International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

19 pages, 1310 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Smoking Reduction Therapy on Smoking Cessation for Smokers without an Intention to Quit: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled

by Lei Wu¹, Samio Sun², Yao He^1,3,* and Jing Zeng¹

¹ Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

² Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 1138656, Japan

³ State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10235-10253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910235 - 25 Aug 2015

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7555

Abstract

Objective: Effective strategies are needed to encourage smoking cessation for smokers without an intention to quit. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate whether smoking reduction therapy can increase the long-term cessation rates of smokers without an intention to quit. Methods: [...] Read more.

Objective: Effective strategies are needed to encourage smoking cessation for smokers without an intention to quit. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate whether smoking reduction therapy can increase the long-term cessation rates of smokers without an intention to quit. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of smoking reduction therapy on long-term smoking cessation in smokers without an intention to quit. The primary outcome was the cessation rate at the longest follow-up period. A random effects model was used to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Fourteen trials with a total of 7981 smokers were included. The pooled analysis suggested that reduction support plus medication significantly increased the long-term cessation of smokers without an intention to quit compared to reduction support plus placebo (RR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.44–2.7; I², 52%) or no intervention (RR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.41–2.64; I², 46%). In a subgroup of smokers who received varenicline or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), the differences were also statistically significant. This suggests the safety of using NRT. The percentage of smokers with serious adverse events who discontinued because of these events in the non-NRT group was slightly significantly different than in the control group. Insufficient evidence is available to test the efficacy of reduction behavioural support in promoting long-term cessation among this population. Conclusions: The present meta-analysis indicated the efficacy of NRT- and varenicline-assisted reduction to achieve complete cessation among smokers without an intention to quit. Further evidence is needed to assess the efficacy and safety of reduction behavioural support and bupropion. Full article

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22 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Milk: A Public Health Implication

by Muyiwa Ajoke Akindolire^1,†, Olubukola Oluranti Babalola^1,2,†

and Collins Njie Ateba^1,2,*,†

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa

² Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10254-10275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910254 - 25 Aug 2015

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 9777

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and virulence genes determinants of S. aureus isolated from milk obtained from retail outlets of the North-West Province, South Africa. To achieve this, 200 samples of raw, bulk and pasteurised [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and virulence genes determinants of S. aureus isolated from milk obtained from retail outlets of the North-West Province, South Africa. To achieve this, 200 samples of raw, bulk and pasteurised milk were obtained randomly from supermarkets, shops and some farms in the North-West Province between May 2012 and April 2013. S. aureus was isolated and positively identified using morphological (Gram staining), biochemical (DNase, catalase, haemolysis and rapid slide agglutination) tests, protein profile analysis (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) and molecular (nuc specific PCR) methods. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined using the phenotypic agar diffusion method. Genes encoding enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins and collagen adhesins were also screened using PCR. Among all the samples examined, 30 of 40 raw milk samples (75%), 25 of 85 bulk milk samples (29%) and 10 of 75 pasteurised milk samples (13%) were positive for S. aureus. One hundred and fifty-six PCR-confirmed S. aureus isolates were obtained from 75 contaminated milk samples. A large proportion (60%–100%) of the isolates was resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin and erythromycin. On the contrary, low level resistance (8.3%–40%) was observed for gentamicin, kanamycin and sulphamethoxazole. Methicillin resistance was detected in 59% of the multidrug resistant isolates and this was a cause for concern. However, only a small proportion (20.6%) of these isolates possessed PBP2a which codes for Methicillin resistance in S. aureus. In addition, 32.7% of isolates possessed the sec gene whereas the sea, seb sed, see, cna, eta, etb genes were not detected. The findings of this study showed that raw, bulk and pasteurised milk in the North-West Province is contaminated with toxigenic and multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains. There is a need to implement appropriate control measures to reduce contamination as well as the spread of virulent S. aureus strains and the burden of disease in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Safety)

24 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of E. coli and Virus Reductions Using Replicate, Bench-Scale Biosand Filter Columns and Two Filter Media

by Mark Elliott^1,*, Christine E. Stauber², Francis A. DiGiano³, Anna Fabiszewski De Aceituno⁴ and Mark D. Sobsey³

¹ Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA

² School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA

³ Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA

⁴ Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10276-10299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910276 - 25 Aug 2015

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8304

Abstract

The biosand filter (BSF) is an intermittently operated, household-scale slow sand filter for which little data are available on the effect of sand composition on treatment performance. Therefore, bench-scale columns were prepared according to the then-current (2006–2007) guidance on BSF design and run [...] Read more.

The biosand filter (BSF) is an intermittently operated, household-scale slow sand filter for which little data are available on the effect of sand composition on treatment performance. Therefore, bench-scale columns were prepared according to the then-current (2006–2007) guidance on BSF design and run in parallel to conduct two microbial challenge experiments of eight-week duration. Triplicate columns were loaded with Accusand silica or crushed granite to compare virus and E. coli reduction performance. Bench-scale experiments provided confirmation that increased schmutzdecke growth, as indicated by decline in filtration rate, is the primary factor causing increased E. coli reductions of up to 5-log10. However, reductions of challenge viruses improved only modestly with increased schmutzdecke growth. Filter media type (Accusand silica vs. crushed granite) did not influence reduction of E. coli bacteria. The granite media without backwashing yielded superior virus reductions when compared to Accusand. However, for columns in which the granite media was first backwashed (to yield a more consistent distribution of grains and remove the finest size fraction), virus reductions were not significantly greater than in columns with Accusand media. It was postulated that a decline in surface area with backwashing decreased the sites and surface area available for virus sorption and/or biofilm growth and thus decreased the extent of virus reduction. Additionally, backwashing caused preferential flow paths and deviation from plug flow; backwashing is not part of standard BSF field preparation and is not recommended for BSF column studies. Overall, virus reductions were modest and did not meet the 5- or 3-log10 World Health Organization performance targets. Full article

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14 pages, 862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Degradation of 1,4-dichloronaphthalene by Pseudomonas sp. HY

by Jian Yu^1,*, Xiaoli Wu², Youqun Song³, Wenhui Ren¹ and Hao L. Tang^1,4,*

¹ Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

² Guangzhou Water Supply Co., Guangzhou 510600, China

³ State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

⁴ Minn Water LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55441, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10300-10313; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910300 - 25 Aug 2015

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5509

Abstract

There is increasing concern regarding the adverse health effects of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The metabolic degradation of 1,4-dichloronaphthalene (1,4-DCN) as a model PCN, was studied using a strain of Pseudomonas sp. HY. The metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A series [...] Read more.

There is increasing concern regarding the adverse health effects of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The metabolic degradation of 1,4-dichloronaphthalene (1,4-DCN) as a model PCN, was studied using a strain of Pseudomonas sp. HY. The metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A series of metabolites including dihydroxy-dichloro-naphthalene, epoxy-dichlorinated naphthalene, dichlorinated naphthol, and dichlorinated salicylic acid were identified. The time-concentration plots of the degradation curves of 1,4-DCN was also obtained from the experiments, which set the initial concentration of 1,4-DCN to 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that 98% removal could be achieved within 48 h at an initial 1,4-DCN concentration of 10 mg/L. Nevertheless, it took 144 h to reach the same degradation efficiency at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L. The degradation of 1,4-DCN may not remove the chloride ions during the processes and the metabolites may not benefit the bacterial growth. The research suggests a metabolic pathway of 1,4-DCN, which is critical for the treatment of this compound through biological processes. Full article

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15 pages, 1995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Application of the Micro Biological Survey Method for a Simple and Effective Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Water Sources in Developing Countries

by Alyexandra Arienzo^1,†, Martin Sanou Sobze², Raoul Emeric Guetiya Wadoum^3,4,†, Francesca Losito¹, Vittorio Colizzi⁴ and Giovanni Antonini^1,5,*

¹ Department of Science, Roma Tre University, viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy

² Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Dschang, West Province, Cameroon

³ Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, West province, Cameroon

⁴ Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00173 Rome, Italy

⁵ National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy

^† These authors participated equally in the present investigation.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10314-10328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910314 - 25 Aug 2015

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5325

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, “safe drinking-water must not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages”. Traditional methods of water analysis are usually complex, time consuming and [...] Read more.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, “safe drinking-water must not represent any significant risk to health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur between life stages”. Traditional methods of water analysis are usually complex, time consuming and require an appropriately equipped laboratory, specialized personnel and expensive instrumentation. The aim of this work was to apply an alternative method, the Micro Biological Survey (MBS), to analyse for contaminants in drinking water. Preliminary experiments were carried out to demonstrate the linearity and accuracy of the MBS method and to verify the possibility of using the evaluation of total coliforms in 1 mL of water as a sufficient parameter to roughly though accurately determine water microbiological quality. The MBS method was then tested “on field” to assess the microbiological quality of water sources in the city of Douala (Cameroon, Central Africa). Analyses were performed on both dug and drilled wells in different periods of the year. Results confirm that the MBS method appears to be a valid and accurate method to evaluate the microbiological quality of many water sources and it can be of valuable aid in developing countries. Full article

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23 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Disability: Comparing the Impact of Two Data Collection Approaches on Disability Rates

by Carla Sabariego^1,*

, Cornelia Oberhauser¹, Aleksandra Posarac^2,†, Jerome Bickenbach^3,†, Nenad Kostanjsek^4,†, Somnath Chatterji^5,†, Alana Officer^6,†, Michaela Coenen^1,†

, Lay Chhan^7,† and Alarcos Cieza⁸

¹ Chair of Public Health and Health Services Research, Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology—IBE, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich 81377, Germany

² Social Protection and Labor, Human Development Network, The World Bank, Washington, DC 20433, USA

³ Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil 6207, Switzerland

⁴ Classification, Terminology and Standards, Department of Health Statistics and Informatics, World Health Organization, Geneva 1211, Switzerland

⁵ Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva 1211, Switzerland

⁶ Ageing and Life Course Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva 1211, Switzerland

⁷ National Institute of Statistics, Phnom Penh 12301, Cambodia

⁸ Blindness and Deafness Prevention, Disability and Rehabilitation (BDD), World Health Organization, Geneva 1211, Switzerland

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10329-10351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910329 - 25 Aug 2015

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 8891

Abstract

The usual approach in disability surveys is to screen persons with disability upfront and then ask questions about everyday problems. The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the impact of screeners on disability rates, to challenge the usual exclusion of persons with [...] Read more.

The usual approach in disability surveys is to screen persons with disability upfront and then ask questions about everyday problems. The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the impact of screeners on disability rates, to challenge the usual exclusion of persons with mild and moderate disability from disability surveys and to demonstrate the advantage of using an a posteriori cut-off. Using data of a pilot study of the WHO Model Disability Survey (MDS) in Cambodia and the polytomous Rasch model, metric scales of disability were built. The conventional screener approach based on the short disability module of the Washington City Group and the a posteriori cut-off method described in the World Disability Report were compared regarding disability rates. The screener led to imprecise rates and classified persons with mild to moderate disability as non-disabled, although these respondents already experienced important problems in daily life. The a posteriori cut-off applied to the general population sample led to a more precise disability rate and allowed for a differentiation of the performance and needs of persons with mild, moderate and severe disability. This approach can be therefore considered as an inclusive approach suitable to monitor the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disability and Public Health)

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10 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thyroid Autoimmunity is Associated with Decreased Cytotoxicity T Cells in Women with Repeated Implantation Failure

by Chunyu Huang^1,2,3, Peiyan Liang^1,2,3, Lianghui Diao^1,2,3, Cuicui Liu^1,2,3, Xian Chen^1,2,3, Guangui Li^1,2,3, Cong Chen^1,2,3 and Yong Zeng^1,2,3,*

¹ Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen 518045, China

² Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen 518045, China

³ Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Shenzhen 518045, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10352-10361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910352 - 25 Aug 2015

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5286

Abstract

Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), which is defined as the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin (TG), is related to repeated implantation failure (RIF). It is reported that TAI was involved in reproductive failure not only through leading thyroid function abnormality, but [...] Read more.

Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), which is defined as the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin (TG), is related to repeated implantation failure (RIF). It is reported that TAI was involved in reproductive failure not only through leading thyroid function abnormality, but it can also be accompanied with immune imbalance. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the association of thyroid function, immune status and TAI in women with RIF. Blood samples were drawn from 72 women with RIF to evaluate the prevalence of TAI, the thyroid function, the absolute numbers and percentages of lymphocytes. The prevalence of thyroid function abnormality in RIF women with TAI was not significantly different from that in RIF women without TAI (c²= 0.484, p > 0.05). The absolute number and percentage of T cells, T helper (Th) cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells were not significantly different in RIF women with TAI compared to those without TAI (all p > 0.05). The percentage of T cytotoxicity (Tc) cells was significantly decreased in RIF women with TAI compared to those without TAI (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, Th/Tc ratio was significantly increased (p < 0.05). These results indicated that the decreased Tc percentage and increased Th/Tc ratio may be another influential factor of adverse pregnancy outcomes in RIF women with TAI. Full article

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12 pages, 754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Active Commuting to School and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Spanish School-Aged Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Emilio Villa-González^1,2,*, Jonatan R. Ruiz² and Palma Chillón²

¹ Department of Physical Culture, School of Health Sciences, National University of Chimborazo, Avda. Antonio José de Sucre, Km. 1 1/2 vía a Guano, 060150 Riobamba, Ecuador

² Profith “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, School of Sport Science, University of Granada, Spain Ctra. Alfacar, s/n, 18011 Granada, Spain

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10362-10373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910362 - 26 Aug 2015

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5957

Abstract

Active commuting (walking or cycling) to school has been positively associated with improved fitness among adolescents. However, current evidence lacks information on whether this association persists in children. The aim of this study was to examine the association of active commuting to school [...] Read more.

Active commuting (walking or cycling) to school has been positively associated with improved fitness among adolescents. However, current evidence lacks information on whether this association persists in children. The aim of this study was to examine the association of active commuting to school with different fitness parameters in Spanish school-aged children. A total of 494 children (229 girls) from five primary schools in Granada and Jaén (Spain), aged between eight and 11 years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA) fitness test battery and answered a self-reported questionnaire regarding the weekly travel mode to school. Active commuting to school was significantly associated with higher levels of speed-agility in boys (p = 0.048) and muscle strength of the lower body muscular fitness in girls (p = 0.016). However, there were no significant associations between active commuting to school and cardiorespiratory fitness and upper body muscular fitness. Our findings suggest that active commuting to school was associated with higher levels of both speed-agility and lower body muscular fitness in boys and girls, respectively. Future studies should confirm whether increasing active commuting to school increases speed-agility and muscle strength of the lower body. Full article

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17 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment in Establishing Perchlorate and Goitrogen Risk Mitigation Strategies

by Douglas Crawford-Brown

Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research (4CMR), Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10374-10390; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910374 - 26 Aug 2015

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3927

Abstract

This paper applies probabilistic risk assessment in quantifying risks from cumulative and aggregate risk pathways for selected goitrogens in water and food. Results show that the percentages of individuals with a Hazard Index (HI) value above 1 ranges between 30% and 50% both [...] Read more.

This paper applies probabilistic risk assessment in quantifying risks from cumulative and aggregate risk pathways for selected goitrogens in water and food. Results show that the percentages of individuals with a Hazard Index (HI) value above 1 ranges between 30% and 50% both with and without serum half-life correction when a traditional regulatory assessment approach based on establishment of a No Observed Effects Level (NOEL) is used. When an exposure-response curve is instead used and a threshold of 50% inhibition is assumed, 1.1% or less of the population exceeds an HI value of 1 with no serum half-life correction, rising to as high as 11% when serum half-life correction is applied. If 0% to 5% threshold for iodide uptake inhibition is assumed for production of adverse effects, the percentage of the population with an HI above 1 is 46.2% or less with no serum half-life correction, and 47.2% or less when serum half-life correction is applied. The probabilistic analysis shows that while there are exposed groups for whom perchlorate exposures are the primary cause of individuals having HI values above 1, these constitute significantly less than 1% of the population. Instead, the potential risk from exposure to goitrogens is dominated by nitrates without serum half-life correction and thiocyanates with serum half-life correction, suggesting public health protection is better accomplished by a focus on these and other goitrogens expect in highly limited cases where waterborne perchlorate is at unusually high concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Waterborne Contaminants: A Focus on Emerging Concerns)

27 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Chlorophyll-a Concentration and the Trophic State of the Barra Bonita Hydroelectric Reservoir Using OLI/Landsat-8 Images

by Fernanda Sayuri Yoshino Watanabe^1,*, Enner Alcântara^1,*, Thanan Walesza Pequeno Rodrigues¹, Nilton Nobuhiro Imai¹

, Cláudio Clemente Faria Barbosa² and Luiz Henrique da Silva Rotta¹

¹ Department of Cartography, Sao Paulo State University, Cep. 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil

² Image Processing Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP 12227-010, Brazil

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10391-10417; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910391 - 26 Aug 2015

Cited by 151 | Viewed by 9953

Abstract

Reservoirs are artificial environments built by humans, and the impacts of these environments are not completely known. Retention time and high nutrient availability in the water increases the eutrophic level. Eutrophication is directly correlated to primary productivity by phytoplankton. These organisms have an [...] Read more.

Reservoirs are artificial environments built by humans, and the impacts of these environments are not completely known. Retention time and high nutrient availability in the water increases the eutrophic level. Eutrophication is directly correlated to primary productivity by phytoplankton. These organisms have an important role in the environment. However, high concentrations of determined species can lead to public health problems. Species of cyanobacteria produce toxins that in determined concentrations can cause serious diseases in the liver and nervous system, which could lead to death. Phytoplankton has photoactive pigments that can be used to identify these toxins. Thus, remote sensing data is a viable alternative for mapping these pigments, and consequently, the trophic. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is present in all phytoplankton species. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of images of the sensor Operational Land Imager (OLI) onboard the Landsat-8 satellite in determining Chl-a concentrations and estimating the trophic level in a tropical reservoir. Empirical models were fitted using data from two field surveys conducted in May and October 2014 (Austral Autumn and Austral Spring, respectively). Models were applied in a temporal series of OLI images from May 2013 to October 2014. The estimated Chl-a concentration was used to classify the trophic level from a trophic state index that adopted the concentration of this pigment-like parameter. The models of Chl-a concentration showed reasonable results, but their performance was likely impaired by the atmospheric correction. Consequently, the trophic level classification also did not obtain better results. Full article

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14 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Meta-Analysis of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk in Offspring

by Shiming Tang^†, Ying Wang^†, Xuan Gong and Gaohua Wang^*

¹ Mental Health Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238#, Wuhan 430060, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10418-10431; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910418 - 26 Aug 2015

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7310

Abstract

The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in offspring has been investigated in several studies, but the evidence is not conclusive. We, therefore, conducted this meta-analysis to explore whether an association exists between maternal smoking during pregnancy [...] Read more.

The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in offspring has been investigated in several studies, but the evidence is not conclusive. We, therefore, conducted this meta-analysis to explore whether an association exists between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ASD risk in offspring. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies of maternal smoking during pregnancy and ASD risk in offspring up to 10 June 2015. The random-effects model was used to combine results from individual studies. 15 observational studies (6 cohort studies and 9 case-control studies), with 17,890 ASD cases and 1,810,258 participants were included for analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was 1.02 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93–1.13) comparing mothers who smoked during pregnancy with those who did not. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis suggested the overall result of this analysis was robust. Results from this meta-analysis indicate that maternal smoking during pregnancy is not associated with ASD risk in offspring. Further well-designed cohort studies are needed to confirm the present findings. Full article

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18 pages, 977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Locations that Support Social Activity Participation of the Aging Population

by Pauline Van den Berg^*, Astrid Kemperman, Boy De Kleijn and Aloys Borgers

Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10432-10449; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910432 - 26 Aug 2015

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6557

Abstract

Social activities are an important aspect of health and quality of life of the aging population. They are key elements in the prevention of loneliness. In order to create living environments that stimulate older adults to engage in social activities, more insight is [...] Read more.

Social activities are an important aspect of health and quality of life of the aging population. They are key elements in the prevention of loneliness. In order to create living environments that stimulate older adults to engage in social activities, more insight is needed in the social activity patterns of the aging population. This study therefore analyzes the heterogeneity in older adults’ preferences for different social activity location types and the relationship between these preferences and personal and mobility characteristics. This is done using a latent class multinomial logit model based on two-day diary data collected in 2014 in Noord-Limburg in the Netherlands among 213 respondents aged 65 or over. The results show that three latent classes can be identified among the respondents who recorded social activities in the diary: a group that mainly socializes at home, a group that mainly socializes at a community center and a group that is more likely to socialize at public ‘third’ places. The respondents who did not record any interactions during the two days, are considered as a separate segment. Relationships between segment membership and personal and mobility characteristics were tested using cross-tabulations with chi-square tests and analyses of variance. The results suggest that both personal and mobility characteristics play an important role in social activity patterns of older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impacts of the Built Environment on Public Health)

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25 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression, Help-Seeking and Self-Recognition of Depression among Dominican, Ecuadorian and Colombian Immigrant Primary Care Patients in the Northeastern United States

by Susan Caplan^1,* and Steven Buyske²

¹ School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 228 Ackerson Hall, 180 University Avenue Newark, NJ 07102, USA

² Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Hill Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Frelinghuysen Rd. Piscataway, NY 08854, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10450-10474; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910450 - 27 Aug 2015

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7442

Abstract

Latinos, the largest minority group in the United States, experience mental health disparities, which include decreased access to care, lower quality of care and diminished treatment engagement. The purpose of this cross-sectional study of 177 Latino immigrants in primary care is to identify [...] Read more.

Latinos, the largest minority group in the United States, experience mental health disparities, which include decreased access to care, lower quality of care and diminished treatment engagement. The purpose of this cross-sectional study of 177 Latino immigrants in primary care is to identify demographic factors, attitudes and beliefs, such as stigma, perceived stress, and ethnic identity that are associated with depression, help-seeking and self-recognition of depression. Results indicated that 45 participants (25%) had depression by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) criteria. Factors most likely to be associated with depression were: poverty; difficulty in functioning; greater somatic symptoms, perceived stress and stigma; number of chronic illnesses; and poor or fair self-rated mental health. Fifty-four people endorsed help-seeking. Factors associated with help-seeking were: female gender, difficulty in functioning, greater somatic symptoms, severity of depression, having someone else tell you that you have an emotional problem, and poor or fair self-rated mental health. Factors most likely to be associated with self-recognition were the same, but also included greater perceived stress. This manuscript contributes to the literature by examining attitudinal factors that may be associated with depression, help-seeking and self-recognition among subethnic groups of Latinos that are underrepresented in research studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migrant Health)

15 pages, 740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Humic Acid and Suspended Solids on the Removal of Heavy Metals from Water by Adsorption onto Granular Activated Carbon

by Danious P. Sounthararajah, Paripurnanda Loganathan, Jaya Kandasamy and Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran^*

Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10475-10489; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910475 - 27 Aug 2015

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 7790

Abstract

Heavy metals constitute some of the most dangerous pollutants of water, as they are toxic to humans, animals, and aquatic organisms. These metals are considered to be of major public health concern and, therefore, need to be removed. Adsorption is a common physico-chemical [...] Read more.

