Green Infrastructure and Urban-Renewal Simulation for Street Tree Design Decision-Making: Moderating Demands of Stormwater Management, Sunlight and Visual Aesthetics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background to Street Trees in Storm Water Control Measures (SCM)
2.1. Choosing Species That Contribute to SCM Performance
2.2. SCM Modelling Methods
2.3. Street Tree SCM Considerations
3. Background to Seasonal Sunlight Variation
3.1. Avoiding Oppressive Solar Exposure in Summer and Gloomy Overshadowing in Winter
3.2. Modelling Seasonal Sunlight Variation Interaction with Proposed Built Form
3.3. Modelling for Different Criteria in Disciplinary Silos
4. Background to Visual Consideration of Trees in Streets
4.1. Street Tree Visual Aesthetic Considerations
4.2. Modelling Methods for Street Tree Visual Aesthetic Considerations
4.3. How Visually Accurate Tree Models Assist Environmental Performance Modelling
- Integrate and assess existing and proposed urban form (building massing) for shadow and visualisation;
- Integrate different proposed approaches to storm water control measure (SCM) modelling and subsequent flood inundation implications;
- Link flood inundation area maps with appropriate tree species choices for projected flood conditions (flood tolerant or non-flood tolerant species for in-flood and not-in-flood conditions);
- Calculate shadow projections for different times of day and different days of the year;
- Link projected shadow maps of built urban form with appropriate tree species choices for projected shadow conditions to maximise tree-shade in summer and minimise tree-shade in winter (evergreen or deciduous for in-shade and not-in-shade conditions);
- Provide rapid visualisation of light levels of streetscape designs;
- Provide rapid visualisation of streetscape condition-responsive street tree designs with 3D trees for visual aesthetic consideration.
5. Method: A Multi-Criteria Street Design Decision Support Modelling Approach
- (1)
- Spatializing built form planning controls as an accurate 3D (precinct) model.
- (2)
- Utilizing the solar metric sun system within the precinct model to assess both summer solar exposure and winter overshadowing of streets (proposed and retained built form only), output as conditions or ‘presence’ maps.
- (3)
- Integration of flood modelling output as ‘presence of’/‘absence of’ conditions maps.
- (4)
- Selection of indicative tree species suitable for intersections of conditions or co-conditions (i.e., species tolerant of flooding and overshadowing and species tolerant of flood and that minimise additional streetscape overshadowing in winter).
- (5)
- Use of 3D high polygon visually accurate tree models to represent the above species selection in the precinct model, with their occurrence in the model controlled by the ‘presence of’/‘absence of’ conditions or co-conditions maps.
- Site model construction (ensemble simulation) (see Section 6.1);
- Application of the solar preservation model (see Section 6.2);
- Extension of the solar preservation model to include floods (see Section 6.3);
- Procedural presence–absence multi-conditions maps (floods, solar preservation and shade) (see Section 6.4):
- Flood scenario 01: ‘Land subject to inundation’;
- Flood scenario 02: ‘Road-based integrated water management’;
- Develop tree selection criteria based on the four co-conditions (see Section 6.5);
- Create sets of proxy-object scatters over the street network categorised by width and orientation (see Section 6.6);
- Adjustment to achieve summer shading criteria (see Section 6.7);
- Visualisation of streetscape designs—multi scale visual impact renderings (see Section 6.8);
- Fit indicative tree species suitable for the conditions criteria (see Section 6.9);
- Visualising tree selections for iterative storm-water management scenarios (see Section 6.10);
- Light level analysis for expressing summer shading outcomes (see Section 6.11);
6. Results: Application to a Complex Urban Renewal Test Case Site
6.1. Site Model Construction (Ensemble Simulation)
6.2. Application of the Solar Preservation Model
6.3. Extension of the Solar Preservation Model to Include Flood
6.4. Procedural Presence–Absence Multi-Conditions Maps (Flood, Solar Preservation and Shade)
6.5. Develop a Tree Selection-Criteria Based on the Four Co-Conditions
6.6. Create Sets of Proxy-Object Scatters over the Street Network Categorised by Width and Orientation
6.7. Adjustment to Achieve Summer Shading Criteria
6.8. Visualisation of Streetscape Designs-Multi Scale Visual Impact Renderings
6.9. Fit Indicative Tree Species, Suitable for the Conditions Criteria
6.10. Visualising Tree Selections for Iterative Storm-Water Management Scenarios
6.11. Light Level Analysis for Expressing Summer Shading Outcomes
7. Discussion
Limitations and Future Research Directions
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IN FLOOD | NOT FLOOD | |
---|---|---|
WINTER SUN | Solar access preservation + water regulation | Solar access preservation + dry |
WINTER SHADOW | No solar access preservation + water regulation | No solar access preservation + water regulation |
IN FLOOD | NOT FLOOD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
WINTER SUN | Deciduous flood tolerant | Deciduous dry tolerant | ||
WINTER SHADOW | Evergreen flood tolerant | Evergreen dry tolerant |
Condition | Not Flood/ Not Shade | In Flood/ In Shade | In Flood/ Not Shade | Not Flood/ In Shade |
---|---|---|---|---|
Requirements | Dry/ Deciduous | Wet/ Evergreen | Wet/ Deciduous | Dry/ Evergreen |
Indicative species | Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Ash) | Pinus strobus (White Pine) | Nyssa sylvatica (Tulepo) | Angophora costata (Smooth-barked apple) |
Notes | Many trees are suitable for this condition Red over-toned for clarity in renders | Would require additional water resources in dry conditions | Would require additional water resources in dry conditions | A species that has better canopy interception qualities might be better here [100] |
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Langenheim, N.; White, M. Green Infrastructure and Urban-Renewal Simulation for Street Tree Design Decision-Making: Moderating Demands of Stormwater Management, Sunlight and Visual Aesthetics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138220
Langenheim N, White M. Green Infrastructure and Urban-Renewal Simulation for Street Tree Design Decision-Making: Moderating Demands of Stormwater Management, Sunlight and Visual Aesthetics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):8220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138220
Chicago/Turabian StyleLangenheim, Nano, and Marcus White. 2022. "Green Infrastructure and Urban-Renewal Simulation for Street Tree Design Decision-Making: Moderating Demands of Stormwater Management, Sunlight and Visual Aesthetics" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 8220. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138220