Trypanosomatids in Bloodsucking Diptera Insects (Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae) Wild-Caught at Raptor Bird Nests in Temperate Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Investigation of Nestlings
2.2. Insect Collection
2.3. Insect Identification
2.4. PCR-Based Screening and Statistics
2.5. Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Species Composition of Culicoides Biting Midges
3.2. Biting Midge Infection with Trypanosomatids
3.3. Raptor Nestling Blood Analysis for the Presence of Trypanosoma Parasites
3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Insect Species | Bird Nest | No of Individuals | No of Positive Insects | Detected Kinetoplastids |
---|---|---|---|---|
Culicoides (Oecacta) festivipennis | Buteo buteo | 178 | 1 | Crithidia brevicula |
1 | Crithidia sp. | |||
5 | Trypanosoma mixed infection | |||
4 | T. bennetti group Hap 5 | |||
Clanga pomarina | 221 | 38 | Trypanosoma mixed infection | |
1 | T. bennetti group Hap 2 | |||
21 | T. bennetti group Hap 5 | |||
C. (O.) kibunensis | B. buteo | 93 | 10 | Trypanosoma mixed infection |
1 | C. brevicula | |||
1 | Obscuromonas sp. | |||
C. pomarina | 67 | 7 | Trypanosoma mixed infection | |
2 | Trypanosoma sp. | |||
2 | T. bennetti group Hap 1 | |||
1 | T. bennetti group Hap 3 | |||
3 | T. bennetti group Hap 5 | |||
1 | T. bennetti group Hap 6 | |||
C. (O.) pictipennis | B. buteo | 599 | 22 | Trypanosoma mixed infection |
2 | C. brevicula | |||
1 | Trypanosoma avium | |||
4 | T. bennetti group Hap 4 | |||
3 | T. bennetti group Hap 5 | |||
C. pomarina | 21 | 1 | Trypanosoma mixed infection | |
2 | T. bennetti group Hap 5 | |||
C. (Avaritia) obsoletus | B. buteo | 3 | 0 | |
C. pomarina | 4 | 0 | ||
C. (Culicoides) impunctatus | B. buteo | 23 | 0 | |
C. (C.) newsteadi | B. buteo | 2 | 0 | |
C. (C.) punctatus | B. buteo | 3 | 0 | |
C. pomarina | 9 | 1 | Trypanosoma mixed infection | |
C. (Silvaticulicoides) archayi | B. buteo | 1 | 0 | |
C. (S.) pallidicornis | B. buteo | 1 | 0 | |
C. pomarina | 2 | 0 | ||
C. (Wirthomyia) reconditus | B. buteo | 1 | 0 | |
C. (W.) segnis | B. buteo | 5 | 0 | |
C. pomarina | 15 | 1 | T. avium | |
1 | T. bennetti group Hap 1 | |||
1 | T. bennetti group Hap 5 | |||
Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes | C. pomarina | 2 | 0 | |
S. (Nevermannia) vernum | B. buteo | 1 | 1 | T. avium |
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Kazak, M.; Bernotienė, R.; Treinys, R.; Bukauskaitė, D. Trypanosomatids in Bloodsucking Diptera Insects (Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae) Wild-Caught at Raptor Bird Nests in Temperate Forests. Diversity 2023, 15, 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050692
Kazak M, Bernotienė R, Treinys R, Bukauskaitė D. Trypanosomatids in Bloodsucking Diptera Insects (Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae) Wild-Caught at Raptor Bird Nests in Temperate Forests. Diversity. 2023; 15(5):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050692
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazak, Margarita, Rasa Bernotienė, Rimgaudas Treinys, and Dovilė Bukauskaitė. 2023. "Trypanosomatids in Bloodsucking Diptera Insects (Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae) Wild-Caught at Raptor Bird Nests in Temperate Forests" Diversity 15, no. 5: 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050692