Heavy metals constitute some of the most dangerous pollutants of water, as they are toxic to humans, animals, and aquatic organisms. These metals are considered to be of major public health concern and, therefore, need to be removed. Adsorption is a common physico-chemical process used to remove heavy metals. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and suspended solids (SS) are associated pollutants in water systems that can interact with heavy metals during the treatment process. The interactions of DOC and SS during the removal of heavy metals by granular activated carbon were investigated in batch and fixed-bed column experiments. Batch adsorption studies indicated that Langmuir adsorption maxima for Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni at pH 6.5 were 11.9, 11.8, 3.3, 2.0, and 1.8 mg/g, respectively. With the addition of humic acid (HA) (DOC representative), they were 7.5, 3.7, 3.2, 1.6, and 2.5 mg/g, respectively. In the column experiment, no breakthrough (complete removal) was obtained for Pb and Cu, but adding HA provided a breakthrough in removing these metals. For Zn, Cd and Ni, this breakthrough occurred even without HA being added. Adding kaolinite (representative of SS) had no effect on Pb and Cu, but it did on the other metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Systems Engineering)

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18 pages, 699 KiB

Open AccessReview

Food Safety in Low and Middle Income Countries

by Delia Grace

Program Leader Food Safety and Zoonoses, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10490-10507; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910490 - 27 Aug 2015

Cited by 316 | Viewed by 22106

Abstract

Evidence on foodborne disease (FBD) in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is still limited, but important studies in recent years have broadened our understanding. These suggest that developing country consumers are concerned about FBD; that most of the known burden of FBD [...] Read more.

Evidence on foodborne disease (FBD) in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is still limited, but important studies in recent years have broadened our understanding. These suggest that developing country consumers are concerned about FBD; that most of the known burden of FBD disease comes from biological hazards; and, that most FBD is the result of consumption of fresh, perishable foods sold in informal markets. FBD is likely to increase in LMICs as the result of massive increases in the consumption of risky foods (livestock and fish products and produce) and lengthening and broadening value chains. Although intensification of agricultural production is a strong trend, so far agro-industrial production and modern retail have not demonstrated clear advantages in food safety and disease control. There is limited evidence on effective, sustainable and scalable interventions to improve food safety in domestic markets. Training farmers on input use and good practices often benefits those farmers trained, but has not been scalable or sustainable, except where good practices are linked to eligibility for export. Training informal value chain actors who receive business benefits from being trained has been more successful. New technologies, growing public concern and increased emphasis on food system governance can also improve food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Safety)

14 pages, 1302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Dose Cadmium Upregulates VEGF Expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells

by Fuhong Liu^1,†, Bei Wang^2,†, Liqun Li¹, Fengyun Dong¹, Xiaocui Chen¹, Yan Li^3,*, Xiuzhen Dong⁴, Youichiro Wada⁵, Carolyn M. Kapron⁶ and Ju Liu^1,*

¹ Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China

² Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China

³ Children’s Health Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China

⁴ School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle West Road No. 169, Xi’an 710032, Shanxi, China

⁵ The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, and Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan

⁶ Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada

^† These authors contributed equally to the work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10508-10521; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910508 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5878

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal and environmental toxin. Exposure to Cd has been associated with a variety of human cancers. In this study, we performed in vitro assays to examine the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) on A549 cells, a [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal and environmental toxin. Exposure to Cd has been associated with a variety of human cancers. In this study, we performed in vitro assays to examine the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) on A549 cells, a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Cd does not affect proliferation, migration, or apoptosis of A549 cells at concentrations of 0.1–10 μM. At 0.5 and 1 μM, Cd increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively), but not basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) in A549 cells. The conditioned media were collected from the A549 cells treated with 1 μM Cd and were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Upon treatment with the conditioned media, the proliferation and migration of HUVECs significantly increased (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively), while apoptosis remained unchanged. In addition, 1 μM Cd increases the level of hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF1-α), which is a positive regulator of VEGF expression. Although low-dose Cd does not directly affect the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells, it might facilitate the development of tumors through its pro-angiogenic effects. Full article

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14 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Experiences of Tobacco Use among South-Western Taiwanese Adolescent Males

by Rei-Mei Hong^1,*, Su-Er Guo^1,2

and Mei-Yen Chen¹

¹ Chronic Disease and Promotion Research Center, School of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi 613, Taiwan

² Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10522-10535; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910522 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4852

Abstract

Most smokers start young. Initiation of cigarette smoking at an earlier age leads to more life-years for tobacco use, makes quitting harder, and increases the risk of serious health consequences. Despite these challenges, research focusing on smoking behavior among adolescent boys in Taiwan [...] Read more.

Most smokers start young. Initiation of cigarette smoking at an earlier age leads to more life-years for tobacco use, makes quitting harder, and increases the risk of serious health consequences. Despite these challenges, research focusing on smoking behavior among adolescent boys in Taiwan is rare. Although the Taiwanese government enacted the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act in 2009, aimed at prevention and reducing the rate of smoking, the percentage of high school students who smoke has continued to increase. In 2006, 7.5% of adolescent boys engaged in smoking. By 2012 the rate had increased to 24.6%. This paper explores the experiences that contribute to adolescent Taiwanese boys making the decision to smoke. A phenomenological approach to inquiry was used as the philosophical foundations for this study with twelve adolescent boys who engaged in smoking behaviors. Data was gathered through two face-to-face semi-structured interviews and a focus group. Data analysis was performed using Colaizzi’s analysis method. Findings indicated that decisions to begin smoking were motivated by curiosity and as a means of establishing friendships while decisions to continue smoking were linked to the addictive nature of smoking and as a means of coping with stress and passing the time. The findings can be used to inform the prevention of tobacco use and to reduce the high smoking rates among adolescent boys. Full article

13 pages, 1694 KiB

Open AccessReview

Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Models for Modeling Epidemiological Data with Excess Zeros

by Ali Arab

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgetown University, 37th and O streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10536-10548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910536 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 9215

Abstract

Epidemiological data often include excess zeros. This is particularly the case for data on rare conditions, diseases that are not common in specific areas or specific time periods, and conditions and diseases that are hard to detect or on the rise. In this [...] Read more.

Epidemiological data often include excess zeros. This is particularly the case for data on rare conditions, diseases that are not common in specific areas or specific time periods, and conditions and diseases that are hard to detect or on the rise. In this paper, we provide a review of methods for modeling data with excess zeros with focus on count data, namely hurdle and zero-inflated models, and discuss extensions of these models to data with spatial and spatio-temporal dependence structures. We consider a Bayesian hierarchical framework to implement spatial and spatio-temporal models for data with excess zeros. We further review current implementation methods and computational tools. Finally, we provide a case study on five-year counts of confirmed cases of Lyme disease in Illinois at the county level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Innovations and Reflections-1)

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9 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Effective Strategies for Monitoring and Regulating Chemical Mixtures and Contaminants Sharing Pathways of Toxicity

by Arjun K. Venkatesan and Rolf U. Halden^*

Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10549-10557; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910549 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7531

Abstract

Traditionally, hazardous chemicals have been regulated in the U.S. on a one-by-one basis, an approach that is slow, expensive and can be inefficient, as illustrated by a decades-long succession of replacing one type of organohalogen flame retardants (OHFRs) with another one, without addressing [...] Read more.

Traditionally, hazardous chemicals have been regulated in the U.S. on a one-by-one basis, an approach that is slow, expensive and can be inefficient, as illustrated by a decades-long succession of replacing one type of organohalogen flame retardants (OHFRs) with another one, without addressing the root cause of toxicity and associated public health threats posed. The present article expounds on the need for efficient monitoring strategies and pragmatic steps in reducing environmental pollution and adverse human health impacts. A promising approach is to combine specific bioassays with state-of-the-art chemical screening to identify chemicals and chemical mixtures sharing specific modes of action (MOAs) and pathways of toxicity (PoTs). This approach could be used to identify and regulate hazardous chemicals as classes or compound families, featuring similar biological end-points, such as endocrine disruption and mutagenicity. Opportunities and potential obstacles of implementing this approach are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hazardous Waste and Human Health-2015)

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17 pages, 754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of a 12-Week Omega-3 Supplementation on Body Composition, Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Elderly Individuals with Decreased Muscle Mass

by Roma Krzymińska-Siemaszko^1,*, Natasza Czepulis², Marta Lewandowicz³, Ewa Zasadzka⁴, Aleksandra Suwalska⁵

, Janusz Witowski² and Katarzyna Wieczorowska-Tobis¹

¹ Department of Palliative Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 61-245, Poland

² Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-806, Poland

³ Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan 60-624, Poland

⁴ Department of Geriatric and Gerontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-781, Poland

⁵ Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-572, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10558-10574; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910558 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 75 | Viewed by 8188

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on the parameters of body composition, muscle strength and physical performance in elderly people with decreased muscle mass (DMM). Fifty three elderly people with an [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation on the parameters of body composition, muscle strength and physical performance in elderly people with decreased muscle mass (DMM). Fifty three elderly people with an ALM index (the ratio of appendicular lean mass to squared height) either below (−2SD: low muscle mass-LMM) or between (−1SD and −2SD: the risk of LMM-rLMM) the ALM index for the young Polish reference population were randomly assigned to PUFA-treated groups (LMM-PUFA, rLMM-PUFA) or control groups (LMM-control, rLMM-control). PUFA-treated groups received capsules containing 1.3 g of PUFA and 10 mg of vitamin E, while the control groups received 11 mg of vitamin E daily for 12 weeks. Body composition (BIA analysis), muscle strength (hand grip measured with dynamometer) and physical performance (Timed Up and Go test-TUG) were assessed before and after supplementation. No statistically significant differences were observed either in muscle mass or in the hand grip and TUG in any group. The post-pre difference (mean ± SD) in ALM index was as follows (kg/m²): LMM-PUFA: 0.00 ± 0.30, rLMM-PUFA: 0.00 ± 0.22, LMM-control: 0.03 ± 0.36, rLMM-control: –0.03 ± 0.20. In our study, a 12 week supplementation of PUFA did not affect the evaluated parameters in elderly individuals with DMM. Full article

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12 pages, 381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trichloroethylene and Its Oxidative Metabolites Enhance the Activated State and Th1 Cytokine Gene Expression in Jurkat Cells

by Yao Pan^1,2, Xuetao Wei^1,2 and Weidong Hao^1,2,*

¹ Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China

² Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10575-10586; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910575 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5083

Abstract

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an occupational and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and TCE exposure will increase the risk of autoimmune diseases and allergic diseases. T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of TCE-related immune disorders, but the effect of TCE and its oxidative [...] Read more.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an occupational and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and TCE exposure will increase the risk of autoimmune diseases and allergic diseases. T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of TCE-related immune disorders, but the effect of TCE and its oxidative metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA), on the activation of human T cells is still unknown. In this study, Jurkat cells were pre-treated with TCE, TCA and DCA overnight and then stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin for another 4, 8 and 24 hours. IL-2 secretion was detected by ELISA; the expressions of CD25 and CD69 were tested by flow cytometry; and IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA expression levels were investigated by real-time PCR. The results showed that TCE and its oxidative metabolites, TCA and DCA, significantly enhanced IL-2 releasing and the expression of T cell activation markers, CD25 and CD69. Consistent with this result, these compounds markedly up-regulated the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA. Collectively, these findings suggest that TCE and its metabolites, TCA and DCA, might enhance the activation of T cells and disrupt various activities of peripheral T cells. Full article

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15 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Affects of Anxiety and Depression on Health-Related Quality of Life among Patients with Benign Breast Lumps Diagnosed via Ultrasonography in China

by Zhe Lou¹, Yinyan Li², Yilong Yang³, Lie Wang³ and Jun Yang^1,*

¹ Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasonic Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjingbei Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China

² Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjingbei Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China

³ Department of Social Medicine, School of Public health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110013, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10587-10601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910587 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5157

Abstract

There is a high incidence of benign breast lumps among women, and these lumps may lead to physical and psychological problems. This study aims to evaluate anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with benign breast lumps diagnosed via ultrasonography and investigate their impacts [...] Read more.

There is a high incidence of benign breast lumps among women, and these lumps may lead to physical and psychological problems. This study aims to evaluate anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with benign breast lumps diagnosed via ultrasonography and investigate their impacts on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shenyang, China, from January to November 2013. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaires, including the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), together with demographic characteristics, from patients of the Department of Breast Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis (HMR) was performed to explore the effects of anxiety and depression on HRQOL. The overall prevalences of anxiety (SAS score ≥ 40) and depression (CES-D scores ≥ 16) were 40.2% and 62.0%, respectively, and 37.5% of the participants had both of these psychological symptoms. The means and standard deviations of PCS and MCS were 75.42 (15.22) and 68.70 (17.71), respectively. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were significantly negatively associated with the HRQOL of patients with benign breast lumps diagnosed via ultrasonography. Women with benign breast lumps diagnosed via ultrasonography in China experienced relatively high levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Anxiety and depressive symptoms had significant negative impacts on both the mental and physical quality of life (QOL) of women with benign breast lumps. Beyond the necessary clinical treatment procedures, psychological guidance and detailed explanations of the disease should be offered to alleviate the anxiety and depressive symptoms and enhance the HRQOL of patients with benign breast lumps. Full article

18 pages, 996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burden of Outdoor Air Pollution in Kerala, India—A First Health Risk Assessment at State Level

by Myriam Tobollik^1,2,*, Oliver Razum^3,†, Dirk Wintermeyer^2,† and Dietrich Plass²

¹ Department of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany

² Federal Environment Agency, Section Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Corrensplatz 1, Berlin 14195, Germany

³ Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10602-10619; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910602 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8743

Abstract

Ambient air pollution causes a considerable disease burden, particularly in South Asia. The objective of the study is to test the feasibility of applying the environmental burden of disease method at state level in India and to quantify a first set of disease [...] Read more.

Ambient air pollution causes a considerable disease burden, particularly in South Asia. The objective of the study is to test the feasibility of applying the environmental burden of disease method at state level in India and to quantify a first set of disease burden estimates due to ambient air pollution in Kerala. Particulate Matter (PM) was used as an indicator for ambient air pollution. The disease burden was quantified in Years of Life Lost (YLL) for the population (30 + years) living in urban areas of Kerala. Scenario analyses were performed to account for uncertainties in the input parameters. 6108 (confidence interval (95% CI): 4150–7791) of 81,636 total natural deaths can be attributed to PM, resulting in 96,359 (95% CI: 65,479–122,917) YLLs due to premature mortality (base case scenario, average for 2008–2011). Depending on the underlying assumptions the results vary between 69,582 and 377,195 YLLs. Around half of the total burden is related to cardiovascular deaths. Scenario analyses show that a decrease of 10% in PM concentrations would save 15,904 (95% CI: 11,090–19,806) life years. The results can be used to raise awareness about air quality standards at a local level and to support decision-making processes aiming at cleaner and healthier environments. Full article

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15 pages, 1237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Sources in Two Small-Scale Mining Communities in Northern Ghana

by Samuel J. Cobbina^1,2,*, Abudu B. Duwiejuah¹, Reginald Quansah^3,4, Samuel Obiri⁵ and Noel Bakobie¹

¹ Department of Ecotourism and Environmental Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Nyankpala 233, Ghana

² School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China

³ Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25 Legon, Accra 233, Ghana

⁴ Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon 233, Ghana

⁵ Environmental Chemistry Division, CSIR-Water Research Institute, P.O. Box A38, Accra 233, Ghana

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10620-10634; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910620 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 102 | Viewed by 10208

Abstract

The study assessed levels of heavy metals in drinking water sources in two small-scale mining communities (Nangodi and Tinga) in northern Ghana. Seventy-two (72) water samples were collected from boreholes, hand dug wells, dug-out, and a stream in the two mining communities. The [...] Read more.

The study assessed levels of heavy metals in drinking water sources in two small-scale mining communities (Nangodi and Tinga) in northern Ghana. Seventy-two (72) water samples were collected from boreholes, hand dug wells, dug-out, and a stream in the two mining communities. The levels of mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Mean levels (mg/l) of heavy metals in water samples from Nangodi and Tinga communities were 0.038 and 0.064 (Hg), 0.031 and 0.002 (As), 0.250 and 0.031 (Pb), 0.034 and 0.002 (Zn), and 0.534 and 0.023 (Cd), respectively, for each community. Generally, levels of Hg, As, Pb, Zn, and Cd in water from Nangodi exceeded the World Health Organisation (WHO) stipulated limits of 0.010 for Hg, As, and Pb, 3.0 for Zn and 0.003 for Cd for drinking water, and levels of Hg, Pb, and Cd recorded in Tinga, exceeded the stipulated WHO limits. Ingestion of water, containing elevated levels of Hg, As, and Cd by residents in these mining communities may pose significant health risks. Continuous monitoring of the quality of drinking water sources in these two communities is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana)

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13 pages, 769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Personal Exposure to PM_2.5on Respiratory Health in a Mexican Panel of Patients with COPD

by Marlene Cortez-Lugo¹, Matiana Ramírez-Aguilar^2,†, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla^3,†, Raúl Sansores-Martínez³, Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas³ and Albino Barraza-Villarreal^1,*

¹ Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Morelos, Av. Universidad #655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, C.P. 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México

² Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios, Monterrey #33, Col. Roma, Del. Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06700 México, D.F., México

³ Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calz. Tlalpan #4502, Col. Sección XVI, Del. Tlalpan, C.P. 14080 México, D.F., México

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10635-10647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910635 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 6956

Abstract

Background: Air pollution is a problem, especially in developing countries. We examined the association between personal exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM_2.5) on respiratory health in a group of adults with chronic obstructive [...] Read more.

Background: Air pollution is a problem, especially in developing countries. We examined the association between personal exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM_2.5) on respiratory health in a group of adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: All participants resided in Mexico City and during follow-up, personal exposure to PM_2.5, respiratory symptoms, medications, and daily activity were registered daily. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured twice daily, from February through December, 2000, in 29 adults with moderate, severe, and very severe COPD. PEF changes were estimated for each 10 µg/m³ increment of PM_2.5, adjustment for severity of COPD, minimum temperature, and day of the sampling. Results: For a 10-µg/m³ increase in the daily average of a two-day personal exposure to PM_2.5, there was a significant 33% increase in cough (95% CI, range, 5‒69%), and 23% in phlegm (95% CI, range, 2‒54%), a reduction of the PEF average in the morning of −1.4 L/min. (95% CI , range, −2.8 to −0.04), and at night of −3.0 L/min (95% CI, range, −5.7 to −0.3), respectively. Conclusions: Exposure to PM_2.5 was associated with reductions in PEF and increased respiratory symptoms in adults with COPD. The PEF reduction was observed both at morning and at night. Full article

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14 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bayesian Approach to Account for Misclassification and Overdispersion in Count Data

by Wenqi Wu, James Stamey and David Kahle^*

Department of Statistical Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97140, Waco, TX, 76706, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10648-10661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910648 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4893

Abstract

Count data are subject to considerable sources of what is often referred to as non-sampling error. Errors such as misclassification, measurement error and unmeasured confounding can lead to substantially biased estimators. It is strongly recommended that epidemiologists not only acknowledge these sorts of [...] Read more.

Count data are subject to considerable sources of what is often referred to as non-sampling error. Errors such as misclassification, measurement error and unmeasured confounding can lead to substantially biased estimators. It is strongly recommended that epidemiologists not only acknowledge these sorts of errors in data, but incorporate sensitivity analyses into part of the total data analysis. We extend previous work on Poisson regression models that allow for misclassification by thoroughly discussing the basis for the models and allowing for extra-Poisson variability in the form of random effects. Via simulation we show the improvements in inference that are brought about by accounting for both the misclassification and the overdispersion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Innovations and Reflections-1)

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9 pages, 658 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbiological Food Safety Surveillance in China

by Xiaoyan Pei, Ning Li, Yunchang Guo, Xiumei Liu, Lin Yan, Ying Li, Shuran Yang, Jing Hu, Jianghui Zhu and Dajin Yang^*

National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10662-10670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910662 - 28 Aug 2015

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7689

Abstract

Microbiological food safety surveillance is a system that collects data regarding food contamination by foodborne pathogens, parasites, viruses, and other harmful microbiological factors. It helps to understand the spectrum of food safety, timely detect food safety hazards, and provide relevant data for food [...] Read more.

Microbiological food safety surveillance is a system that collects data regarding food contamination by foodborne pathogens, parasites, viruses, and other harmful microbiological factors. It helps to understand the spectrum of food safety, timely detect food safety hazards, and provide relevant data for food safety supervision, risk assessment, and standards-setting. The study discusses the microbiological surveillance of food safety in China, and introduces the policies and history of the national microbiological surveillance system. In addition, the function and duties of different organizations and institutions are provided in this work, as well as the generation and content of the surveillance plan, quality control, database, and achievement of the microbiological surveillance of food safety in China. Full article

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16 pages, 1065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of the Urbanization Process on Water Quality of Brazilian Savanna Rivers: The Case of Preto River in Formosa, Goiás State, Brazil

by Nayara Luiz Pires^1,2, Daphne Heloisa de Freitas Muniz^1,3, Tiago Borges Kisaka¹, Nathan De Castro Soares Simplicio^1,4, Lilian Bortoluzzi², Jorge Enoch Furquim Werneck Lima³ and Eduardo Cyrino Oliveira-Filho^1,3,4,*

¹ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiental e Desenvolvimento Rural (PPG-MADER), da Faculdade UnB Planaltina (FUP), Universidade de Brasília, CEP, 73300000, Planaltina, DF, Brazil

² Department of Education, Universidade Estadual de Goiás—UEG, CEP 73807250, Formosa, GO, Brazil

³ Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Embrapa Cerrados, CEP 73310-970, Planaltina, DF, Brazil

⁴ Centro Universitário de Brasília—UniCEUB, CEP 70790075, Brasília, DF, Brazil

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10671-10686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910671 - 31 Aug 2015

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5827

Abstract

The release of domestic sewage in water resources is a practical feature of the urbanization process, and this action causes changes that may impair the environmental balance and the water quality for several uses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the [...] Read more.

