROS; decreased photosynthetic rate; increased ethylene production. | |
Cytology | Damaged membrane integrity. | |
Molecular | Increased ADH activity and proline content. | |
Oxidative stress | Morphology | Decreased antioxidant capacity during senescence. |
Physiology | Increased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels, increased POX activity; and lipid peroxidation. | |
Cytology | Decreased cell viability in adventitious roots; damage to the cell wall and plasma membrane. | |
Molecular | Ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway. | |
Salt stress | Morphology | Reduced stomatal conductance. |
Physiology | Decreased photosynthetic rate; increased sucrose and d-sorbitol; downregulated glycolytic metabolism. | |
Cytology | Decreased chlorophyll content; altered cell wall composition. | |
Molecular | Increased transcription of carbohydrate transport genes; overexpression of ROS signaling proteins and proline synthesis coding genes. |
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Yuan, S.; Yin, T.; He, H.; Liu, X.; Long, X.; Dong, P.; Zhu, Z. Phenotypic, Metabolic and Genetic Adaptations of the Ficus Species to Abiotic Stress Response: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179520
Yuan S, Yin T, He H, Liu X, Long X, Dong P, Zhu Z. Phenotypic, Metabolic and Genetic Adaptations of the Ficus Species to Abiotic Stress Response: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(17):9520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179520
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuan, Shengyun, Tianxiang Yin, Hourong He, Xinyi Liu, Xueyan Long, Pan Dong, and Zhenglin Zhu. 2024. "Phenotypic, Metabolic and Genetic Adaptations of the Ficus Species to Abiotic Stress Response: A Comprehensive Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 17: 9520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179520