The release of domestic sewage in water resources is a practical feature of the urbanization process, and this action causes changes that may impair the environmental balance and the water quality for several uses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of urbanization on the surface water quality of the Preto River throughout the town of Formosa, Goiás, Brazil. Samples were collected at five points along the river, spatially distributed from one side to the other of the town of Formosa, from May to October of 2012. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics, as well as variance and cluster analysis. Point P2, the first point after the city, showed the worst water quality indicators, mainly with respect to the total and fecal coliform parameters, as well as nitrate concentrations. These results may be related to the fact that this point is located on the outskirts of the town, an area under urbanization and with problems of sanitation, including absence of sewage collection and treatment. The data observed in this monitoring present a public health concern because the water body is used for bathing, mainly in parts of Feia Lagoon. The excess of nutrients is a strong indicator of water eutrophication and should alert decision-makers to the need for preservation policies. Full article

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13 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Discrimination and Health among Immigrants in Europe According to National Integration Policies

by Carme Borrell^1,2,3,4,*

, Laia Palència^1,2,4, Xavier Bartoll^1,4, Umar Ikram⁵ and Davide Malmusi^1,4

¹ Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona 08023, Spain

² Ciber de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, 28029, Spain

³ Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain

⁴ Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona 08025, Spain

⁵ Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1100 DD, the Netherlands

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10687-10699; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910687 - 31 Aug 2015

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 8552

Abstract

Background: Discrimination harms immigrants’ health. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between perceived discrimination and health outcomes among first and second generation immigrants from low-income countries living in Europe, while accounting for sex and the national policy on [...] Read more.

Background: Discrimination harms immigrants’ health. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between perceived discrimination and health outcomes among first and second generation immigrants from low-income countries living in Europe, while accounting for sex and the national policy on immigration. Methods: Cross-sectional study including immigrants from low-income countries aged ≥15 years in 18 European countries (European Social Survey, 2012) (sample of 1271 men and 1335 women). The dependent variables were self-reported health, symptoms of depression, and limitation of activity. The independent variables were perceived group discrimination, immigrant background and national immigrant integration policy. We tested for association between perceived group discrimination and health outcomes by fitting robust Poisson regression models. Results: We only observed significant associations between perceived group discrimination and health outcomes in first generation immigrants. For example, depression was associated with discrimination among both men and women (Prevalence Ratio-, 1.55 (95% CI: 1.16–2.07) and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.15–1.89) in the multivariate model, respectively), and mainly in countries with assimilationist immigrant integration policies. Conclusion: Perceived group discrimination is associated with poor health outcomes in first generation immigrants from low-income countries who live in European countries, but not among their descendants. These associations are more important in assimilationist countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migrant Health)

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23 pages, 2285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Conceptual Framework for Planning Systemic Human Adaptation to Global Warming

by Peter W. Tait^* and Elizabeth G. Hanna

National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health. Australian National University, Mills St. Acton, ACT 0200, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10700-10722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910700 - 31 Aug 2015

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 14236

Abstract

Human activity is having multiple, inter-related effects on ecosystems. Greenhouse gas emissions persisting along current trajectories threaten to significantly alter human society. At 0.85 °C of anthropogenic warming, deleterious human impacts are acutely evident. Additional warming of 0.5 °C–1.0 °C from already emitted [...] Read more.

Human activity is having multiple, inter-related effects on ecosystems. Greenhouse gas emissions persisting along current trajectories threaten to significantly alter human society. At 0.85 °C of anthropogenic warming, deleterious human impacts are acutely evident. Additional warming of 0.5 °C–1.0 °C from already emitted CO₂ will further intensify extreme heat and damaging storm events. Failing to sufficiently address this trend will have a heavy human toll directly and indirectly on health. Along with mitigation efforts, societal adaptation to a warmer world is imperative. Adaptation efforts need to be significantly upscaled to prepare society to lessen the public health effects of rising temperatures. Modifying societal behaviour is inherently complex and presents a major policy challenge. We propose a social systems framework for conceptualizing adaptation that maps out three domains within the adaptation policy landscape: acclimatisation, behavioural adaptation and technological adaptation, which operate at societal and personal levels. We propose that overlaying this framework on a systems approach to societal change planning methods will enhance governments’ capacity and efficacy in strategic planning for adaptation. This conceptual framework provides a policy oriented planning assessment tool that will help planners match interventions to the behaviours being targeted for change. We provide illustrative examples to demonstrate the framework’s application as a planning tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Human Health)

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16 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medical Efforts and Injury Patterns of Military Hospital Patients Following the 2013 Lushan Earthquake in China: A Retrospective Study

by Peng Kang^†, Bihan Tang^†, Yuan Liu^†, Xu Liu, Zhipeng Liu, Yipeng Lv and Lulu Zhang^*

¹ Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, 200433, Shanghai, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10723-10738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910723 - 31 Aug 2015

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5383

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to investigate medical efforts and injury profiles of victims of the Lushan earthquake admitted to three military hospitals. This study retrospectively investigated the clinical records of 266 admitted patients evacuated from the Lushan earthquake area. The 2005 [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to investigate medical efforts and injury profiles of victims of the Lushan earthquake admitted to three military hospitals. This study retrospectively investigated the clinical records of 266 admitted patients evacuated from the Lushan earthquake area. The 2005 version of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS-2005) was used to identify the severity of each injury. Patient demographic data, complaints, diagnoses, injury types, prognosis, means of transportation, and cause of injury were all reviewed individually. The statistical analysis of the study was conducted primarily using descriptive statistics. Of the 266 patients, 213 (80.1%) were admitted in the first two days. A total of 521 injury diagnoses were recorded in 266 patients. Earthquake-related injuries were primarily caused by buildings collapsing (38.4%) and victims being struck by objects (33.8%); the most frequently injured anatomic sites were the lower extremities and pelvis (34.2%) and surface area of the body (17.9%). Fracture (41.5%) was the most frequent injury, followed by soft tissue injury (27.5%), but crush syndrome was relatively low (1.2%) due to the special housing structures in the Lushan area. The most commonly used procedure was suture and dressings (33.7%), followed by open reduction and internal fixation (21.9%).The results of this study help formulate recommendations to improve future disaster relief and emergency planning in remote, isolated, and rural regions of developing countries. Full article

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16 pages, 8700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blocking the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by Lentivirus-Mediated Short Hairpin RNA Targeting β-Catenin Gene Suppresses Silica-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice

by Xin Wang^1,2, Wujing Dai³, Yanrang Wang^1,*, Qing Gu^1,*, Deyi Yang¹ and Ming Zhang¹

¹ Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, China

² College of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China

³ Division of Pneumoconiosis, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10739-10754; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910739 - 1 Sep 2015

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6322

Abstract

Silicosis is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust. While the pathogenesis of silicosis is not clearly understood, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is thought to play a major role in lung fibrosis. To explore the role of [...] Read more.

Silicosis is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust. While the pathogenesis of silicosis is not clearly understood, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is thought to play a major role in lung fibrosis. To explore the role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in silicosis, we blocked Wnt/β-catenin pathway both in silica-treated MLE-12 cells (a mouse pulmonary epithelial cell line) and in a mouse silicosis model by using a lentiviral vector expressing a short hairpin RNA silencing β-catenin (Lv-shβ-catenin). In vitro, Lv-shβ-catenin significantly decreased the expression of β-catenin, MMP2 and MMP9, and secretion of TGF-β1. In vivo, intratracheal treatment with Lv-shβ-catenin significantly reduced expression of β-catenin in the lung and levels of TGF-β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and notably attenuated pulmonary fibrosis as evidenced by hydroxyproline content and collagen IIII synthesis in silica-administered mice. These results indicate that blockade of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway can prevent the development of silica-induced lung fibrosis. Thus Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be a target in prevention and treatment of silicosis. Full article

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28 pages, 1412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mercury Exposure Assessment and Spatial Distribution in A Ghanaian Small-Scale Gold Mining Community

by Mozhgon Rajaee¹, Rachel N. Long¹, Elisha P. Renne^2,3 and Niladri Basu^1,4,*

¹ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

² Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 101 West Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

³ Department of Afroamerican and African Studies, University of Michigan, 4700 Haven Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

⁴ Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Rd., Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10755-10782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910755 - 1 Sep 2015

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 8614

Abstract

Mercury is utilized worldwide in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) and may pose a risk for miners and mining communities. While a number of studies have characterized mercury in ASGM communities, most have focused on a single media and few have taken [...] Read more.

Mercury is utilized worldwide in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) and may pose a risk for miners and mining communities. While a number of studies have characterized mercury in ASGM communities, most have focused on a single media and few have taken a holistic approach. Here, a multiple media exposure assessment and cross-sectional study of mercury was conducted in 2010 through 2012 in northeast Ghana with a small-scale gold mining community, Kejetia, a subsistence farming community, Gorogo, and an urban ASGM gold refinery in Bolgatanga. The objective was to assess mercury in a range of human (urine and hair) and ecological (household soil, sediment, fish, and ore) samples to increase understanding of mercury exposure pathways. All participants were interviewed on demographics, occupational and medical histories, and household characteristics. Participants included 90 women of childbearing age and 97 adults from Kejetia and 75 adults from Gorogo. Median total specific gravity-adjusted urinary, hair, and household soil mercury were significantly higher in Kejetia miners (5.18 µg/L, 0.967 µg/g, and 3.77 µg/g, respectively) than Kejetia non-miners (1.18 µg/L, 0.419 µg/g, and 2.00 µg/g, respectively) and Gorogo participants (0.154 µg/L, 0.181 µg/g, and 0.039 µg/g) in 2011. Sediment, fish, and ore Hg concentrations were below guideline values. Median soil mercury from the Bolgatanga refinery was very high (54.6 µg/g). Estimated mean mercury ingestion for Kejetia adults from soil and dust exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose (0.3 µg Hg/kg·day) for pica (0.409 µg Hg/kg·day) and geophagy (20.5 µg Hg/kg·day) scenarios. Most participants with elevated urinary and household soil mercury were miners, but some non-miners approached and exceeded guideline values, suggesting a health risk for non-mining residents living within these communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana)

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11 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CYP450 Enzyme-Mediated Metabolism of TCAS and Its Inhibitory and Induced Effects on Metabolized Enzymes in Vitro

by Guolin Shen^†, Cheng Wang^†, Lili Zhou, Lei Li, Huiming Chen, Wenlian Yu^* and Haishan Li^*

¹ Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10783-10793; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910783 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4394

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the enzymes catalyzing the phaseⅠmetabolism of thiacalixarene (TCAS) based on in vitro system including cDNA-expressed P450 enzymes, human liver microsomes plus inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. In addition, the inhibitory potential of TCAS on major CYP450 drug metabolizing enzymes [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the enzymes catalyzing the phaseⅠmetabolism of thiacalixarene (TCAS) based on in vitro system including cDNA-expressed P450 enzymes, human liver microsomes plus inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. In addition, the inhibitory potential of TCAS on major CYP450 drug metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) was assessed. The results showed that CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 mediated TCAS hydroxylation. IC₅₀ values for TCAS in rat and human liver microsomes were greater than 50 µM, and it demonstrated a weak inhibition of rat and human CYP450 enzymes. Finally, sandwiched hepatocytes were used to evaluate the induction of CYP1A and CYP3A to define the function of TCAS in vivo. The results showed that incubation of TCAS at different concentrations for 72 h failed to induce CYP1A and CYP3A. However, incubation of the cells with 50 and 100 µM TCAS caused a profound decrease in the activities of CYP1A and CYP3A, which was probably due to cytotoxic effects, suggesting that exposure to TCAS might be a health concern. Full article

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12 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of HPV Genotype in Invasive Cervical Carcinoma and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Zhejiang Province, Southeast China: Establishing the Baseline for Surveillance

by Xiao-Xian Xu^1,2, Jian-Song Zhou^1,3, Shu-Hui Yuan^1,2, Hua Yu^1,2 and Han-Mei Lou^1,2,*

¹ The Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Banshan Bridge, Guangji Rd #38, Hangzhou 310022, China

² Department of Gynecologic Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Bridge, Guangji Rd #38, Hangzhou 310022, China

³ Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Bridge, Guangji Rd #38, Hangzhou 310022, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10794-10805; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910794 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5909

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) are firmly established as the principal causative agent for cervical carcinoma. Current vaccines may provide some protection for women from cervical carcinoma linked to HPV genotype 16 and 18. This may be the best vaccine for Western women, but the [...] Read more.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) are firmly established as the principal causative agent for cervical carcinoma. Current vaccines may provide some protection for women from cervical carcinoma linked to HPV genotype 16 and 18. This may be the best vaccine for Western women, but the geographical variation in HPV distributions may not make it the most appropriate vaccine for China or Asia. This study provided an observational, retrospective, hospital-based cross-sectional study on the distribution of HPV genotypes among 5410 women with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Overall, the positive rates of the four HPV types included in current prophylactic vaccines were counted, the two high-risk types (HPV-16 and -18) covered by current vaccines represented 66.9% of women with squamous cancer, 55.0% with adenocarcinoma, 64.9% with adenosquamous carcinoma and 77.4% of other type ICC, as well as 59.5% of CIN III, 45.0% of CIN II and 38.1% of CIN I cases. As expected, two low-risk types (HPV-6 and -11) included in the quadrivalent vaccine did not show good coverage data. Particularly worth mentioning is the fact that the addition of HPV-52 and -58 to the vaccine cocktail would increase cancer protection in our population, potentially preventing up to beyond 16% of squamous/adenosquamous carcinoma and other type of cervical cancers, and 7.75% of adenocarcinomas. It might also potentially reduce the rate of CIN III by a further 28.6% and CIN II and I by a third. This study established the baseline for surveillance in Zhejiang Province, and provides data for further vaccine designs: a quadrivalent HPV vaccine covering HPV-16/-58/-18/-52, would be more welcome in our region in the forthcoming year compared to the currently available vaccine. Full article

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14 pages, 3196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Nano-CeO₂ with Different Nanocrystal Morphologies on Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells

by Lili Wang^1,2,†, Wenchao Ai^1,†, Yanwu Zhai², Haishan Li¹, Kebin Zhou^2,* and Huiming Chen^1,*

¹ Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China

² Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10806-10819; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910806 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6388

Abstract

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nano-CeO₂) have been reported to cause damage and apoptosis in human primary hepatocytes. Here, we compared the toxicity of three types of nano-CeO₂ with different nanocrystal morphologies (cube-, octahedron-, and rod-like crystals) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells [...] Read more.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nano-CeO₂) have been reported to cause damage and apoptosis in human primary hepatocytes. Here, we compared the toxicity of three types of nano-CeO₂ with different nanocrystal morphologies (cube-, octahedron-, and rod-like crystals) in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The cells were treated with the nano-CeO₂ at various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL). The crystal structure, size and morphology of nano-CeO₂ were investigated by X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. The specific surface area was detected using the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller method. The cellular morphological and internal structure were observed by microscopy; apoptotic alterations were measured using flow cytometry; nuclear DNA, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) in HepG2 cells were measured using high content screening technology. The scavenging ability of hydroxyl free radicals and the redox properties of the nano-CeO₂ were measured by square-wave voltammetry and temperature-programmed-reduction methods. All three types of nano-CeO₂ entered the HepG2 cells, localized in the lysosome and cytoplasm, altered cellular shape, and caused cytotoxicity. The nano-CeO₂ with smaller specific surface areas induced more apoptosis, caused an increase in MMP, ROS and GSH, and lowered the cell’s ability to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals and antioxidants. In this work, our data demonstrated that compared with cube-like and octahedron-like nano-CeO₂, the rod-like nano-CeO₂ has lowest toxicity to HepG2 cells owing to its larger specific surface areas. Full article

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13 pages, 1076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration in the Vocational World: How Does It Affect Quality of Life and Subjective Well-Being of Young Adults with ASD

by Eynat Gal^1,*, Efrat Selanikyo², Asnat Bar-Haim Erez² and Noomi Katz²

¹ Occupational Therapy Department, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel

² Ono Academic College, Occupational Therapy Department, Research Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Kiryat Ono 55000, Israel

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10820-10832; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910820 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7619

Abstract

This study aimed to assess whether the perception of quality of life (QOL) and subjective well-being (SWB) of young adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is affected by participation in a comprehensive program. Participants included 25 young adults with ASD who participated in [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess whether the perception of quality of life (QOL) and subjective well-being (SWB) of young adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is affected by participation in a comprehensive program. Participants included 25 young adults with ASD who participated in the “Roim Rachok Program” (RRP), where they were trained to become aerial photography interpreters. Following the training period, they served in a designated army unit where they practiced their newly acquired profession. The participants filled out two questionnaires, (a) Quality of Life (QOL-Q) and (b) Personal Well-being Index (PWI), at three points of the intervention: (a) before the course, (b) at the end of the course, and (c) six months after integrating in the designated army unit. Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were used to assess the differences between the reported QOL and SWB at the three points of time. The results suggest that there were no significant differences at the end of the course, compared to its beginning. However, there were significantly improved perception of QOL and SWB during the period between the end of the course and six months after starting work. The results of this study highlight the importance of tailored vocational programs that are adapted to the unique needs and strengths of individuals with ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Therapies and Human Well-Being)

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13 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Persistent Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Mothers Associated with Abnormal Infant Tongue Movement

by Holly L. McClellan, Jacqueline C. Kent^*, Anna R. Hepworth, Peter E. Hartmann and Donna T. Geddes

School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10833-10845; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910833 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9909

Abstract

Background: Infants of breastfeeding mothers with persistent nipple pain have been shown to apply stronger vacuums to the breast and transfer less milk during one monitored feed. This may be associated with differences in the movement of the tongue. The aim was [...] Read more.

Background: Infants of breastfeeding mothers with persistent nipple pain have been shown to apply stronger vacuums to the breast and transfer less milk during one monitored feed. This may be associated with differences in the movement of the tongue. The aim was to analyse the intra-oral nipple shape and movement of the tongue of infants of mothers with and without nipple pain. Methods: Breastfeeding infants of mothers with or without nipple pain were monitored using ultrasound and intra-oral vacuum during one breastfeed. From cine clips of the ultrasound scans measurements were made of the depth of the intra-oral space between the hard-soft palate junction (HSPJ) and the mid-tongue; the distance of the tip of the nipple to the HSPJ; and nipple diameters from the tip to the base. Results: During nutritive sucking, tongue movements of infants of mothers with nipple pain resulted in a smaller intra-oral space (p = 0.040) and restricted nipple expansion compared to controls (p < 0.012). Stronger baseline and peak vacuums compared to controls were confirmed (p = 0.002). Conclusion: In these mothers, nipple pain was associated with restricted infant tongue movement. Ultrasound may complement measurement of intra-oral vacuum in monitoring treatment strategies in breastfeeding women experiencing nipple pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breastfeeding and Infant Health)

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15 pages, 3098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Are Mobile Phones Useful for Water Quality Data Collection? An Analysis of Data Flows and ICT Applications among Regulated Monitoring Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa

by Emily Kumpel^1,*, Rachel Peletz¹, Mateyo Bonham¹, Annette Fay¹, Alicea Cock-Esteb¹ and Ranjiv Khush²

¹ The Aquaya Institute, Nairobi 00505, Kenya

² The Aquaya Institute, Larkspur 94939, CA, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10846-10860; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910846 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7757

Abstract

Water quality monitoring is important for identifying public health risks and ensuring water safety. However, even when water sources are tested, many institutions struggle to access data for immediate action or long-term decision-making. We analyzed water testing structures among 26 regulated water suppliers [...] Read more.

Water quality monitoring is important for identifying public health risks and ensuring water safety. However, even when water sources are tested, many institutions struggle to access data for immediate action or long-term decision-making. We analyzed water testing structures among 26 regulated water suppliers and public health surveillance agencies across six African countries and identified four water quality data management typologies. Within each typology, we then analyzed the potential for information and communication technology (ICT) tools to facilitate water quality information flows. A consistent feature of all four typologies was that testing activities occurred in laboratories or offices, not at water sources; therefore, mobile phone-based data management may be most beneficial for institutions that collect data from multiple remote laboratories. We implemented a mobile phone application to facilitate water quality data collection within the national public health agency in Senegal, Service National de l’Hygiène. Our results indicate that using the phones to transmit more than just water quality data will likely improve the effectiveness and sustainability of this type of intervention. We conclude that an assessment of program structure, particularly its data flows, provides a sound starting point for understanding the extent to which ICTs might strengthen water quality monitoring efforts. Full article

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25 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Difference between Right and Wrong: Accuracy of Older and Younger Adults’ Story Recall

by Danielle K. Davis¹, Nicole Alea^2,* and Susan Bluck^1,*

¹ Department of Psychology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112250, Gainesville, FL, 32611-225, USA

² Psychology Unit, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10861-10885; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910861 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8488

Abstract

Sharing stories is an important social activity in everyday life. This study used fine-grained content analysis to investigate the accuracy of recall of two central story elements: the gist and detail of socially-relevant stories. Younger (M age = 28.06) and older ( [...] Read more.

Sharing stories is an important social activity in everyday life. This study used fine-grained content analysis to investigate the accuracy of recall of two central story elements: the gist and detail of socially-relevant stories. Younger (M age = 28.06) and older (M age = 75.03) American men and women (N = 63) recalled fictional stories that were coded for (i) accuracy of overall gist and specific gist categories and (ii) accuracy of overall detail and specific detail categories. Findings showed no age group differences in accuracy of overall gist or detail, but differences emerged for specific categories. Older adults more accurately recalled the gist of when the event occurred whereas younger adults more accurately recalled the gist of why the event occurred. These differences were related to episodic memory ability and education. For accuracy in recalling details, there were some age differences, but gender differences were more robust. Overall, women remembered details of these social stories more accurately than men, particularly time and perceptual details. Women were also more likely to accurately remember the gist of when the event occurred. The discussion focuses on how accurate recall of socially-relevant stories is not clearly age-dependent but is related to person characteristics such as gender and episodic memory ability/education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aging and Cognition)

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11 pages, 323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Injuries among Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Miners in Ghana

by E. Kyeremateng-Amoah^* and Edith E. Clarke

Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Ghana Health Service, PMB, Ministries, Accra, Ghana

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10886-10896; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910886 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7616

Abstract

Artisanal and small-scale gold miners are confronted with numerous hazards often resulting in varying degrees of injuries and fatalities. In Ghana, like many developing countries, there is paucity of information on the causes and nature of the accidents that result in the injuries. [...] Read more.

Artisanal and small-scale gold miners are confronted with numerous hazards often resulting in varying degrees of injuries and fatalities. In Ghana, like many developing countries, there is paucity of information on the causes and nature of the accidents that result in the injuries. The study was a retrospective, cross sectional type that examined the records of injuries of artisanal and small-scale gold miners presented to the emergency department of a district hospital in the Eastern Region of Ghana from 2006 to 2013. The causes, types, and outcomes of reported injuries were analyzed for 72 cases. Occurrences of mining accidents reported in selected Ghanaian media during the year 2007–2012 were also analyzed to corroborate the causes of the accidents. Fractures and contusions constituted the most frequently occurring injuries, with collapse of the mine pits and falls being the most frequent cause of accidents reported both by the hospital and media records. This study shows that though varied degrees of injuries occur among the miners, the potential for serious injuries is substantial. Measures to reduce the incidence of injuries and fatalities should include education and training on the use of safe working tools and means of creating a safe working environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana)

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13 pages, 157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Fatigue among Men Aged 45 and Older: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Wei-Quan Lin¹

, Meng-Juan Jing², Jie Tang¹, Jia-Ji Wang¹, Hui-Shan Zhang¹, Le-Xin Yuan³ and Pei-Xi Wang^1,2,*

¹ Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China

² Institute of Public Health, School of Nursing, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China

³ Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10897-10909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910897 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5227

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms reported in several studies; but few studies have concentrated on the male population, especially for the middle-aged and older men who are exposed to greater fatigue risk. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Background and Purpose: Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms reported in several studies; but few studies have concentrated on the male population, especially for the middle-aged and older men who are exposed to greater fatigue risk. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of fatigue and identify the risk factors of fatigue among men aged 45 and older in China. Methods: This study was part of a cross-sectional study on community health in Shunde (Guangdong Province, China). A total sample of 1158 men aged 45 and older were included. Sociodemographic characteristics, health and lifestyle factors and the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS) were measured by structured questionnaires through face-to-face interviews. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to determine the risk factors of fatigue. Results: Approximately 30% of participants experienced fatigue. Older age (≥75 years: adjusted OR 3.88, 95% CI 2.09–7.18), single marital status (1.94, 1.04–3.62), unemployed status (1.68, 1.16–2.43), number of self-reported chronic diseases (≥2 chronic diseases: 2.83, 1.86–4.31), number of individuals’ children (≥4 children: 2.35, 1.33–4.15), hospitalization in the last year (1.61, 1.03–2.52) were all significantly associated with increased risk of fatigue, while regular exercise (0.46, 0.32–0.65) was a protective factor against fatigue. Conclusions: Fatigue was usual in males and several factors were associated with the fatigue. These findings may have implication in risk assessment of fatigue and help in developing and implementing targeted interventions in middle-aged and elderly males. Full article

13 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Being an Only Child, Family Cohesion, and Family Conflict on Behavioral Problems among Adolescents with Physically Ill Parents

by Guo-Yuan Sui¹, Jia-Na Wang¹, Guang-Cong Liu² and Lie Wang^1,*

¹ School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110013, China

² Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences, No.139 NantaStreet, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110000, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10910-10922; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910910 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5870

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine the parental physical illness’ effect on behavioral problems among adolescents, and the effects of being an only child, family cohesion, and family conflict on behavioral problems among adolescents with physically ill parents in Liaoning province, China. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to examine the parental physical illness’ effect on behavioral problems among adolescents, and the effects of being an only child, family cohesion, and family conflict on behavioral problems among adolescents with physically ill parents in Liaoning province, China. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2009. A questionnaire including two dimensions of the Family Environment Scale (family cohesion and family conflict), self-reported Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and demographic factors was distributed to the subjects. Results: Among the 5220 adolescents, 308 adolescents lived with physically ill parents. The adolescents with physically ill parents had more behavioral problems than adolescents with healthy parents. Among the girls who lived in families with physically ill parents, the SDQ score and the prevalence of SDQ syndromes were higher in the girls with siblings than the girls without siblings after adjusting for variables; the effect of family cohesion on SDQ was significant after adjusting for variables. Conclusion: Interventions targeting family cohesion may be effective to reduce behavioral problems of adolescents with physically ill parents. Full article

18 pages, 717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infant Feeding Practices of Emirati Women in the Rapidly Developing City of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

by Hazel Gardner^1,*, Katherine Green² and Andrew Gardner³

¹ School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia

² International Horizons College, 42nd Floor, U-Bora Towers, Al Abraj Street, Business Bay, Dubai P.O. Box 191881, United Arab Emirates

³ School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, WA 6027, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10923-10940; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910923 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8361

Abstract

Rapid economic and cultural transition in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been accompanied by new challenges to public health; most notably a rapid rise in chronic disease. Breastfeeding is known to improve health outcomes in adulthood, is associated with reduced risk of [...] Read more.

Rapid economic and cultural transition in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has been accompanied by new challenges to public health; most notably a rapid rise in chronic disease. Breastfeeding is known to improve health outcomes in adulthood, is associated with reduced risk of developing chronic disease, and is therefore an important public health issue for this rapidly increasing population. Factors associated with infant feeding practices were examined in a cohort of 125 Emirati women and their infants, with data collected at birth and 3, 6 and 15 months postpartum by questionnaires and interviews. Participants were recruited in the Corniche Hospital, the main maternity hospital in the city of Abu Dhabi. Factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary foods were investigated using univariate and multivariate statistics. Recommended infant feeding practices, such as exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and timely introduction of appropriate complementary foods, were poorly adhered to. Factors implicated in early cessation of breastfeeding included: time to first breastfeed, mother’s education level, employment status and early introduction of complementary foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breastfeeding and Infant Health)

0 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Herndon, J.M. Evidence of Coal-Fly-Ash Toxic Chemical Geoengineering in the Troposphere: Consequences for Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 9375–9390

by Paul B. Tchounwou

Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, MI 39217, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10941-10942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910941 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 24590

Abstract

It was brought to my attention that there are problems related to the recently published article “Evidence of Coal-Fly-Ash Toxic Chemical Geoengineering in the Troposphere: Consequences for Public Health” [1]. [...] Full article

12 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Mercury Toxicity and Contamination of Households from the Use of Skin Creams Adulterated with Mercurous Chloride (Calomel)

by Lori Copan^1,*, Jeff Fowles^1,†, Tracy Barreau¹ and Nancy McGee²

¹ California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Investigations Branch, Richmond, CA 94706, USA

² California Department of Toxic Substances Control, Enforcement and Emergency Response Division, Sacramento, CA 95826-3200, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10943-10954; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910943 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 10227

Abstract

Inorganic mercury, in the form of mercurous chloride, or calomel, is intentionally added to some cosmetic products sold through informal channels in Mexico and the US for skin lightening and acne treatment. These products have led to multiple cases of mercury poisoning but [...] Read more.

Inorganic mercury, in the form of mercurous chloride, or calomel, is intentionally added to some cosmetic products sold through informal channels in Mexico and the US for skin lightening and acne treatment. These products have led to multiple cases of mercury poisoning but few investigations have addressed the contamination of cream users’ homes. We report on several cases of mercury poisoning among three Mexican-American families in California from use of mercury-containing skin creams. Each case resulted in widespread household contamination and secondary contamination of family members. Urine mercury levels in cream users ranged from 37 to 482 µg/g creatinine and in non-users from non-detectable to 107 µg/g creatinine. Air concentrations of up to 8 µg/m³ of mercury within homes exceeded the USEPA/ATSDR health-based guidance and action level of <1.0 μg/m³. Mercury contamination of cream users’ homes presented a multi-pathway exposure environment to residents. Homes required extensive decontamination, including disposal of most household items, to achieve acceptable air levels. The acceptable air levels used were not designed to consider multi-pathway exposure scenarios. These findings support that the calomel is able to change valence form to elemental mercury and volatilize once exposed to the skin or surfaces in the indoor environment. Full article

19 pages, 1784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the AnnAGNPS Model for Predicting Runoff and Nutrient Export in a Typical Small Watershed in the Hilly Region of Taihu Lake

by Chuan Luo¹, Zhaofu Li^1,*

, Hengpeng Li² and Xiaomin Chen¹

¹ College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095,Jiangsu, China

² Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 73, Beijing East Road, Nanjing 210095,Jiangsu, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10955-10973; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910955 - 2 Sep 2015

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5035

Abstract

The application of hydrological and water quality models is an efficient approach to better understand the processes of environmental deterioration. This study evaluated the ability of the Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model to predict runoff, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) [...] Read more.

The application of hydrological and water quality models is an efficient approach to better understand the processes of environmental deterioration. This study evaluated the ability of the Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model to predict runoff, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loading in a typical small watershed of a hilly region near Taihu Lake, China. Runoff was calibrated and validated at both an annual and monthly scale, and parameter sensitivity analysis was performed for TN and TP before the two water quality components were calibrated. The results showed that the model satisfactorily simulated runoff at annual and monthly scales, both during calibration and validation processes. Additionally, results of parameter sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters Fertilizer rate, Fertilizer organic, Canopy cover and Fertilizer inorganic were more sensitive to TN output. In terms of TP, the parameters Residue mass ratio, Fertilizer rate, Fertilizer inorganic and Canopy cover were the most sensitive. Based on these sensitive parameters, calibration was performed. TN loading produced satisfactory results for both the calibration and validation processes, whereas the performance of TP loading was slightly poor. The simulation results showed that AnnAGNPS has the potential to be used as a valuable tool for the planning and management of watersheds. Full article

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10 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Public Trauma after the Sewol Ferry Disaster: The Role of Social Media in Understanding the Public Mood

by Hyekyung Woo^1,2, Youngtae Cho^1,2,*, Eunyoung Shim^1,2, Kihwang Lee³ and Gilyoung Song³

¹ School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

² Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

³ Mining Laboratory, Daumsoft, Seoul 140-887, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10974-10983; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910974 - 3 Sep 2015

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 12268

Abstract

The Sewol ferry disaster severely shocked Korean society. The objective of this study was to explore how the public mood in Korea changed following the Sewol disaster using Twitter data. Data were collected from daily Twitter posts from 1 January 2011 to 31 [...] Read more.

The Sewol ferry disaster severely shocked Korean society. The objective of this study was to explore how the public mood in Korea changed following the Sewol disaster using Twitter data. Data were collected from daily Twitter posts from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013 and from 1 March 2014 to 30 June 2014 using natural language-processing and text-mining technologies. We investigated the emotional utterances in reaction to the disaster by analyzing the appearance of keywords, the human-made disaster-related keywords and suicide-related keywords. This disaster elicited immediate emotional reactions from the public, including anger directed at various social and political events occurring in the aftermath of the disaster. We also found that although the frequency of Twitter keywords fluctuated greatly during the month after the Sewol disaster, keywords associated with suicide were common in the general population. Policy makers should recognize that both those directly affected and the general public still suffers from the effects of this traumatic event and its aftermath. The mood changes experienced by the general population should be monitored after a disaster, and social media data can be useful for this purpose. Full article

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11 pages, 667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitization Rates for Various Allergens in Children with Allergic Rhinitis in Qingdao, China

by Hang Lin¹, Rongjun Lin² and Na Li^1,*

¹ Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China

² Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10984-10994; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910984 - 7 Sep 2015

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5601

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sensitization to common allergens in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) living in Qingdao, China. We conducted a retrospective analysis for AR cases, who underwent skin prick tests (SPT) in Qingdao. A total [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sensitization to common allergens in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) living in Qingdao, China. We conducted a retrospective analysis for AR cases, who underwent skin prick tests (SPT) in Qingdao. A total of 2841 children with AR qualified for the inclusion criteria (Age 3–5 years: 1500 children; Age 6–12 years: 1341 children). The most common inhaled allergens to which the AR children were sensitive were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (69.3%), Dermatophagoides farinae (66.2%) and mould 1 (Penicillium notatum 38.9%); while the corresponding ingested allergens were mussel (39.2%), shrimp (36.3%) and carp (36.5%). The prevalence of sensitization to inhaled allergens and food allergens was higher in children >6 years of age as compared to that in children 3–5 years of age (all p < 0.05). Children >6 years old were more sensitive to dust mite as compared to children 3–5 years old (p < 0.05). Sensitization to dust mite was more common in males than in females (p = 0.05). In this study, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae were the most common allergens causing AR in children in Qingdao, China. Older children with AR, particularly males, were found to be more sensitive to dust mite. Full article

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17 pages, 1044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capturing the Interrelationship between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Children in the Context of Diverse Environmental Exposures

by Tarun R. Katapally^1,2,* and Nazeem Muhajarine^1,3

¹ Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada

² Johnson Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, University of Regina, Regina S4S 7H1, Saskatchewan, Canada

³ Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit (SPHERU), University of Saskatchewan and University of Regina, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Saskatchewan, Canada

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 10995-11011; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910995 - 7 Sep 2015

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7097

Abstract

Even though physical activity and sedentary behaviour are two distinct behaviours, their interdependent relationship needs to be studied in the same environment. This study examines the influence of urban design, neighbourhood built and social environment, and household and individual factors on the interdependent [...] Read more.

Even though physical activity and sedentary behaviour are two distinct behaviours, their interdependent relationship needs to be studied in the same environment. This study examines the influence of urban design, neighbourhood built and social environment, and household and individual factors on the interdependent relationship between objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children in the Canadian city of Saskatoon. Saskatoon’s built environment was assessed by two validated observation tools. Neighbourhood socioeconomic variables were derived from 2006 Statistics Canada Census and 2010 G5 Census projections. A questionnaire was administered to 10–14 year old children to collect individual and household data, followed by accelerometry to collect physical activity and sedentary behaviour data. Multilevel logistic regression models were developed to understand the interrelationship between physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the context of diverse environmental exposures. A complex set of factors including denser built environment, positive peer relationships and consistent parental support influenced the interrelationship between physical activity and sedentary behaviour. In developing interventions to facilitate active living, it is not only imperative to delineate pathways through which diverse environmental exposures influence physical activity and sedentary behaviour, but also to account for the interrelationship between physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impacts of the Built Environment on Public Health)

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13 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Indicators for Environment Health Risk Assessment in the Jiangsu Province of China

by Shujie Zhang^1,2, Zhengzheng Wei², Wenliang Liu³, Ling Yao¹

, Wenyu Suo², Jingjing Xing², Bingzhao Huang², Di Jin² and Jiansheng Wang^2,*

¹ State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

² Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China

³ State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11012-11024; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911012 - 7 Sep 2015

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6678

Abstract

According to the framework of “Pressure-State-Response”, this study established an indicator system which can reflect comprehensive risk of environment and health for an area at large scale. This indicator system includes 17 specific indicators covering social and economic development, pollution emission intensity, air [...] Read more.

According to the framework of “Pressure-State-Response”, this study established an indicator system which can reflect comprehensive risk of environment and health for an area at large scale. This indicator system includes 17 specific indicators covering social and economic development, pollution emission intensity, air pollution exposure, population vulnerability, living standards, medical and public health, culture and education. A corresponding weight was given to each indicator through Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Comprehensive risk assessment of the environment and health of 58 counties was conducted in the Jiangsu province, China, and the assessment result was divided into four types according to risk level. Higher-risk counties are all located in the economically developed southern region of Jiangsu province and relatively high-risk counties are located along the Yangtze River and Xuzhou County and its surrounding areas. The spatial distribution of relatively low-risk counties is dispersive, and lower-risk counties mainly located in the middle region where the economy is somewhat weaker in the province. The assessment results provide reasonable and scientific basis for Jiangsu province Government in formulating environment and health policy. Moreover, it also provides a method reference for the comprehensive risk assessment of environment and health within a large area (provinces, regions and countries). Full article

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12 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Infectious Diseases, Urbanization and Climate Change: Challenges in Future China

by Michael Xiaoliang Tong¹

, Alana Hansen¹, Scott Hanson-Easey¹, Scott Cameron¹, Jianjun Xiang¹, Qiyong Liu², Yehuan Sun³, Philip Weinstein⁴, Gil-Soo Han⁵, Craig Williams⁶ and Peng Bi^1,*

¹ School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia

² State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China

³ Department of Epidemiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China

⁴ School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaid 5005, Australia

⁵ Communications and Media Studies, School of Media, Film and Journalism, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia

⁶ Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11025-11036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911025 - 7 Sep 2015

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 11660

Abstract

China is one of the largest countries in the world with nearly 20% of the world’s population. There have been significant improvements in economy, education and technology over the last three decades. Due to substantial investments from all levels of government, the public [...] Read more.

China is one of the largest countries in the world with nearly 20% of the world’s population. There have been significant improvements in economy, education and technology over the last three decades. Due to substantial investments from all levels of government, the public health system in China has been improved since the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. However, infectious diseases still remain a major population health issue and this may be exacerbated by rapid urbanization and unprecedented impacts of climate change. This commentary aims to explore China’s current capacity to manage infectious diseases which impair population health. It discusses the existing disease surveillance system and underscores the critical importance of strengthening the system. It also explores how the growing migrant population, dramatic changes in the natural landscape following rapid urbanization, and changing climatic conditions can contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease. Continuing research on infectious diseases, urbanization and climate change may inform the country’s capacity to deal with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Human Health)

13 pages, 688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mental and Physical Symptoms of Female Rural Workers: Relation between Household and Rural Work

by Marta Regina Cezar-Vaz^1,*, Clarice Alves Bonow^2,† and Mara Regina Santos Da Silva^3,†

¹ School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil

² Graduate Program on Nursing, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil

³ School of Nursing, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11037-11049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911037 - 7 Sep 2015

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5118

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relations among mental disorders, physical discomfort, household work and farm work among women. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the administration of a structured questionnaire to 182 female farm workers. The data were analyzed by means [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the relations among mental disorders, physical discomfort, household work and farm work among women. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the administration of a structured questionnaire to 182 female farm workers. The data were analyzed by means of Poisson regression, where the significance level was set to 5%. Results indicated that 111 (61%) participants reported work-related mental disorders and physical discomfort was reported by 160 (87.9%). The participants with mental disorders and at least moderate levels of physical discomfort reported significantly higher levels of physical demand, time working (temporal demand), total effort and frustration with regard to farm work, in addition to significantly higher levels of frustration with regard to housework. Women with moderate or greater levels of both physical discomfort and frustration with farm work increased the chances of mental disorders. The results illustrate the complex challenge for health professionals in caring for women with mental disorders and physical discomforts related to their farm work, in the context of both the farm and domestic work demands these workers experience. Full article

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22 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use, Perceived Effectiveness and Safety of Herbal Galactagogues During Breastfeeding: A Qualitative Study

by Tin Fei Sim^1,*

, H. Laetitia Hattingh¹

, Jillian Sherriff²

and Lisa B.G. Tee¹

¹ School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

² School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11050-11071; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911050 - 7 Sep 2015

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 15200

Abstract

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding as the normal infant feeding method and that infants being breastfed should be regarded as the control group or norm reference in all instances. There are many factors which could contribute to a new mother ceasing breastfeeding [...] Read more.

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding as the normal infant feeding method and that infants being breastfed should be regarded as the control group or norm reference in all instances. There are many factors which could contribute to a new mother ceasing breastfeeding early, with the most commonly reported reason being perceived insufficient breast milk supply. The use of herbal galactagogues is increasingly common worldwide. Literature review identified a need for more research in the area of herbal galactagogue use during breastfeeding. Twenty in-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken with breastfeeding women who used herbal galactagogues, to document use and explore their perceived effectiveness and safety of herbal galactagogues. Several indicators of breastfeeding adequacy were mentioned as participants described their experiences with the use of herbal galactagogues. Confidence and self-empowerment emerged as an over-arching theme linked to positive experiences with the use of herbal galactagogues. Despite the lack of clinical trial data on the actual increase in measured volume of breast milk production, indicators of breastfeeding adequacy boosted participants’ confidence levels and resulted in psychological benefits. This study highlighted the importance of considering the potential psychological benefits of using herbal galactagogues, and how this translates into breastfeeding adequacy. Full article

29 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression, Anxiety and Symptoms of Stress among Hong Kong Nurses: A Cross-sectional Study

by Teris Cheung^1,2,* and Paul S.F. Yip²

¹ School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

² Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11072-11100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911072 - 7 Sep 2015

Cited by 229 | Viewed by 26117

Abstract

Recent epidemiological data suggests 13.3% of Hong Kong residents suffered from Common Mental Disorders, most frequently mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. This study examines the weighted prevalence and associated risk factors of depression, anxiety and stress among Hong Kong nurses. A total of [...] Read more.

Recent epidemiological data suggests 13.3% of Hong Kong residents suffered from Common Mental Disorders, most frequently mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. This study examines the weighted prevalence and associated risk factors of depression, anxiety and stress among Hong Kong nurses. A total of 850 nurses were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 and multiple logistic regression was used to determine significant relationships between variables. Chronic past-year illness and poor self-perceived mental health were significant correlates of past-week depression, anxiety and stress. It confirmed further positive correlations between depression and divorce, widowhood and separation, job dissatisfaction, disturbance with colleagues, low physical activity levels and sleep problems. Marital status; general medicine; sleep problems, and a lack of leisure significantly correlated with anxiety. Stress was significantly associated with younger age, clinical inexperience, past-year disturbance with colleagues, low physical activity, no leisure and drinking alcohol. Nurses were more depressed, anxious and stressed than the local general population, with over one-third of our respondents classified as subject to these disorders. Full article

16 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bisphenol-A and Female Infertility: A Possible Role of Gene-Environment Interactions

by Xiaona Huo¹, Dan Chen¹, Yonghua He², Wenting Zhu^1,3

, Wei Zhou¹ and Jun Zhang^1,2,3,*

¹ MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China

² School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China

³ School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11101-11116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911101 - 7 Sep 2015

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 10426

Abstract

Background: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is widely used and ubiquitous in the environment. Animal studies indicate that BPA affects reproduction, however, the gene-environment interaction mechanism(s) involved in this association remains unclear. We performed a literature review to summarize the evidence on this topic. Methods [...] Read more.

Background: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is widely used and ubiquitous in the environment. Animal studies indicate that BPA affects reproduction, however, the gene-environment interaction mechanism(s) involved in this association remains unclear. We performed a literature review to summarize the evidence on this topic. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed using as keywords BPA, gene, infertility and female reproduction. Full-text articles in both human and animals published in English prior to December 2014 were selected. Results: Evidence shows that BPA can interfere with endocrine function of hypothalamic-pituitary axis, such as by changing gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) secretion in hypothalamus and promoting pituitary proliferation. Such actions affect puberty, ovulation and may even result in infertility. Ovary, uterus and other reproductive organs are also targets of BPA. BPA exposure impairs the structure and functions of female reproductive system in different times of life cycle and may contribute to infertility. Both epidemiological and experimental evidences demonstrate that BPA affects reproduction-related gene expression and epigenetic modification that are closely associated with infertility. The detrimental effects on reproduction may be lifelong and transgenerational. Conclusions: Evidence on gene-environment interactions, especially from human studies, is still limited. Further research on this topic is warranted. Full article

15 pages, 7449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Examination of Two Policy Networks Involved in Advancing Smokefree Policy Initiatives

by Sarah Moreland-Russell^1,*

and Bobbi J. Carothers²

¹ George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1196, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA

² Center for Public Health Systems Science, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, CB 1196, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11117-11131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911117 - 8 Sep 2015

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4868

Abstract

This study examines smokefree policy networks in two cities—Kansas City and St. Louis, Missouri—one that was successful in achieving widespread policy success, and one that was not. Descriptive social network analyses and visual network mapping were used to compare importance and contact relationships [...] Read more.

This study examines smokefree policy networks in two cities—Kansas City and St. Louis, Missouri—one that was successful in achieving widespread policy success, and one that was not. Descriptive social network analyses and visual network mapping were used to compare importance and contact relationships among actors involved in the smokefree policy initiatives. In Kansas City, where policy adoption was achieved, there was a higher level of connectivity among members, with network members being in contact with an average of more than five people, compared to just over two people for the St. Louis network. For both cities, despite being recognized as important, politicians were in contact with the fewest number of people. Results highlight the critical need to actively engage a variety of stakeholders when attempting city wide public health policy change. As evident by the success in smokefree policy adoption throughout Kansas City compared to St. Louis, closer linkages and continued communication among stakeholders including the media, coalitions, public health agencies, policymakers, and other partners are essential if we are to advance and broaden the impact of public health policy. Results indicate that the presence of champions, or those that play leadership roles in actively promoting policy by linking individuals and organizations, play an important role in advancing public health policy. Those working in public health should examine their level of engagement with the policy process and implement strategies for improving that engagement through relationship building and ongoing interactions with a variety of stakeholders, including policymakers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Network Analysis and Public Health)

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14 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Do Breastfeeding Women Taking Herbal Galactagogues Perceive of Community Pharmacists’ Role in Breastfeeding Support? A Qualitative Study

by Tin Fei Sim^1,*

, H. Laetitia Hattingh¹

, Jillian Sherriff²

and Lisa B.G. Tee¹

¹ School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

² School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11132-11145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911132 - 8 Sep 2015

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5198

Abstract

Information from pharmacists may affect breastfeeding womens’ decisions and choice of therapy. Community pharmacies remain one of the main sources of herbal medicines in Australia. In this study, we aimed to explore the perspectives of breastfeeding women on pharmacists’ role and whether there [...] Read more.

Information from pharmacists may affect breastfeeding womens’ decisions and choice of therapy. Community pharmacies remain one of the main sources of herbal medicines in Australia. In this study, we aimed to explore the perspectives of breastfeeding women on pharmacists’ role and whether there is potential for role expansion, as well as the facilitators and barriers in meeting their healthcare-related needs in the community pharmacy setting. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Western Australian women who were using one or more herbal galactagogues while breastfeeding. Participants’ views were classified into three major themes: (i) facilitators and (ii) barriers to an increased role of pharmacists; and (iii) implementation of breastfeeding related-services in community pharmacy settings. Overall perspectives of participants were positive about the potential for role expansion of pharmacists to meet their breastfeeding-related needs. Whilst most participants perceived community pharmacies as convenient sources of trusted information, some recognised barriers to an increased role of pharmacists. Several breastfeeding support services perceived to be useful in community pharmacy settings were identified. Issues raised highlighted areas of pharmacy practice which required improvement and revealed opportunities for expansion of pharmacists’ role to better support women and promote breastfeeding in the community. Full article

17 pages, 705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“An Environment Built to Include Rather than Exclude Me”: Creating Inclusive Environments for Human Well-Being

by Natasha A. Layton^1,*,† and Emily J. Steel^2,3,†

¹ School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia

² School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University, Meadowbrook 4131, Australia

³ School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11146-11162; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911146 - 8 Sep 2015

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 10107

Abstract

Contemporary discourses which challenge the notion of health as the “absence of disease” are prompting changes in health policy and practice. People with disability have been influential in progressing our understanding of the impact of contextual factors in individual and population health, highlighting [...] Read more.

Contemporary discourses which challenge the notion of health as the “absence of disease” are prompting changes in health policy and practice. People with disability have been influential in progressing our understanding of the impact of contextual factors in individual and population health, highlighting the impact of environmental factors on functioning and inclusion. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) more holistic definition of health as “wellbeing” is now applied in frameworks and legislation, and has long been understood in occupational therapy theory. In practice, however, occupational therapists and other professionals often address only local and individual environmental factors to promote wellbeing, within systems and societies that limit equity in population health and restrict inclusion in communities. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the supports and accommodations identified by a cohort of individuals (n-100) living with disability. A range of environmental facilitators and barriers were identified in peoples’ experience of “inclusive community environs” and found to influence inclusion and wellbeing. The roles and responsibilities of individuals, professionals, and society to enact change in environments are discussed in light of these findings. Recommendations include a focus on the subjective experience of environments, and application of theory from human rights and inclusive economics to address the multiple dimensions and levels of environments in working towards inclusion and wellbeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Therapies and Human Well-Being)

15 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality of Drinking Water Treated at Point of Use in Residential Healthcare Facilities for the Elderly

by Rossella Sacchetti^1,*, Giovanna De Luca², Emilia Guberti³ and Franca Zanetti²

¹ Department of Education Sciences, Hygiene, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy

² Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Unit of Hygiene, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy

³ Department of Public Health, UO Food Hygiene and Nutrition, Local Health Unit of Bologna, Via Altura 5, 40100 Bologna, Italy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11163-11177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911163 - 9 Sep 2015

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5829

Abstract

Municipal tap water is increasingly treated at the point of use (POU) to improve the acceptability and palatability of its taste. The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriologic and nutritional characteristics of tap water treated at the point of use [...] Read more.

Municipal tap water is increasingly treated at the point of use (POU) to improve the acceptability and palatability of its taste. The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriologic and nutritional characteristics of tap water treated at the point of use in residential healthcare facilities for the elderly. Two types of POU devices were used: microfiltered water dispensers (MWDs) and reverse-osmosis water dispensers (ROWDs). All samples of water entering the devices and leaving them were tested for the bacteriological parameters set by Italian regulations for drinking water and for opportunistic pathogens associated with various infections in healthcare settings; in addition, the degree of mineralization of the water was assessed. The results revealed widespread bacterial contamination in the POU treatment devices, particularly from potentially pathogenic species. As expected, the use of ROWDs led to a decrease in the saline content of the water. In conclusion, the use of POU treatment in healthcare facilities for the elderly can be considered advisable only if the devices are constantly and carefully maintained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Microbial Pollution and Disinfection)

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18 pages, 1672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Birth Weight Increases the Risk for Bone Tumor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Songfeng Chen¹, Lin Yang², Feifei Pu¹, Hui Lin¹, Baichuan Wang¹, Jianxiang Liu¹ and Zengwu Shao^1,*

¹ Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China

² Department of Pediatrics, Wuhan Medical Care Center for Women and Children, Wuhan 430016, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11178-11195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911178 - 9 Sep 2015

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6603

Abstract

There have been several epidemiologic studies on the relationship between high birth weight and the risk for bone tumor in the past decades. However, due to the rarity of bone tumors, the sample size of individual studies was generally too small for reliable [...] Read more.

There have been several epidemiologic studies on the relationship between high birth weight and the risk for bone tumor in the past decades. However, due to the rarity of bone tumors, the sample size of individual studies was generally too small for reliable conclusions. Therefore, we have performed a meta-analysis to pool all published data on electronic databases with the purpose to clarify the potential relationship. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 independent studies with more than 2796 cases were included. As a result, high birth weight was found to increase the risk for bone tumor with an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.13, with the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) ranging from 1.01 to 1.27. The OR of bone tumor for an increase of 500 gram of birth weight was 1.01 (95% CI 1.00–1.02; p = 0.048 for linear trend). Interestingly, individuals with high birth weight had a greater risk for osteosarcoma (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.06–1.40, p = 0.006) than those with normal birth weight. In addition, in the subgroup analysis by geographical region, elevated risk was detected among Europeans (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.00–1.29, p = 0.049). The present meta-analysis supported a positive association between high birth weight and bone tumor risk. Full article

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13 pages, 1415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sodium Selenite on Pathological Changes and Renal Functions in Broilers Fed a Diet Containing Aflatoxin B₁

by Na Liang^†, Fengyuan Wang^†, Xi Peng^*, Jing Fang^*, Hengmin Cui

, Zhengli Chen

, Weimin Lai, Yi Zhou and Yi Geng

¹ Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11196-11208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911196 - 9 Sep 2015

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4738

Abstract

To evaluate the renal toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and ameliorating effects of added dietary sodium selenite in broiler, renal histopathological changes, ultrastructural changes, and renal function parameters were monitored at 7, 14, and 21 days of age. Two [...] Read more.

To evaluate the renal toxicity of dietary aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and ameliorating effects of added dietary sodium selenite in broiler, renal histopathological changes, ultrastructural changes, and renal function parameters were monitored at 7, 14, and 21 days of age. Two hundred one-day-old healthy male Avian broilers were divided into four groups, namely control group, AFB₁ group (0.3 mg/kg AFB₁), +Se group (0.4 mg/kg Se), and AFB₁+Se group (0.3 mg/kg AFB₁+0.4 mg/kg Se). Compared with that of the control group, the relative weight of kidney was increased in the AFB₁ group. There were no significant differences between the AFB₁+Se group and the control group. By histopathological observation, the renal epithelia were swelling and necrosis at 7 and 21 days of age. Ultrastructurally, the lipid droplets and expanded endoplasmic reticulum appeared in the plasma of epithelia cells in the AFB₁ group. Enlarged mitochondria with degenerated cristae were observed in the +Se group. Compared with the control group, the contents of serum creatinine and serum uric acid in the AFB₁ group were increased, while the activity of renal Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase was decreased. When 0.4 mg/kg selenium was added into the diet containing 0.3 mg/kg AFB₁, there were no obvious histological changes in the AFB₁+Se group, and the contents of the serum creatinine and serum uric acid contents and the activity of renal Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase were close to those in the control group. In conclusion, sodium selenite exhibited protective effects on AFB₁-induced kidney toxicity in broilers. Full article

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18 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pollution Prevention through Peer Education: A Community Health Worker and Small and Home-Based Business Initiative on the Arizona-Sonora Border

by Denise Moreno Ramírez^1,2,*, Mónica D. Ramírez-Andreotta², Lourdes Vea³, Rocío Estrella-Sánchez^1,2, Ann Marie A. Wolf³, Aminata Kilungo³, Anna H. Spitz⁴ and Eric A. Betterton^1,5

¹ Superfund Research Program, The University of Arizona, Saguaro Hall Room 325, 1110 East South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

² Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, 1177 East 4th Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

³ Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc., 3202 East Grant Road, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA

⁴ Agnese Nelms Haury Program in Environment and Social Justice, The University of Arizona, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

⁵ Department of Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1118 East 4th Street, P.O. Box 210081, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11209-11226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911209 - 9 Sep 2015

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5699

Abstract

Government-led pollution prevention programs tend to focus on large businesses due to their potential to pollute larger quantities, therefore leaving a gap in programs targeting small and home-based businesses. In light of this gap, we set out to determine if a voluntary, peer [...] Read more.

Government-led pollution prevention programs tend to focus on large businesses due to their potential to pollute larger quantities, therefore leaving a gap in programs targeting small and home-based businesses. In light of this gap, we set out to determine if a voluntary, peer education approach led by female, Hispanic community health workers (promotoras) can influence small and home-based businesses to implement pollution prevention strategies on-site. This paper describes a partnership between promotoras from a non-profit organization and researchers from a university working together to reach these businesses in a predominately Hispanic area of Tucson, Arizona. From 2008 to 2011, the promotora-led pollution prevention program reached a total of 640 small and home-based businesses. Program activities include technical trainings for promotoras and businesses, generation of culturally and language appropriate educational materials, and face-to-face peer education via multiple on-site visits. To determine the overall effectiveness of the program, surveys were used to measure best practices implemented on-site, perceptions towards pollution prevention, and overall satisfaction with the industry-specific trainings. This paper demonstrates that promotoras can promote the implementation of pollution prevention best practices by Hispanic small and home-based businesses considered “hard-to-reach” by government-led programs. Full article

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14 pages, 677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Dose Adjustment Recommendations: Agreement Among Four Drug Information Sources

by Millena Drumond Bicalho¹, Danielly Botelho Soares², Fernando Antonio Botoni^3,4, Adriano Max Moreira Reis^2,4 and Maria Auxiliadora Parreiras Martins^2,3,4,*

¹ Maternidade Hospital Octaviano Neves, Rua Ceará, 186, Bairro Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte CEP 30150-310, MG, Brazil

² Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, MG, Brazil

³ Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Belo Horizonte, CEP 30130-100, MG, Brazil

⁴ Hospital Risoleta Tolentino Neves, R. das Gabirobas, Bairro Vila Cloris, Belo Horizonte, 31744-012, MG, Brazil

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11227-11240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911227 - 9 Sep 2015

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6043

Abstract

: Hospitalized patients require the use of a variety of drugs, many of which individually or in combination have the potential to cause kidney damage. The use of potentially nephrotoxic drugs is often unavoidable, and the need for dose adjustment should be evaluated. [...] Read more.

: Hospitalized patients require the use of a variety of drugs, many of which individually or in combination have the potential to cause kidney damage. The use of potentially nephrotoxic drugs is often unavoidable, and the need for dose adjustment should be evaluated. This study is aimed at assessing concordance in information on drug-induced nephrotoxicity and dose adjustment recommendations by comparing four drug information sources (DRUGDEX^®, UpToDate^®, Medscape^® and the Brazilian Therapeutic Formulary) using the formulary of a Brazilian public hospital. A total of 218 drugs were investigated. The global Fleiss’ kappa coefficient was 0.265 for nephrotoxicity (p < 0.001; CI 95%, 0.211–0.319) and 0.346 for recommendations (p < 0.001; CI 95%, 0.292–0.401), indicating fair concordance among the sources. Anti-infectives and anti-hypertensives were the main drugs cited as nephrotoxic by the different sources. There were no clear definitions for qualitative data or quantitative values for dose adjustments among the four information sources. There was no advice for dosing for a large number of the drugs in the international databases. The National Therapeutic Formulary offered imprecise dose adjustment recommendations for many nephrotoxic drugs. Discrepancies among information sources may have a clinical impact on patient care and contribute to drug-related morbidity and mortality. Full article

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13 pages, 2491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of G6PD and HSP90 Beta in Mice with Benzene Exposure Revealed by Serum Peptidome Analysis

by Juan Zhang^*

, Kehong Tan, Xing Meng, Wenwen Yang, Haiyan Wei, Rongli Sun, Lihong Yin and Yuepu Pu^*

Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11241-11253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911241 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4987

Abstract

The small peptides representation of the original proteins are a valuable source of information that can be used as biomarkers involved in toxicity mechanism for chemical exposure. The aim of this study is to investigate serum peptide biomarkers of benzene exposure. C57BL/6 mice [...] Read more.

The small peptides representation of the original proteins are a valuable source of information that can be used as biomarkers involved in toxicity mechanism for chemical exposure. The aim of this study is to investigate serum peptide biomarkers of benzene exposure. C57BL/6 mice were enrolled into control group and benzene groups of 150 and 300 mg/kg/d Serum peptides were identified by mass spectrometry using an assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (MS). Differential peptide spectra were obtained by tandem mass spectrometry and analyzed by searching the International Protein Index using the Sequest program. Forty-one peptide peaks were found in the range of 1000–10,000 Da molecular weight. Among them, seven peaks showed significantly different expression between exposure groups and control group. Two peptide peaks (1231.2 and 1241.8), which showed a two-fold increase in expression, were sequenced and confirmed as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and heat shock protein 90 Beta (HSP90 Beta), respectively. Furthermore, the expression of the two proteins in liver cells showed the same trend as in serum. In conclusion, G6PD and HSP90 beta might be the candidate serum biomarkers of benzene exposure. It also provided possible clues for the molecular mechanism of benzene-induced oxidative stress. Full article

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15 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Climate Change on Atmospheric Deposition of Mercury in the Arctic—A Model Sensitivity Study

by Kaj M. Hansen^*, Jesper H. Christensen and Jørgen Brandt

Department of Environmental Science and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde 4000, Denmark

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11254-11268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911254 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6589

Abstract

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant with adverse health effects on humans and wildlife. It is of special concern in the Arctic due to accumulation in the food web and exposure of the Arctic population through a rich marine diet. Climate change may [...] Read more.

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant with adverse health effects on humans and wildlife. It is of special concern in the Arctic due to accumulation in the food web and exposure of the Arctic population through a rich marine diet. Climate change may alter the exposure of the Arctic population to Hg. We have investigated the effect of climate change on the atmospheric Hg transport to and deposition within the Arctic by making a sensitivity study of how the atmospheric chemistry-transport model Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model (DEHM) reacts to climate change forcing. The total deposition of Hg to the Arctic is 18% lower in the 2090s compared to the 1990s under the applied Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES-A1B) climate scenario. Asia is the major anthropogenic source area (25% of the deposition to the Arctic) followed by Europe (6%) and North America (5%), with the rest arising from the background concentration, and this is independent of the climate. DEHM predicts between a 6% increase (Status Quo scenario) and a 37% decrease (zero anthropogenic emissions scenario) in Hg deposition to the Arctic depending on the applied emission scenario, while the combined effect of future climate and emission changes results in up to 47% lower Hg deposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Climate Change and Contaminants)

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9 pages, 767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Powder Activated Carbon Pretreatment of a Microfiltration Membrane for the Treatment of Surface Water

by Yali Song¹, Bingzhi Dong^2,*, Naiyun Gao² and Xiaoyan Ma³

¹ School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China

² College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

³ College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11269-11277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911269 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5326

Abstract

This study focused on the effect of powder activated carbon (PAC) adsorption on microfiltration (MF) membrane performance. The results showed that PAC pretreatment offered high organic matter removal rates for both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄ [...] Read more.

This study focused on the effect of powder activated carbon (PAC) adsorption on microfiltration (MF) membrane performance. The results showed that PAC pretreatment offered high organic matter removal rates for both dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) during 10–200 mg/L PAC dosage. The removal efficiencies of organic matter by MF membrane filtration decreased with the increase of organic matter removal rate by PAC adsorption. PAC mainly removed organic matter of about 3 kDa molecular weight (MW). MF membrane maintained more than 5 kDa MW organic matter on the membrane after PAC adsorption. The results of membrane filtration indicated that PAC pretreatment slightly promoted membrane flux, regardless of PAC dosage. It seems that the organic matter fouling membrane was concentrated in more than 3 kDa MW. PAC removed markedly less than 3 kDa MW organic matter and had less effect on more than 3 kDa organic matter. Thus, PAC cannot reduce membrane fouling. Full article

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10 pages, 703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remediation of Rare Earth Element Pollutants by Sorption Process Using Organic Natural Sorbents

by Monica Butnariu^1,*

, Petru Negrea², Lavinia Lupa²

, Mihaela Ciopec², Adina Negrea², Marius Pentea¹, Ionut Sarac¹ and Ionel Samfira¹

¹ Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 300645, Romania

² Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, P–Ta Victoriei 2, Timisoara 300006, Romania

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11278-11287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911278 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 5990

Abstract

The effects of the sorption of environmental applications by various source materials of natural organic matter, i.e., bone powder, was examined. Sorption capacities and subsequent rare earth element retention characteristics of all metals tested were markedly increased by ionic task-specific. [...] Read more.

The effects of the sorption of environmental applications by various source materials of natural organic matter, i.e., bone powder, was examined. Sorption capacities and subsequent rare earth element retention characteristics of all metals tested were markedly increased by ionic task-specific. In this study, the abilities of three models’ isotherms widely were used for the equilibrium sorption data: Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson. For all studied metal ions the maximum adsorption capacity is close to those experimentally determined. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm and related coefficients of determination have been determined. The experimental data achieved excellent fits within the following isotherms in the order: Langmuir > Redlich-Peterson > Freundlich, based on their coefficient of determination values. The bone powder has developed higher adsorption performance in the removal process of Nd(III), Eu(III), La(III) from aqueous solutions than in the case of the removal process of Cs(I), Sr(II) and Tl(I) from aqueous solutions. The described relationships provide direct experimental evidence that the sorption-desorption properties of bone powder are closely related to their degree of the type of the metal. The results suggest a potential for obtaining efficient and cost-effective engineered natural organic sorbents for environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Systems Engineering)

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16 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Restrictors to Occupational Participation in Old Age: Exploring Differences across Gender in Puerto Rico

by Elsa M. Orellano-Colón^1,*, Gail A. Mountain^2,†, Marlene Rosario^1,†, Zahira M. Colón^1,†, Sujeil Acevedo^1,† and Janiliz Tirado^1,†

¹ School of Health Professions, Occupational Therapy Program, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico, USA

² Health Services Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11288-11303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911288 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6238

Abstract

Many older adults face challenges that prevent them from accomplishing common daily activities such as moving around, home maintenance, and leisure activities. There is still a need to examine and understand how environmental factors impact daily participation across gender. This study sought to [...] Read more.

Many older adults face challenges that prevent them from accomplishing common daily activities such as moving around, home maintenance, and leisure activities. There is still a need to examine and understand how environmental factors impact daily participation across gender. This study sought to make a qualitative comparison of gender differences regarding environmental barriers to participation in daily occupations from the perspectives of older adults who live alone in Puerto Rico. Twenty-six Hispanic older adults, 70 years or older participated in this study. We used a descriptive qualitative research design in which researchers administered an in-depth interview to each participant. The results elucidated that women were more likely than men to experience restricted participation due to lack of accessibility of the built environment and transportation systems. The findings could help with the development of tailored, occupation-based, preventive interventions that address gender specific environmental barriers and promote greater participation among both women and men. Further research is required to explore whether these environmental barriers to occupational participation remain consistent across living situations, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Therapies and Human Well-Being)

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24 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing Self-Management in Chinese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Xiaoping Luo^1,†, Tingting Liu^2,*,†, Xiaojing Yuan³, Song Ge⁴, Jing Yang⁵, Changwei Li³ and Wenjie Sun^6,*

¹ Anesthesia Department of Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan 528403, China

² Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

³ Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA

⁴ School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

⁵ School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China

⁶ School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11304-11327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911304 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 11486

Abstract

Diabetes is a major public health problem in China. Diabetes self-management is critical for patients to achieved better health outcomes, however, previous studies have shown suboptimal diabetes self-management performance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify factors associated with diabetes self-management [...] Read more.

Diabetes is a major public health problem in China. Diabetes self-management is critical for patients to achieved better health outcomes, however, previous studies have shown suboptimal diabetes self-management performance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify factors associated with diabetes self-management in Chinese adults. The results showed that confrontation, resignation, overall health beliefs, perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy were factors associated with overall diabetes self-management performance and six aspects of diabetes self-management behaviors. There is some limited evidence to suggest that provider-patient communication, married individuals, higher educational level, and higher household income level may also be linked to better diabetes self-management practice. Having healthcare insurance and utilizing chronic illness resources generally appeared to have a favorable effect on diabetes self-management performance. In addition, there were a number of factors for which the evidence is too limited to be able to ascertain its strength of association with diabetes self-management practice. The findings of this review suggest that diabetes self-management behaviors are affected by a wide range of personal and environmental factors, which allow health care providers to develop theory-based strategies to improve diabetes-self-management behaviors in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Care and Diabetes)

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17 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health and Quality of Life Perception in Older Adults: The Joint Role of Cognitive Efficiency and Functional Mobility

by Roberta Forte^1,2,*, Colin A.G. Boreham^1,†, Giuseppe De Vito^1,† and Caterina Pesce²

¹ Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland

² Human and Health Sciences, Department of Movement, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Roma 00135, Italy

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11328-11344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911328 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7975

Abstract

Cognitive and mobility functions are involved in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The present cross-sectional study aimed at investigating what facets of efficient cognition and functional mobility interactively contribute to mental and physical HRQoL. Fifty-six healthy older individuals (aged 65–75 years) were evaluated [...] Read more.

Cognitive and mobility functions are involved in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The present cross-sectional study aimed at investigating what facets of efficient cognition and functional mobility interactively contribute to mental and physical HRQoL. Fifty-six healthy older individuals (aged 65–75 years) were evaluated for mental and physical HRQoL, core cognitive executive functions (inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility), and functional mobility (walking) under single and dual task conditions. Multiple regression analyses were run to verify which core executive functions predicted mental and physical HRQoL and whether the ability to perform complex (dual) walking tasks moderated such association. Inhibitory efficiency and the ability to perform physical-mental dual tasks interactively predicted mental HRQoL, whereas cognitive flexibility and the ability to perform physical dual tasks interactively predicted physical HRQoL. Different core executive functions seem relevant for mental and physical HRQoL. Executive function efficiency seems to translate into HRQoL perception when coupled with tangible experience of the ability to walk under dual task conditions that mirror everyday life demands. Implications of these results for supporting the perception of mental and physical quality of life at advanced age are discussed, suggesting the usefulness of multicomponent interventions and environments conducive to walking that jointly aid successful cognitive aging and functional mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aging and Cognition)

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19 pages, 2327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Response Options to Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana via the Delphi Process

by Avik Basu¹, Sean Phipps², Rachel Long³, George Essegbey⁴ and Niladri Basu^2,3,*

¹ School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

² Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, CINE Building Macdonald Campus of McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd., Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada

³ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

⁴ Science and Technology Policy Research Institute, CSIR-STEPRI, P.O. Box CT. 519, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11345-11363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911345 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5466

Abstract

The Delphi technique is a means of facilitating discussion among experts in order to develop consensus, and can be used for policy formulation. This article describes a modified Delphi approach in which 27 multi-disciplinary academics and 22 stakeholders from Ghana and North America [...] Read more.

The Delphi technique is a means of facilitating discussion among experts in order to develop consensus, and can be used for policy formulation. This article describes a modified Delphi approach in which 27 multi-disciplinary academics and 22 stakeholders from Ghana and North America were polled about ways to address negative effects of small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in Ghana. In early 2014, the academics, working in disciplinary groups, synthesized 17 response options based on data aggregated during an Integrated Assessment of ASGM in Ghana. The researchers participated in two rounds of Delphi polling in March and April 2014, during which 17 options were condensed into 12. Response options were rated via a 4-point Likert scale in terms of benefit (economic, environmental, and benefit to people) and feasibility (economic, social/cultural, political, and implementation). The six highest-scoring options populated a third Delphi poll, which 22 stakeholders from diverse sectors completed in April 2015. The academics and stakeholders also prioritized the response options using ranking exercises. The technique successfully gauged expert opinion on ASGM, and helped identify potential responses, policies and solutions for the sector. This is timely given that improvement to the ASGM sector is an important component within the UN Minamata Convention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana)

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15 pages, 750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Community Participation among Individuals Who Have Experienced Homelessness

by Feng-Hang Chang^1,*, Christine A. Helfrich², Wendy J. Coster³ and E. Sally Rogers⁴

¹ Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan

² Occupational Therapy Assistant Program, Bristol Community College, New Bedford, MA 02470, USA

³ Department of Occupational Therapy, Boston University College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston, MA 02215, USA

⁴ Research Division at the Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11364-11378; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911364 - 10 Sep 2015

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8547

Abstract

Community participation is an important goal for people who have experienced homelessness. The aim of this study was to use the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a framework to examine factors associated with community participation among people who are [...] Read more.

Community participation is an important goal for people who have experienced homelessness. The aim of this study was to use the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a framework to examine factors associated with community participation among people who are homeless or recently housed through housing programs. Participants (n = 120) recruited from six housing placement and search programs completed measures of community participation (including productivity, social and leisure, and community-services-use domains), psychiatric and physical symptoms, functional limitations, and a demographic form. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify predictors of overall community participation and subdomain scores. Results suggested that cognitive and mobility limitations, relationship status, and housing status significantly predicted both overall participation and participation in productivity and social and leisure subdomains. Participants who were housed through housing programs, who had cognitive and mobility limitations, and who were single showed less community participation. The findings suggest that activity limitations and environmental and personal factors may need to be addressed in efforts to enhance community participation in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Therapies and Human Well-Being)

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17 pages, 708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Personal Characterization of Meaningful Activity in Adults with Chronic Conditions Living in a Low-Income Housing Community

by Carrie A. Ciro^1,* and Patsy Smith²

¹ Occupational Therapy Program, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma, 1200 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA

² College of Nursing, University of Oklahoma, 1100 N Stonewall Ave, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11379-11395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911379 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5245

Abstract

Purpose: To understand how adults living in a low-income, public housing community characterize meaningful activity (activity that gives life purpose) and if through short-term intervention, could overcome identified individual and environmental barriers to activity engagement. Methods: We used a mixed methods design where [...] Read more.

Purpose: To understand how adults living in a low-income, public housing community characterize meaningful activity (activity that gives life purpose) and if through short-term intervention, could overcome identified individual and environmental barriers to activity engagement. Methods: We used a mixed methods design where Phase 1 (qualitative) informed the development of Phase 2 (quantitative). Focus groups were conducted with residents of two low-income, public housing communities to understand their characterization of meaningful activity and health. From these results, we developed a theory-based group intervention for overcoming barriers to engagement in meaningful activity. Finally, we examined change in self-report scores from the Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment (MAPA) and the Engagement in Meaningful Activity Survey (EMAS). Results: Health literacy appeared to impact understanding of the questions in Phase 1. Activity availability, transportation, income and functional limitations were reported as barriers to meaningful activity. Phase 2 within group analysis revealed a significant difference in MAPA pre-post scores (p =0.007), but not EMAS (p =0.33). Discussion: Health literacy should be assessed and addressed in this population prior to intervention. After a group intervention, participants had a change in characterization of what is considered healthy, meaningful activity but reported fewer changes to how their activities aligned with their values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Therapies and Human Well-Being)

14 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Cadmium Exposure on the Association between Lipopolysaccharide and Metabolic Syndrome

by Seung Jin Han¹

, Kyoung Hwa Ha^1,2, Ja Young Jeon¹, Hae Jin Kim¹, Kwan Woo Lee¹ and Dae Jung Kim^1,2,*

¹ Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea

² Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11396-11409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911396 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4829

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant that has a direct impact on the gut microbiome. Perturbations in the gut microbiome have been linked to metabolic disorders associated with inflammation generated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the impact of Cd on the association between [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant that has a direct impact on the gut microbiome. Perturbations in the gut microbiome have been linked to metabolic disorders associated with inflammation generated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the impact of Cd on the association between LPS and metabolic syndrome. The study population consisted of 200 apparently healthy subjects (30–64 years of age; 96 men, 104 women). Serum LPS and blood Cd concentrations were measured by ELISA and graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GF-AAS), respectively. The highest LPS quartile was associated with a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome in men. There was a significant association between LPS activity and metabolic syndrome in men with blood Cd concentrations higher than the 50th percentile (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 1.39–6.70); however, this relationship was not significant in men with blood Cd concentrations lower than the 50th percentile. The results of this study provide evidence for a strong association between high LPS activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in men with relatively high blood Cd concentrations. Therefore, exposure to Cd may potentiate the association between LPS and metabolic syndrome in men. Full article

12 pages, 717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation on the Effect of Health Education and of Low-Dose Statin in Dyslipidemia among Low-Income Rural Uyghur Adults in Far Western China: A Comprehensive Intervention Study

by Jiaolong Ma, Shuxia Guo^*

, Rulin Ma, Jingyu Zhang, Jiaming Liu, Yusong Ding, Mei Zhang, Heng Guo, Jia He, Yizhong Yan, Lati Mu, Shugang Li and Qiang Niu

Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Beier Road, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 832000, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11410-11421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911410 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6282

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention by health education and medical intervention to dyslipidemia Uyghur patients in low-income rural areas in Xinjiang, China. Method: A multistaged (prefecture-county-township-village) stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select participants in southern [...] Read more.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention by health education and medical intervention to dyslipidemia Uyghur patients in low-income rural areas in Xinjiang, China. Method: A multistaged (prefecture-county-township-village) stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select participants in southern Xinjiang. Twelve villages in Jiangbazi Township in Jiashi County were chosen. These villages were randomly divided into six intervention groups and six control groups, and local Uyghur aged 18 years or older residing in the village for at least 6 months were interviewed for a baseline prevalence study and to select participants for two years of comprehensive intervention including low dose simvastatin and the effects of the interventions were observed. Results: A total of 655 participants (347 participants in the intervention groups, 308 participants in the control groups) were randomly selected from 12 villages in Jiangbazi Township, follow-up rate is 87.0%. Compared to baseline mean levels of TG and LDL-C were reduced by 1.39 mmol/L (p < 0.01) and 2.12 mmol/L (p < 0.01) respectively and levels of HDL-C increased by1.22 mmol/L (p < 0.01) in the intervention group. Lipids were controlled in 38.61% of the intervention groups vs. 3.57% of the control groups (p < 0.01). Compared with baseline lipid levels, TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C was significantly improved, compared with it was in control groups. Conclusions: Blood lipid levels of Uygur patients with dyslipidemia can be effectively improved through health education combined with low-dose statin administration. This suggests that national strategies in public health be developed to improve the treatments to low-income rural minorities with dyslipidemia. Full article

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26 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fire Blight Control: The Struggle Goes On. A Comparison of Different Fire Blight Control Methods in Switzerland with Respect to Biosafety, Efficacy and Durability

by Michele Gusberti¹, Urs Klemm², Matthias S. Meier^2,3, Monika Maurhofer^1,2,* and Isabel Hunger-Glaser^2,*

¹ Institute of Integrative Biology Zurich, Plant Pathology Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland

² Swiss Expert Committee for Biosafety, Bern CH-3003, Switzerland

³ Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick CH-5070, Switzerland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11422-11447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911422 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 8747

Abstract

Fire blight (FB), caused by Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most important pome fruit pathogens worldwide. To control this devastating disease, various chemical and biological treatments are commonly applied in Switzerland, but they fail to keep the infection at an acceptable [...] Read more.

Fire blight (FB), caused by Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most important pome fruit pathogens worldwide. To control this devastating disease, various chemical and biological treatments are commonly applied in Switzerland, but they fail to keep the infection at an acceptable level in years of heavy disease pressure. The Swiss authorities therefore currently allow the controlled use of the antibiotic streptomycin against FB in years that are predicted to have heavy infection periods, but only one treatment per season is permitted. Another strategy for controlling Erwinia is to breed resistant/tolerant apple cultivars. One way of accelerating the breeding process is to obtain resistant cultivars by inserting one or several major resistance genes, using genetic engineering. To date, no study summarizing the impact of different FB control measures on the environment and on human health has been performed. This study consequently aims to compare different disease-control measures (biological control, chemical control, control by antibiotics and by resistant/tolerant apple cultivars obtained through conventional or molecular breeding) applied against E. amylovora, considering different protection goals (protection of human health, environment, agricultural diversity and economic interest), with special emphasis on biosafety aspects. Information on each FB control measure in relation to the specified protection goal was assessed by literature searches and by interviews with experts. Based on our results it can be concluded that the FB control measures currently applied in Switzerland are safe for consumers, workers and the environment. However, there are several gaps in our knowledge of the human health and environmental impacts analyzed: data are missing (1) on long term studies on the efficacy of most of the analyzed FB control measures; (2) on the safety of operators handling streptomycin; (3) on residue analyses of Equisetum plant extract, the copper and aluminum compounds used in apple production; and (4) on the effect of biological and chemical control measures on non-target fauna and flora. These gaps urgently need to be addressed in the near future. Full article

18 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals and a Metalloid in Agricultural Soils in Tarkwa, Ghana

by Nesta Bortey-Sam^1,†, Shouta M. M. Nakayama^1,†, Osei Akoto², Yoshinori Ikenaka¹, Elvis Baidoo², Hazuki Mizukawa³ and Mayumi Ishizuka^1,*

¹ Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan

² Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

³ Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita ku, Sapporo 060–0818, Japan

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11448-11465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911448 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 7394

Abstract

Heavy metals and a metalloid in agricultural soils in 19 communities in Tarkwa were analyzed to assess the potential ecological risk. A total of 147 soil samples were collected in June, 2012 and analyzed for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb [...] Read more.

Heavy metals and a metalloid in agricultural soils in 19 communities in Tarkwa were analyzed to assess the potential ecological risk. A total of 147 soil samples were collected in June, 2012 and analyzed for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn. Mean concentrations (mg/kg dw) of heavy metals in the communities decreased in order of Zn (39) ˃ Cr (21) ˃ Pb (7.2) ˃ Cu (6.2) ˃ As (4.4) ˃ Ni (3.7) ˃ Co (1.8) ˃ Hg (0.32) ˃ Cd (0.050). Correlations among heavy metals and soil properties indicated that soil organic matter could have substantial influence on the total contents of these metals in soil. From the results, integrated pollution (C_deg) in some communities such as, Wangarakrom (11), Badukrom (13) and T–Tamso (17) indicated high pollution with toxic metals, especially from As and Hg. Potential ecological risk (RI) indices indicated low (Mile 7) to high risks (Wangarakrom; Badukrom) of metals. Based on pollution coefficient (Cⁱ_f), C_deg, monomial ecological risk (Eⁱ_r) and RI, the investigated soils fall within low to high contamination and risk of heavy metals to the ecological system especially plants, soil invertebrates and/or mammalian wildlife. This represented moderate potential ecological risk in the study area, and mining activities have played a significant role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana)

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20 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations among Human-Associated Fecal Contamination, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Microcystin at Lake Erie Beaches

by Cheonghoon Lee¹, Jason W. Marion¹, Melissa Cheung¹, Chang Soo Lee¹ and Jiyoung Lee^1,2,*

¹ Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

² Department of Food Sciences & Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11466-11485; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911466 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5766

Abstract

Lake Erie beaches exhibit impaired water quality due to fecal contamination and cyanobacterial blooms, though few studies address potential relationships between these two public health hazards. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Microcystis aeruginosa was monitored in conjunction with a human-associated fecal marker [...] Read more.

Lake Erie beaches exhibit impaired water quality due to fecal contamination and cyanobacterial blooms, though few studies address potential relationships between these two public health hazards. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Microcystis aeruginosa was monitored in conjunction with a human-associated fecal marker (Bacteroides fragilis group; g-Bfra), microcystin, and water quality parameters at two beaches to evaluate their potential associations. During the summer of 2010, water samples were collected 32 times from both Euclid and Villa Angela beaches. The phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PC-IGS) and the microcystin-producing (mcyA) gene in M. aeruginosa were quantified with qPCR. PC-IGS and mcyA were detected in 50.0% and 39.1% of samples, respectively, and showed increased occurrences after mid-August. Correlation and regression analyses showed that water temperature was negatively correlated with M. aeruginosa markers and microcystin. The densities of mcyA and the g-Bfra were predicted by nitrate, implicating fecal contamination as contributing to the growth of M. aeruginosa by nitrate loading. Microcystin was correlated with mcyA (r = 0.413, p < 0.01), suggesting toxin-producing M. aeruginosa populations may significantly contribute to microcystin production. Additionally, microcystin was correlated with total phosphorus (r = 0.628, p < 0.001), which was higher at Euclid (p < 0.05), possibly contributing to higher microcystin concentrations at Euclid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Waterborne Contaminants: A Focus on Emerging Concerns)

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20 pages, 4352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immersive Virtual Environment Technology to Supplement Environmental Perception, Preference and Behavior Research: A Review with Applications

by Jordan W. Smith

Center for Geospatial Analytics, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11486-11505; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911486 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 9048

Abstract

Immersive virtual environment (IVE) technology offers a wide range of potential benefits to research focused on understanding how individuals perceive and respond to built and natural environments. In an effort to broaden awareness and use of IVE technology in perception, preference and behavior [...] Read more.

Immersive virtual environment (IVE) technology offers a wide range of potential benefits to research focused on understanding how individuals perceive and respond to built and natural environments. In an effort to broaden awareness and use of IVE technology in perception, preference and behavior research, this review paper describes how IVE technology can be used to complement more traditional methods commonly applied in public health research. The paper also describes a relatively simple workflow for creating and displaying 360° virtual environments of built and natural settings and presents two freely-available and customizable applications that scientists from a variety of disciplines, including public health, can use to advance their research into human preferences, perceptions and behaviors related to built and natural settings. Full article

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22 pages, 799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Suicide Communication on Social Media and Its Psychological Mechanisms: An Examination of Chinese Microblog Users

by Qijin Cheng¹, Chi Leung Kwok¹, Tingshao Zhu^2,3, Li Guan² and Paul S. F. Yip^1,4,*

¹ HKJC Center for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

² Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

³ Insititute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

⁴ Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11506-11527; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911506 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9263

Abstract

Background: This study aims to examine the characteristics of people who talk about suicide on Chinese microblogs (referred to as Weibo suicide communication (WSC)), and the psychological antecedents of such behaviors. Methods: An online survey was conducted on Weibo users. Differences [...] Read more.

Background: This study aims to examine the characteristics of people who talk about suicide on Chinese microblogs (referred to as Weibo suicide communication (WSC)), and the psychological antecedents of such behaviors. Methods: An online survey was conducted on Weibo users. Differences in psychological and social demographic characteristics between those who exhibited WSC and those who did not were examined. Three theoretical models were proposed to explain the psychological mechanisms of WSC and their fitness was examined by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: 12.03% of our respondents exhibited WSC in the past 12 months. The WSC group was significantly younger and less educated, preferred using blogs and online forums for expressing themselves, and reported significantly greater suicide ideation, negative affectivity, and vulnerable personality compared to non-WSC users. SEM examinations found that Weibo users with higher negative affectivity or/and suicidal ideation, who were also using blogs and forums more, exhibited a significantly higher possibility of WSC. Conclusion: Weibo users who are at greater suicide risk are more likely to talk about suicide on Weibo. WSC is a sign of negative affectivity or suicide ideation, and should be responded to with emotional support and suicide prevention services. Full article

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21 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Adiponectin and Leptin Concentrations in Relation to Body Fat Distribution, Hematological Indices and Lipid Profile in Humans

by Anna Lubkowska^1,*, Aleksandra Radecka¹, Iwona Bryczkowska¹, Iwona Rotter²

, Maria Laszczyńska³

and Wioleta Dudzińska⁴

¹ Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin

² Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin

³ Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin

⁴ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Szczecin University, ul. Felczaka 3c, 71–412 Szczecin, Poland

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11528-11548; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911528 - 14 Sep 2015

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6790

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations and body composition, hematological indices and lipid profile parameters in adults. The study involved 95 volunteers (BMI from 23.3 to 53 kg/m²). Anthropometric parameters were [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations and body composition, hematological indices and lipid profile parameters in adults. The study involved 95 volunteers (BMI from 23.3 to 53 kg/m²). Anthropometric parameters were measured: body weight and height, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat mass (BMF), subcutaneous and visceral fat mass (SFM, VFM), lean body mass (LBM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM). In serum we determined adiponectin and leptin concentrations, extracellular hemoglobin, total bilirubin, as well as lipid metabolism (TCh, HDL-Ch, LDL-Ch, TG). Mean adipokine levels were significantly higher in women (p ≤ 0.01), adiponectin significantly negatively correlated with body height and weight, systolic blood pressure and absolute LBM and SMM values. The same relation was observed for erythroid system indicators and lipid indicators. A positive correlation was exceptionally found between adiponectin and HDL-Ch. LEP negatively correlated with some percentage rates (%LBM, %SMM). Only in women, we observed a positive correlation between LEP and body weight, BMI and WHR. Studies on ADPN and the ADPN/LEP ratio as a valuable complementary diagnostic element in the prediction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases need to be continued. Full article

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11 pages, 202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating of Physiological Chemical Levels in Blood to Assess the Risk of Morbidity and Mortality of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease

by Junyan Teng^1,2, Yanping Wei³, Fengming Su⁴, Zhiping Guo² and Jing-Quan Zhong^1,*

¹ The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health

² Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China

³ Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan, China

⁴ Emergency Medical Rescue Center of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11549-11559; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911549 - 14 Sep 2015

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4193

Abstract

In this study, a multiple linear regression model to evaluate the risk of morbidity and mortality of ischemic cardiovascular disease is demonstrated. In this model, predictor variables are selected from physiological chemicals in a blood test of the subjects. Meanwhile, the calculated risk [...] Read more.

In this study, a multiple linear regression model to evaluate the risk of morbidity and mortality of ischemic cardiovascular disease is demonstrated. In this model, predictor variables are selected from physiological chemicals in a blood test of the subjects. Meanwhile, the calculated risk score is selected as a response variable. Four major latent variables including hepatic, nephric, metabolic, and BMI (Body Mass Index) are revealed by performing statistical and principal component analysis for the collected survey data. The analyzed result also shows that the cardiac disorder is correlated with symptoms of abnormal BMI, hepatic disorder, nephric disorder, and metabolic disorder. Thus, the risk of morbidity and mortality of ischemic cardiovascular disease can be assessed from the proposed multiple regression model. Full article

19 pages, 3121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multiscale Mapping Assessment of Lake Champlain Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms

by Nathan Torbick^1,2,* and Megan Corbiere¹

¹ Applied Geosolutions, Newmarket, New Hampshire, NH 03857, USA

² Department of Neurology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, NH 03755, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11560-11578; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911560 - 15 Sep 2015

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7555

Abstract

Lake Champlain has bays undergoing chronic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms that pose a public health threat. Monitoring and assessment tools need to be developed to support risk decision making and to gain a thorough understanding of bloom scales and intensities. In this research [...] Read more.

Lake Champlain has bays undergoing chronic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms that pose a public health threat. Monitoring and assessment tools need to be developed to support risk decision making and to gain a thorough understanding of bloom scales and intensities. In this research application, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Rapid Eye, and Proba Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) images were obtained while a corresponding field campaign collected in situ measurements of water quality. Models including empirical band ratio regressions were applied to map chlorophylla and phycocyanin concentrations; all sensors performed well with R2 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) ranging from 0.76 to 0.88 and 0.42 to 1.51, respectively. The outcomes showed spatial patterns across the lake with problematic bays having phycocyanin concentrations >25 μg/L. An alert status metric tuned to the current monitoring protocol was generated using modeled water quality to illustrate how the remote sensing tools can inform a public health monitoring system. Among the sensors utilized in this study, Landsat 8 OLI holds the most promise for providing exposure information across a wide area given the resolutions, systematic observation strategy and free cost. Full article

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15 pages, 746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Contributes to the Activeness of Ethnic Minority Patients with Chronic Illnesses Seeking Allied Health Services? A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Western China

by Shangfeng Tang¹, Dong Dong², Lu Ji³, Hang Fu¹, Zhanchun Feng^1,*, Ghose Bishwajit¹

, Zhifei He¹, Hui Ming¹, Qian Fu¹ and Yue Xian¹

¹ School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China

² David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China

³ Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510060, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11579-11593; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911579 - 15 Sep 2015

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6749

Abstract

Actively seeking health services lies at the core of effective models of chronic disease self-management and contributes to promoting the utilization of allied health services (AHS). However, the use of AHS by ethnic minority Chinese, especially the elderly living in rural areas, has [...] Read more.

Actively seeking health services lies at the core of effective models of chronic disease self-management and contributes to promoting the utilization of allied health services (AHS). However, the use of AHS by ethnic minority Chinese, especially the elderly living in rural areas, has not received much attention. This study, therefore, aims to explore the association between personal characteristics and the activeness of ethnic minority patients with chronic diseases in rural areas of western China seeking AHS. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data on the socio-demographic and economic characteristics, health knowledge level and health communication channels of the sampled patients. A logistic regression model was used to examine the association of these predictors with the activeness of the surveyed patients in seeking AHS. A total of 1078 ethnic minorities over 45 years old who had chronic conditions were randomly selected from three western provinces in China and were interviewed in 2014. It is found that the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) is the most salient predictor affecting the activeness of Chinese ethnic minorities in seeking AHS. The probability is 8.51 times greater for those insured with NCMS to actively seek AHS than those without (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 4.76–15.21; p < 0.001). Moreover, participants between 60 and 70 years old and those who have five to six household members are more likely to seek AHS compared with other social groups (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.64, 95% CI 1.28–2.97, p = 0.007; OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.15–2.36, p = 0.002). However, the activeness of patients seeking AHS is lower for those who have better household economic conditions. Besides socio-demographic predictors, the Chinese ethnic minorities’ activeness in seeking AHS is clearly associated with the communication channels used for receiving health information, which include direct communication with doctors (OR = 5.18, 95% CI 3.58–7.50, p < 0.001) and dissemination of elementary public health knowledge posted on bulletin boards (OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.61–3.27, p < 0.001) and traditional mass media (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.22–2.48, p = 0.002). First, the government should further improve the coverage of NCMS to households suffering from chronic diseases and satisfy the requirements of social groups at different income levels and various ages in their health care to improve their activeness in AHS utilization. Second, doctors’ advice, bulletin boards and traditional media are common health communication channels for those seeking AHS and thus should be continuously employed in rural western China. Third, specified healthcare services should be designed to meet the needs of different patient segmentations. Full article

14 pages, 677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of a Mindfulness Based Program on Perceived Stress, Anxiety, Depression and Sleep of Incarcerated Women

by Ginette G. Ferszt^1,*, Robin J. Miller², Joyce E. Hickey³, Fleet Maull⁴ and Kate Crisp⁴

¹ College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA

² School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

³ University of Rhode Island, College of Nursing, Kingston, RI 02881, USA

⁴ Prison Mindfulness Institute, Providence, RI 02881, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11594-11607; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911594 - 16 Sep 2015

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 11035

Abstract

Incarcerated women enter the prison setting with remarkable histories of trauma, mental health and substance abuse issues. Given the stress of incarceration and separation from their children, families, and significant others, it is not surprising that many women experience increased anxiety, depression, and [...] Read more.

Incarcerated women enter the prison setting with remarkable histories of trauma, mental health and substance abuse issues. Given the stress of incarceration and separation from their children, families, and significant others, it is not surprising that many women experience increased anxiety, depression, and problems with sleep. Due to these negative outcomes, it is imperative to find efficient non-pharmacological interventions. This pilot study examined the impact of a 12-week mindfulness based program on the stress, anxiety, depression and sleep of women with a total of 33 completing the study. In one group, women’s perceived stress, anxiety and depression were all significantly lower following the intervention compared to prior to the intervention. Challenges with implementing the pilot study are addressed. Despite challenges and limitations, the low-cost non-pharmacological intervention has potential for a reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Correctional Health)

0 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RETRACTED: An Epidemiological Study of Risk Factors of Thyroid Nodule and Goiter in Chinese Women

by Lei Zheng^1,2,†, Wenhua Yan^1,†, Yue Kong^3,4, Ping Liang³ and Yiming Mu^1,*

¹ Department of Endocrinology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA)General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, China

² Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048,China

³ Department of Interventional Ultrasound, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100853, China

⁴ Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, The 9th Clinical Medical College of Peking University,10 Tieyi Road, Yangfangdian, Haidian District, Beijing 100038, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11608-11620; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911608 - 16 Sep 2015

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7528 | Retraction

Abstract

Thyroid nodule (TN) and goiter are two common disorders of the thyroid. Despite their benign nature, both conditions can be associated with multiple pathologic conditions including thyroid cancer. In this study, we conducted a large-scale epidemiological study in Chinese women to identify the [...] Read more.

Thyroid nodule (TN) and goiter are two common disorders of the thyroid. Despite their benign nature, both conditions can be associated with multiple pathologic conditions including thyroid cancer. In this study, we conducted a large-scale epidemiological study in Chinese women to identify the risk factors implicated in the occurrence of TN and goiter. We analyzed demographic data, lifestyle, medical history, body height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, serum glucose and lipids. In addition, thyroid ultrasonography was performed for all subjects. Our results showed that age, menopause, waist circumference, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia were associated with both TN and goiter. Furthermore, we found that the prevalence of TN was significantly affected by the medical management of hypertension. Our study suggests that postmenopausal Chinese women with advanced age, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have an increased awareness of thyroid examination in the annual physical check. Conversely, patients with TN and goiter of the same population may have a higher incidence of age- and obesity-related metabolic disorders. Full article

19 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Norms about a Health Issue in Work Group Networks

by Lauren B. Frank

Department of Communication, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201-0751, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11621-11639; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911621 - 16 Sep 2015

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5490

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to advance theorizing about how small groups understand health issues through the use of social network analysis. To achieve this goal, an adapted cognitive social structure examines group social norms around a specific health issue, H1N1 flu [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to advance theorizing about how small groups understand health issues through the use of social network analysis. To achieve this goal, an adapted cognitive social structure examines group social norms around a specific health issue, H1N1 flu prevention. As predicted, individual’s attitudes, self-efficacy, and perceived social norms were each positively associated with behavioral intentions for at least one of the H1N1 health behaviors studied. Moreover, collective norms of the whole group were also associated with behavioral intentions, even after controlling for how individual group members perceive those norms. For members of work groups in which pairs were perceived to agree in their support for H1N1 vaccination, the effect of individually perceived group norms on behavioral intentions was stronger than for groups with less agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Network Analysis and Public Health)

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22 pages, 1039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a European Framework to Monitor Infectious Diseases among Migrant Populations: Design and Applicability

by Flavia Riccardo^1,2,*, Maria Grazia Dente¹

, Tommi Kärki^1,2, Massimo Fabiani¹, Christian Napoli¹

, Antonio Chiarenza³, Paolo Giorgi Rossi⁴

, Cesar Velasco Munoz⁵, Teymur Noori⁵

and Silvia Declich¹

¹ National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS), viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy

² European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Tomtebodavägen 11a, 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden

³ Research and Innovation Unit AUSL (Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale) Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy

⁴ Interinstitutional Epidemiology Unit, AUSL (Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale) Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy

⁵ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Tomtebodavägen 11a, 171 83 Stockholm, Sweden

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11640-11661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911640 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8139

Abstract

There are limitations in our capacity to interpret point estimates and trends of infectious diseases occurring among diverse migrant populations living in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The aim of this study was to design a data collection framework that could capture [...] Read more.

There are limitations in our capacity to interpret point estimates and trends of infectious diseases occurring among diverse migrant populations living in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The aim of this study was to design a data collection framework that could capture information on factors associated with increased risk to infectious diseases in migrant populations in the EU/EEA. The authors defined factors associated with increased risk according to a multi-dimensional framework and performed a systematic literature review in order to identify whether those factors well reflected the reported risk factors for infectious disease in these populations. Following this, the feasibility of applying this framework to relevant available EU/EEA data sources was assessed. The proposed multidimensional framework is well suited to capture the complexity and concurrence of these risk factors and in principle applicable in the EU/EEA. The authors conclude that adopting a multi-dimensional framework to monitor infectious diseases could favor the disaggregated collection and analysis of migrant health data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migrant Health)

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3 pages, 42 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comments on Hardell and Carlberg Increasing Rates of Brain Tumors in the Swedish National Inpatient Register and the Causes of Death Register. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 3793–3813

by Anders Ahlbom^1,*, Maria Feychting¹, Lars Holmberg², Lars Age Johansson³, Tiit Mathiesen^4,5, David Pettersson¹, Joachim Schüz⁶ and Mats Talbäck¹

¹ Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden

² Regional Cancer Center, Uppsala/Örebro and The National Board of Health and Welfare, SE-112 59 Stockholm, Sweden

³ Nordic Collaborating Centre for Classifications in Health Care, P.O. Box 7000, St. Olavs Pass, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway

⁴ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden

⁵ Neurosurgery Clinic at the Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Solna, Sweden

⁶ Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11662-11664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911662 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4889

Abstract

Hardell and Carlberg claim in a recent article that both the Cause of Death Register and the National Inpatient Care Register indicate that there was a severe and increasing underreporting of malignant brain tumors to the Swedish Cancer Register during recent years [1]. [...] Read more.

Hardell and Carlberg claim in a recent article that both the Cause of Death Register and the National Inpatient Care Register indicate that there was a severe and increasing underreporting of malignant brain tumors to the Swedish Cancer Register during recent years [1]. [...] Full article

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5 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessReply

Response to Ahlbom et al. Comments on Hardell and Carlberg Increasing Rates of Brian Tumors in the Swedish National Inpatient Register and the Causes of Death Register. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 3793–3813

by Lennart Hardell^* and Michael Carlberg

Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11665-11669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911665 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3571

Abstract

We thank Ahlbom et al., the authors of [1] for their interest in our paper [2]. Since this is an important issue, the letter deserves a comprehensive and thorough response. [...] Full article

13 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Residential History Generation Using a Public-Record Database

by David C. Wheeler^* and Aobo Wang

Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, One Capitol Square, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11670-11682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911670 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5364

Abstract

In studies of disease with potential environmental risk factors, residential location is often used as a surrogate for unknown environmental exposures or as a basis for assigning environmental exposures. These studies most typically use the residential location at the time of diagnosis due [...] Read more.

In studies of disease with potential environmental risk factors, residential location is often used as a surrogate for unknown environmental exposures or as a basis for assigning environmental exposures. These studies most typically use the residential location at the time of diagnosis due to ease of collection. However, previous residential locations may be more useful for risk analysis because of population mobility and disease latency. When residential histories have not been collected in a study, it may be possible to generate them through public-record databases. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a public-records database from LexisNexis to provide residential histories for subjects in a geographically diverse cohort study. We calculated 11 performance metrics comparing study-collected addresses and two address retrieval services from LexisNexis. We found 77% and 90% match rates for city and state and 72% and 87% detailed address match rates with the basic and enhanced services, respectively. The enhanced LexisNexis service covered 86% of the time at residential addresses recorded in the study. The mean match rate for detailed address matches varied spatially over states. The results suggest that public record databases can be useful for reconstructing residential histories for subjects in epidemiologic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Innovations and Reflections-1)

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16 pages, 1083 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

An Integrated Assessment Approach to Address Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Ghana

by Niladri Basu^1,2,*, Elisha P. Renne^3,4 and Rachel N. Long²

¹ Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21, 111 Lakeshore Rd., Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada

² Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

³ Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 101 West Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

⁴ Department of Afro-American and African Studies, University of Michigan, 4700 Haven Hall, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11683-11698; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911683 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7421

Abstract

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is growing in many regions of the world including Ghana. The problems in these communities are complex and multi-faceted. To help increase understanding of such problems, and to enable consensus-building and effective translation of scientific findings to [...] Read more.

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is growing in many regions of the world including Ghana. The problems in these communities are complex and multi-faceted. To help increase understanding of such problems, and to enable consensus-building and effective translation of scientific findings to stakeholders, help inform policies, and ultimately improve decision making, we utilized an Integrated Assessment approach to study artisanal and small-scale gold mining activities in Ghana. Though Integrated Assessments have been used in the fields of environmental science and sustainable development, their use in addressing specific matter in public health, and in particular, environmental and occupational health is quite limited despite their many benefits. The aim of the current paper was to describe specific activities undertaken and how they were organized, and the outputs and outcomes of our activity. In brief, three disciplinary workgroups (Natural Sciences, Human Health, Social Sciences and Economics) were formed, with 26 researchers from a range of Ghanaian institutions plus international experts. The workgroups conducted activities in order to address the following question: What are the causes, consequences and correctives of small-scale gold mining in Ghana? More specifically: What alternatives are available in resource-limited settings in Ghana that allow for gold-mining to occur in a manner that maintains ecological health and human health without hindering near- and long-term economic prosperity? Several response options were identified and evaluated, and are currently being disseminated to various stakeholders within Ghana and internationally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana)

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19 pages, 2572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of River Habitat Quality in the Hai River Basin, Northern China

by Yuekui Ding^1,2, Baoqing Shan^1,* and Yu Zhao^1,2

¹ State Key Laboratory on Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China

² University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11699-11717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911699 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7123

Abstract

We applied a river habitat quality (RHQ) assessment method to the Hai River Basin (HRB); an important economic centre in China; to obtain baseline information for water quality improvement; river rehabilitation; and watershed management. The results of the assessment showed that the river [...] Read more.

We applied a river habitat quality (RHQ) assessment method to the Hai River Basin (HRB); an important economic centre in China; to obtain baseline information for water quality improvement; river rehabilitation; and watershed management. The results of the assessment showed that the river habitat in the HRB is seriously degraded. Specifically; 42.41% of the sites; accounting for a river length of 3.31 × 10⁴ km; were designated poor and bad. Habitat in the plain areas is seriously deteriorated; and nearly 50% of the sites; accounting for a river length of 1.65 × 10⁴ km; had either poor or bad habitats. River habitat degradation was attributable to the limited width of the riparian zone (≤5 m); lower coverage of riparian vegetation (≤40%); artificial land use patterns (public and industrial land); frequent occurrence of farming on the river banks and high volumes of solid waste (nearly 10 m³); single flow channels; and rare aquatic plants (≤1 category). At the regional scale; intensive artificial land use types caused by urbanization had a significant impact on the RHQ in the HRB. RHQ was significantly and negatively correlated with farmland (r = 1.000; p < 0.01) and urban land (r = 0.998; p < 0.05); and was significantly and positively correlated with grassland and woodland (r = 1.000; p < 0.01). Intensive artificial land use; created through urbanization processes; has led to a loss of the riparian zone and its native vegetation; and has disrupted the lateral connectivity of the rivers. The degradation of the already essentially black rivers is exacerbated by poor longitudinal connectivity (index of connectivity is 2.08–16.56); caused by reservoirs and sluices. For river habitat rehabilitation to be successful; land use patterns need to be changed and reservoirs and sluices will have to be regulated. Full article

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3 pages, 616 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comments on Hynes et al. Prevalence of Marijuana Use among University Students in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 5233–5240

by Maria Claudia Martinez-Novack^*, Maria Teresa Ortiz-Ortiz^†, Bruno Castañeda-Carbajal^† and German F. Alvarado^†

¹ Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; Alameda San Marcos Avenue, block 2, Chorrillos. Lima 09, Lima, Peru

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11718-11720; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911718 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3836

Abstract

We have read and analyzed the article entitled “Prevalence of marijuana use among university students in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru”. We propose some objective points which could enhance the internal validity of the study (i.e., we suggest to report participation proportions). Full article

3 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessReply

Response to Martinez-Novack et al. Comments on Hynes et al. Prevalence of Marijuana Use among University Students in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2015, 12, 5233-5240

by Marya Hynes^1,*, Maria Demarco¹, Juan Carlos Araneda² and Francisco Cumsille¹

¹ Inter-American Observatory on Drugs, Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), Organization of American States (OAS), 1889 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA

² Global SMART Programme (Latin America), United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 1889 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11721-11723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911721 - 17 Sep 2015

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3334

Abstract

We have read with great interest the Comments related to the article entitled “Prevalence of marijuana use among university 20 students in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru” and appreciate the readers’ feedback [1]. [...] Full article

32 pages, 947 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Sequential Extraction in the Characterisation and Management of Wastes from Steel Processing: A Prospective Review

by Kiri J. Rodgers, Andrew Hursthouse^*,†

and Simon Cuthbert^†

¹ School of Science & Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11724-11755; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911724 - 18 Sep 2015

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 8185

Abstract

As waste management regulations become more stringent, yet demand for resources continues to increase, there is a pressing need for innovative management techniques and more sophisticated supporting analysis techniques. Sequential extraction (SE) analysis, a technique previously applied to soils and sediments, offers the [...] Read more.

As waste management regulations become more stringent, yet demand for resources continues to increase, there is a pressing need for innovative management techniques and more sophisticated supporting analysis techniques. Sequential extraction (SE) analysis, a technique previously applied to soils and sediments, offers the potential to gain a better understanding of the composition of solid wastes. SE attempts to classify potentially toxic elements (PTEs) by their associations with phases or fractions in waste, with the aim of improving resource use and reducing negative environmental impacts. In this review we explain how SE can be applied to steel wastes. These present challenges due to differences in sample characteristics compared with materials to which SE has been traditionally applied, specifically chemical composition, particle size and pH buffering capacity, which are critical when identifying a suitable SE method. We highlight the importance of delineating iron-rich phases, and find that the commonly applied BCR (The community Bureau of reference) extraction method is problematic due to difficulties with zinc speciation (a critical steel waste constituent), hence a substantially modified SEP is necessary to deal with particular characteristics of steel wastes. Successful development of SE for steel wastes could have wider implications, e.g., for the sustainable management of fly ash and mining wastes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hazardous Waste and Human Health-2015)

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14 pages, 941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Spatial Clusters of Schistosomiasis in Anhui Province of China: A Study from the Perspective of Application

by Liqian Sun^1,2,3, Yue Chen⁴, Henry Lynn¹, Qizhi Wang⁵, Shiqing Zhang⁵, Rui Li^1,2,3, Congcong Xia^1,2,3, Qingwu Jiang^1,2, Yi Hu^1,2,3,*, Fenghua Gao^5,* and Zhijie Zhang^1,2,3,*

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China

² Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China

³ Laboratory for Spatial Analysis and Modeling, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China

⁴ Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology, Pubic Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd., Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada

⁵ Anhui Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuhu 230061, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11756-11769; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911756 - 18 Sep 2015

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5605

Abstract

With the strategy shifting from morbidity control to transmission interruption, the burden of schistosomiasis in China has been declining over the past decade. However, further controls of the epidemic in the lake and marshland regions remain a challenge. Prevalence data at county level [...] Read more.

With the strategy shifting from morbidity control to transmission interruption, the burden of schistosomiasis in China has been declining over the past decade. However, further controls of the epidemic in the lake and marshland regions remain a challenge. Prevalence data at county level were obtained from the provincial surveillance system in Anhui during 1997–2010. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial scan statistics were combined to assess the spatial pattern of schistosomiasis. The spatial-temporal cluster analysis based on retrospective space-time scan statistics was further used to detect risk clusters. The Global Moran’s I coefficients were mostly statistically significant during 1997–2004 but not significant during 2005–2010. The clusters detected by two spatial cluster methods occurred in Nanling, Tongling, Qingyang and Wuhu during 1997–2004, and Guichi and Wuhu from 2005 to 2010, respectively. Spatial-temporal cluster analysis revealed 2 main clusters, namely Nanling (1999–2002) and Guichi (2005–2008). The clustering regions were significantly narrowed while the spatial extent became scattered during the study period. The high-risk areas shifted from the low reaches of the Yangtze River to the upper stream, suggesting the focus of schistosomiasis control should be shifted accordingly and priority should be given to the snail habitats within the high-risk areas of schistosomiasis. Full article

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11 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Factors for Hospitalization of Patients with Heat Illness in Yamaguchi, Japan

by Takahiro Yamamoto¹, Masaki Todani¹, Yasutaka Oda^2,*, Tadashi Kaneko¹, Kotaro Kaneda¹, Motoki Fujita², Takashi Miyauchi¹ and Ryosuke Tsuruta^1,2

¹ Advanced Medical Emergency and Critical Care Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan

² Department of Acute and General Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11770-11780; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911770 - 18 Sep 2015

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5532

Abstract

The objective of the study was to investigate the predictive factors for the hospitalization of patients who presented with mild to moderate heat illness at an emergency department. We conducted a retrospective survey of hospitals with an emergency department in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. [...] Read more.

The objective of the study was to investigate the predictive factors for the hospitalization of patients who presented with mild to moderate heat illness at an emergency department. We conducted a retrospective survey of hospitals with an emergency department in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. The survey questionnaire entries included patient age, sex, use of an ambulance, vital signs, blood examination conducted at the emergency department, the length of hospitalization, and outcome. We analyzed the predictive factors for hospitalization in patients with heat illness. A total of 127 patients were analyzed. Of these, 49 (37%) were admitted, with 59% discharged on the day following admission. In univariate analysis, the following inpatient characteristics were predictive for hospitalization: old age, low Glasgow Coma Scale score, elevated body temperature, increased serum C-reactive protein, and increased blood urea nitrogen. In logistic regression multivariate analysis, the following were predictive factors for hospitalization: age of ≥ 65 years (odds ratio (OR) 4.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42–17.00), body temperature (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.14–3.41), Glasgow Coma Scale (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.16–0.98), and creatinine (OR 2.92; 95% CI 1.23–6.94). The results suggest that the elderly with hyperthermia, disturbance of consciousness, and elevated serum creatinine have an increased risk for hospitalization with heat illness. Full article

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16 pages, 1183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiovascular System Response to Carbon Dioxide and Exercise in Oxygen-Enriched Environment at 3800 m

by Guohui Liu¹, Xiaopeng Liu², Zhifeng Qin², Zhao Gu², Guiyou Wang², Weiru Shi², Dongqing Wen², Lihua Yu², Yongchang Luo^2,* and Huajun Xiao^2,*

¹ School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

² High Altitude Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Aviation Medicine, Air Force, Beijing 100142, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11781-11796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911781 - 18 Sep 2015

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5650

Abstract

Background: This study explores the responses of the cardiovascular system as humans exercise in an oxygen-enriched room at high altitude under various concentrations of CO₂. Methods: The study utilized a hypobaric chamber set to the following specifications: 3800 m altitude with [...] Read more.

Background: This study explores the responses of the cardiovascular system as humans exercise in an oxygen-enriched room at high altitude under various concentrations of CO₂. Methods: The study utilized a hypobaric chamber set to the following specifications: 3800 m altitude with 25% O₂ and different CO₂ concentrations of 0.5% (C1), 3.0% (C2) and 5.0% (C3). Subjects exercised for 3 min three times, separated by 30 min resting periods in the above-mentioned conditions, at sea level (SL) and at 3800 m altitude (HA). The changes of heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure were analyzed. Results: Total power (TP) and high frequency power (HF) decreased notably during post-exercise at HA. HF increased prominently earlier the post-exercise period at 3800 m altitude with 25% O₂ and 5.0% CO₂(C3), while low frequency power (LF) changed barely in all tests. The ratios of LF/HF were significantly higher during post-exercise in HA, and lower after high intensity exercise in C3. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased significantly in HA and C3. Conclusions: Parasympathetic activity dominated in cardiac autonomic modulation, and heart rate and blood pressure increased significantly after high intensity exercise in C3. Full article

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18 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of TCF7L2 Genetic Polymorphisms with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Uygur Population of China

by Hua Yao^1,*,†, Zhiqiang Wang^2,†, Tingting Wang², Yan Ma², Yinxia Su², Qi Ma¹, Li Wang¹ and Jun Zhu¹

¹ Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China

² Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11797-11814; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911797 - 18 Sep 2015

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6219

Abstract

Background: Genetic polymorphisms of the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene have been reported to be strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Icelandic, Danish and American populations and further replicated in other European populations, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian [...] Read more.

Background: Genetic polymorphisms of the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene have been reported to be strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Icelandic, Danish and American populations and further replicated in other European populations, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian populations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms with T2DM in a Uygur population of China. Methods: 877 T2DM patients and 871 controls were selected for the present study. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs12255372 and rs7901695) were genotyped by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The associations of SNPs and haplotypes with T2DM and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure of the TCF7L2 gene were analyzed. Results: For total participants and male, the distribution of rs12255372 alleles and the dominant model (Guanine Guanine (GG) genotype vs. Guanine Thymine (GT) genotype + Thymine Thymine (TT) genotype) showed significant difference between T2DM and control subjects (for allele: p = 0.013 and p = 0.002, respectively; for dominant model: p = 0.028 and p = 0.008, respectively). The distribution of rs7901695 alleles and the dominant model (TT genotype vs. Thymine Cytosine (TC) genotype + Cytosine Cytosine (CC) genotype) for total participants and male showed significant difference between T2DM and control subjects (for allele: both p = 0.001; for dominant model: p = 0.006 and p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusions: Our data suggested that the genetic polymorphisms of the TCF7L2 gene were associated with T2DM in the Uygur population of China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Care and Diabetes)

14 pages, 1276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Risk of Reported Cryptosporidiosis in Children Aged <5 Years in Australia is Highest in Very Remote Regions

by Aparna Lal^*, Emily Fearnley and Martyn Kirk

National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Building 62, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2602, Australia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11815-11828; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911815 - 18 Sep 2015

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5910

Abstract

The incidence of cryptosporidiosis is highest in children <5 years, yet little is known about disease patterns across urban and rural areas of Australia. In this study, we examine whether the risk of reported cryptosporidiosis in children <5 years varies across an urban-rural [...] Read more.

The incidence of cryptosporidiosis is highest in children <5 years, yet little is known about disease patterns across urban and rural areas of Australia. In this study, we examine whether the risk of reported cryptosporidiosis in children <5 years varies across an urban-rural gradient, after controlling for season and gender. Using Australian data on reported cryptosporidiosis from 2001 to 2012, we spatially linked disease data to an index of geographic remoteness to examine the geographic variation in cryptosporidiosis risk using negative binomial regression. The Incidence Risk Ratio (IRR) of reported cryptosporidiosis was higher in inner regional (IRR 1.4 95% CI 1.2–1.7, p < 0.001), and outer regional areas (IRR 2.4 95% CI 2.2–2.9, p < 0.001), and in remote (IRR 5.2 95% CI 4.3–6.2, p < 0.001) and very remote (IRR 8.2 95% CI 6.9–9.8, p < 0.001) areas, compared to major cities. A linear test for trend showed a statistically significant trend with increasing remoteness. Remote communities need to be a priority for future targeted health promotion and disease prevention interventions to reduce cryptosporidiosis in children <5 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Waterborne Contaminants: A Focus on Emerging Concerns)

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19 pages, 1325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradation of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) by Crude Enzyme Extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

by Yu Liu^1,2, Ai-Jun Gong^1,*

, Li-Na Qiu¹, Jing-Rui Li¹ and Fu-Kai Li¹

¹ School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

² Dapartment of Biotechnology, Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Science, Daqing 163319, China

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11829-11847; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911829 - 18 Sep 2015

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7186

Abstract

The biodegradation effect and mechanism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) by crude enzyme extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. The results demonstrated that crude enzyme extract exhibited obviously higher degradation efficiency and shorter biodegradation time than Pseudomonas aeruginosa itself. Under the optimum conditions of [...] Read more.

The biodegradation effect and mechanism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) by crude enzyme extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. The results demonstrated that crude enzyme extract exhibited obviously higher degradation efficiency and shorter biodegradation time than Pseudomonas aeruginosa itself. Under the optimum conditions of pH 9.0, 35 °C and protein content of 2000 mg/L, 92.77% of the initial BDE-209 (20 mg/L) was degraded after 5 h. A BDE-209 biodegradation pathway was proposed on the basis of the biodegradation products identified by GC-MS analysis. The biodegradation mechanism showed that crude enzyme extract degraded BDE-209 into lower brominated PBDEs and OH-PBDEs through debromination and hydroxylation of the aromatic rings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hazardous Waste and Human Health-2015)

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21 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Trends in Overweight and Obesity, Physical Activity and Screen Time among Czech Adolescents from 2002 to 2014: A National Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study

by Erik Sigmund^1,*, Dagmar Sigmundová^1,†

, Petr Badura^1,†, Michal Kalman^1,†

, Zdenek Hamrik^2,† and Jan Pavelka^1,†

¹ Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic

² Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Tr. Miru 117, Olomouc 77111, Czech Republic

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11848-11868; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911848 - 18 Sep 2015

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 9433

Abstract

This study examines trends in overweight and obesity, physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) among Czech adolescents over a recent 12-year study period. Nationally representative samples consisted of 19,940 adolescents (9760 boys and 10,180 girls) aged 10.5–16.5 years from the Czech Health [...] Read more.

This study examines trends in overweight and obesity, physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) among Czech adolescents over a recent 12-year study period. Nationally representative samples consisted of 19,940 adolescents (9760 boys and 10,180 girls) aged 10.5–16.5 years from the Czech Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire-based surveys conducted in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. Trends in the prevalence of overweight/obesity, meeting the recommendations for moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (≥60 min per day of MVPA) and excessive ST (>2 h per day) were estimated using logistic regression. Significant increases (p < 0.001) in the prevalence of overweight/obesity between the years 2002 and 2014 were evident for both adolescent boys (18.3%₂₀₀₂–24.8%₂₀₁₄) and girls (8.3%₂₀₀₂–11.9%₂₀₁₄). Compared to 2002, in 2014 significant decreases (p < 0.001) in meeting MVPA recommendations were observed among boys (32.2%₂₀₀₂–25.6%₂₀₁₄) and girls (23.2%₂₀₀₂–19.2%₂₀₁₄). Moreover, in boys we observed significant increases (p < 0.001) in excessive ST on weekdays (75.1%₂₀₀₂–88.8%₂₀₁₄), as well as on weekends (78.3%₂₀₀₂–91.9%₂₀₁₄) between the years 2002 and 2014. Increases in overweight/obesity with concomitant decreases in PA provide evidence in support of the current and upcoming efforts of government and commercial organizations in implementing interventions aimed at reducing excessive body weight among Czech adolescents. Full article

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11 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Vulnerability to Extreme Heat in Time Series Analyses: A Novel Approach Applied to Neighborhood Social Disparities under Climate Change

by Tarik Benmarhnia^1,2,3,*, Patrick Grenier⁴, Allan Brand⁵, Michel Fournier⁶, Séverine Deguen^2,7 and Audrey Smargiassi^1,5

¹ Université de Montréal, DSEST, Montréal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada

² EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, Sorbonne-Paris Cité 35043, France

³ Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1A3, Canada

⁴ Consortium Ouranos, Montréal, Département Scénarios et Services Climatiques, Montréal, QC H3A 1B9, Canada

⁵ Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, QC H3A 1B9, Canada

⁶ Direction de santé publique de l’Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de Montréal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada

⁷ INSERM U1085 (IRSET), Rennes 35042, France

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11869-11879; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911869 - 22 Sep 2015

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6567

Abstract

Objectives: We propose a novel approach to examine vulnerability in the relationship between heat and years of life lost and apply to neighborhood social disparities in Montreal and Paris. Methods: We used historical data from the summers of 1990 through 2007 [...] Read more.

Objectives: We propose a novel approach to examine vulnerability in the relationship between heat and years of life lost and apply to neighborhood social disparities in Montreal and Paris. Methods: We used historical data from the summers of 1990 through 2007 for Montreal and from 2004 through 2009 for Paris to estimate daily years of life lost social disparities (DYLLD), summarizing social inequalities across groups. We used Generalized Linear Models to separately estimate relative risks (RR) for DYLLD in association with daily mean temperatures in both cities. We used 30 climate scenarios of daily mean temperature to estimate future temperature distributions (2021–2050). We performed random effect meta-analyses to assess the impact of climate change by climate scenario for each city and compared the impact of climate change for the two cities using a meta-regression analysis. Results: We show that an increase in ambient temperature leads to an increase in social disparities in daily years of life lost. The impact of climate change on DYLLD attributable to temperature was of 2.06 (95% CI: 1.90, 2.25) in Montreal and 1.77 (95% CI: 1.61, 1.94) in Paris. The city explained a difference of 0.31 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.49) on the impact of climate change. Conclusion: We propose a new analytical approach for estimating vulnerability in the relationship between heat and health. Our results suggest that in Paris and Montreal, health disparities related to heat impacts exist today and will increase in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Human Health)

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13 pages, 2063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in Beijing, China

by Qiulin Xiong¹, Wenji Zhao^1,*, Zhaoning Gong^1,†, Wenhui Zhao^2,† and Tao Tang^3,†

¹ Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling Laboratory, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

² Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100044, China

³ Department of Geography and Planning, State University of New York College at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11880-11892; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911880 - 22 Sep 2015

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5982

Abstract

Fine particulate matter has become the premier air pollutant of Beijing in recent years, enormously impacting the environmental quality of the city and the health of the residents. Fine particles with aerodynamic diameters of 0~0.3 μm, 0.3~0.5 μm, and 0.5~1.0 μm, from the [...] Read more.

Fine particulate matter has become the premier air pollutant of Beijing in recent years, enormously impacting the environmental quality of the city and the health of the residents. Fine particles with aerodynamic diameters of 0~0.3 μm, 0.3~0.5 μm, and 0.5~1.0 μm, from the yeasr 2007 to 2012, were monitored, and the hospital data about respiratory diseases during the same period was gathered and calculated. Then the correlation between respiratory health and fine particles was studied by spatial analysis and grey correlation analysis. The results showed that the aerial fine particulate matter pollution was mainly distributed in the Zizhuyuan sub-district office. There was a certain association between respiratory health and fine particles. Outpatients with respiratory system disease in this study area were mostly located in the southeastern regions (Balizhuang sub-district office, Ganjiakou sub-district office, Wanshoulu sub-district office, and Yongdinglu sub-district office) and east-central regions (Zizhuyuan sub-district office and Shuangyushu sub-district office) of the study area. Correspondingly, PM₁ (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1.0 um) concentrations in these regions were higher than those in any other regions. Grey correlation analysis results showed that the correlation degree of the fine particle concentration with the number of outpatients is high, and the smaller fine particles had more obvious effects on respiratory system disease than larger particles. Full article

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17 pages, 703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Childhood ADHD Symptoms: Association with Parental Social Networks and Mental Health Service Use during Adolescence

by Regina Bussing^1,*, Johanna Meyer^2,†, Bonnie T. Zima^3,†, Dana M. Mason^1,†, Faye A. Gary^4,† and Cynthia Wilson Garvan⁵

¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610-0256, USA

² School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave., Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia

³ UCLA-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 10920 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 300, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA

⁴ Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 2120 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

⁵ Office for Research Affairs, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11893-11909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911893 - 22 Sep 2015

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8291

Abstract

Objective: This study examines the associations of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk status with subsequent parental social network characteristics and caregiver strain in adolescence; and examines predictors of adolescent mental health service use. Methods: Baseline ADHD screening identified children at high [...] Read more.

Objective: This study examines the associations of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) risk status with subsequent parental social network characteristics and caregiver strain in adolescence; and examines predictors of adolescent mental health service use. Methods: Baseline ADHD screening identified children at high risk (n = 207) and low risk (n = 167) for ADHD. At eight-year follow-up, parents reported their social network characteristics, caregiver strain, adolescents’ psychopathology and mental health service utilization, whereas adolescents self-reported their emotional status and ADHD stigma perceptions. Analyses were conducted using ANOVAs and nested logistic regression modeling. Results: Parents of youth with childhood ADHD reported support networks consisting of fewer spouses but more healthcare professionals, and lower levels of support than control parents. Caregiver strain increased with adolescent age and psychopathology. Increased parental network support, youth ADHD symptoms, and caregiver strain, but lower youth stigma perceptions were independently associated with increased service use. Conclusions: Raising children with ADHD appears to significantly impact parental social network experiences. Reduced spousal support and overall lower network support levels may contribute to high caregiver strain commonly reported among parents of ADHD youth. Parental social network experiences influence adolescent ADHD service use. With advances in social networking technology, further research is needed to elucidate ways to enhance caregiver support during ADHD care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Network Analysis and Public Health)

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19 pages, 1932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fine-Scale Spatial Heterogeneity in the Distribution of Waterborne Protozoa in a Drinking Water Reservoir

by Jean-Baptiste Burnet^1,2, Leslie Ogorzaly¹

, Christian Penny¹ and Henry-Michel Cauchie^1,*

¹ Department of Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg

² Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, Université de Liège (ULg), 165 avenue de Longwy, Arlon B-6700, Belgium

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11910-11928; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911910 - 23 Sep 2015

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5198

Abstract

Background: The occurrence of faecal pathogens in drinking water resources constitutes a threat to the supply of safe drinking water, even in industrialized nations. To efficiently assess and monitor the risk posed by these pathogens, sampling deserves careful design, based on preliminary knowledge [...] Read more.

Background: The occurrence of faecal pathogens in drinking water resources constitutes a threat to the supply of safe drinking water, even in industrialized nations. To efficiently assess and monitor the risk posed by these pathogens, sampling deserves careful design, based on preliminary knowledge on their distribution dynamics in water. For the protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia, only little is known about their spatial distribution within drinking water supplies, especially at fine scale. Methods: Two-dimensional distribution maps were generated by sampling cross-sections at meter resolution in two different zones of a drinking water reservoir. Samples were analysed for protozoan pathogens as well as for E. coli, turbidity and physico-chemical parameters. Results: Parasites displayed heterogeneous distribution patterns, as reflected by significant (oo)cyst density gradients along reservoir depth. Spatial correlations between parasites and E. coli were observed near the reservoir inlet but were absent in the downstream lacustrine zone. Measurements of surface and subsurface flow velocities suggest a role of local hydrodynamics on these spatial patterns. Conclusion: This fine-scale spatial study emphasizes the importance of sampling design (site, depth and position on the reservoir) for the acquisition of representative parasite data and for optimization of microbial risk assessment and monitoring. Such spatial information should prove useful to the modelling of pathogen transport dynamics in drinking water supplies. Full article

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25 pages, 1190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Exercising in Different Natural Environments on Psycho-Physiological Outcomes in Post-Menopausal Women: A Simulation Study

by Mathew P. White^1,*, Sabine Pahl², Katherine J. Ashbullby^1,2, Francesca Burton² and Michael H. Depledge¹

¹ European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, TR1 3 HD, UK

² Department of Psychology, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11929-11953; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911929 - 23 Sep 2015

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 9210

Abstract

The current study examined potential psycho-physiological benefits from exercising in simulated natural environments among a sample of post-menopausal women using a laboratory based protocol. Participants cycled on a stationary exercise bike for 15 min while facing either a blank wall (Control) or while [...] Read more.

The current study examined potential psycho-physiological benefits from exercising in simulated natural environments among a sample of post-menopausal women using a laboratory based protocol. Participants cycled on a stationary exercise bike for 15 min while facing either a blank wall (Control) or while watching one of three videos: Urban (Grey), Countryside (Green), Coast (Blue). Blood pressure, heart rate and affective responses were measured pre-post. Heart rate, affect, perceived exertion and time perception were also measured at 5, 10 and 15 min during exercise. Experience evaluation was measured at the end. Replicating most earlier findings, affective, but not physiological, outcomes were more positive for exercise in the simulated Green and, for the first time, Blue environment, compared to Control. Moreover, only the simulated Blue environment was associated with shorter perceived exercise duration than Control and participants were most willing to repeat exercise in the Blue setting. The current research extended earlier work by exploring the effects of “blue exercise” and by using a demographic with relatively low average levels of physical activity. That this sample of postmenopausal women were most willing to repeat a bout of exercise in a simulated Blue environment may be important for physical activity promotion in this cohort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green-Blue Space and Health: Advances in Methods, Technologies and Applications)

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21 pages, 753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Strategies and Person-Environment Fit among Functionally Limited Older Adults Aging in Place: A Mixed Methods Approach

by Laura L. Lien^1,2,*, Carmen D. Steggell¹ and Susanne Iwarsson³

¹ School of Design and Human Environment, College of Business, Oregon State University, 228 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

² Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 501 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA

³ Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Sweden, Box 157, 221-00 Lund, Sweden

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(9), 11954-11974; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120911954 - 23 Sep 2015

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 11690

Abstract

Older adults prefer to age in place, necessitating a match between person and environment, or person-environment (P-E) fit. In occupational therapy practice, home modifications can support independence, but more knowledge is needed to optimize interventions targeting the housing situation of older adults. In [...] Read more.

Older adults prefer to age in place, necessitating a match between person and environment, or person-environment (P-E) fit. In occupational therapy practice, home modifications can support independence, but more knowledge is needed to optimize interventions targeting the housing situation of older adults. In response, this study aimed to explore the accessibility and usability of the home environment to further understand adaptive environmental behaviors. Mixed methods data were collected using objective and perceived indicators of P-E fit among 12 older adults living in community-dwelling housing. Quantitative data described objective P-E fit in terms of accessibility, while qualitative data explored perceived P-E fit in terms of usability. While accessibility problems were prevalent, participants’ perceptions of usability revealed a range of adaptive environmental behaviors employed to meet functional needs. A closer examination of the P-E interaction suggests that objective accessibility does not always stipulate perceived usability, which appears to be malleable with age, self-perception, and functional competency. Findings stress the importance of evaluating both objective and perceived indicators of P-E fit to provide housing interventions that support independence. Further exploration of adaptive processes in older age may serve to deepen our understanding of both P-E fit frameworks and theoretical models of aging well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Therapies and Human Well-Being)

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, Volume 12, Issue 9 (September 2015) – 111 articles , Pages 10235-11987

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