Materials

12 pages, 2589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Multi-Relaxation Time Lattice Boltzmann Method for the Non-Newtonian Influence of the Yielding Fluid Flow in Cement-3D Printing

by Tiancheng Huang, Hai Gu, Jie Zhang, Bin Li, Jianhua Sun and Weiwei Wu

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2342; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112342 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3389

Abstract

The multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) has an excellent performance in dealing with the complex flow in many different areas. According to the specific behavior of the fluids, it also has some shortcomings when applied to some special flow like as the [...] Read more.

The multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) has an excellent performance in dealing with the complex flow in many different areas. According to the specific behavior of the fluids, it also has some shortcomings when applied to some special flow like as the non-Newtonian flow. In Cement-3D printing, the fluids always exhibit according to the yielding behavior. When using the standard MRT-LBM, the simulation maybe divergent. In order to solve the problem, this work presents an improved MRT-LBM considering the non-Newtonian effect as a special forcing term to ensure the stable and accurate simulation. Finally, the Poiseuille flow was used to validate the feasibility of the proposed method. Full article

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17 pages, 30249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Cohesive Models in EDEM and LIGGGHTS for Simulating Powder Compaction

by Cristina Ramírez-Aragón, Joaquín Ordieres-Meré, Fernando Alba-Elías and Ana González-Marcos

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112341 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 8884

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to analyse the compaction of a cohesive material using different Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulators to determine the equivalent contact models and to identify how some simulation parameters affect the compaction results (maximum force and compact appearance) [...] Read more.

The purpose of this work was to analyse the compaction of a cohesive material using different Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulators to determine the equivalent contact models and to identify how some simulation parameters affect the compaction results (maximum force and compact appearance) and computational costs. For this purpose, three cohesion contact models were tested: linear cohesion in EDEM, and simplified Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (SJKR) and modified SJKR (SJKR2) in LIGGGHTS. The influence of the particle size distribution (PSD) on the results was also investigated. Further assessments were performed on the effect of (1) selecting different timesteps, (2) using distinct conversion tolerances to export the three-dimensional models to standard triangle language (STL) files, and (3) moving the punch with different speeds. Consequently, we determined that a timestep equal to a 10% Rayleigh timestep, a conversion tolerance of 0.01 mm, and a punch speed of 0.1 m/s is adequate for simulating the compaction process using the materials and the contact models in this work. The results showed that the maximum force was influenced by the PSD due to the rearrangement of the particles. The PSD was also related to the computational cost because of the number of simulated particles and their sizes. Finally, an equivalence was found between the linear cohesion and SJKR2 contact models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Porous Materials)

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11 pages, 6176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Lapse Helical X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Study of Tensile Fatigue Damage Formation in Composites for Wind Turbine Blades

by Ying Wang, Lars P. Mikkelsen, Grzegorz Pyka and Philip J. Withers

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112340 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4961

Abstract

Understanding the fatigue damage mechanisms in composite materials is of great importance in the wind turbine industry because of the very large number of loading cycles rotor blades undergo during their service life. In this paper, the fatigue damage mechanisms of a non-crimp [...] Read more.

Understanding the fatigue damage mechanisms in composite materials is of great importance in the wind turbine industry because of the very large number of loading cycles rotor blades undergo during their service life. In this paper, the fatigue damage mechanisms of a non-crimp unidirectional (UD) glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) used in wind turbine blades are characterised by time-lapse ex-situ helical X-ray computed tomography (CT) at different stages through its fatigue life. Our observations validate the hypothesis that off-axis cracking in secondary oriented fibre bundles, the so-called backing bundles, are directly related to fibre fractures in the UD bundles. Using helical X-ray CT we are able to follow the fatigue damage evolution in the composite over a length of 20 mm in the UD fibre direction using a voxel size of (2.75 µm)³. A staining approach was used to enhance the detectability of the narrow off-axis matrix and interface cracks, partly closed fibre fractures and thin longitudinal splits. Instead of being evenly distributed, fibre fractures in the UD bundles nucleate and propagate locally where backing bundles cross-over, or where stitching threads cross-over. In addition, UD fibre fractures can also be initiated by the presence of extensive debonding and longitudinal splitting, which were found to develop from debonding of the stitching threads near surface. The splits lower the lateral constraint of the originally closely packed UD fibres, which could potentially make the composite susceptible to compressive loads as well as the environment in service. The results here indicate that further research into the better design of the positioning of stitching threads, and backing fibre cross-over regions is required, as well as new approaches to control the positions of UD fibres. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In-Situ X-Ray Tomographic Study of Materials)

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8 pages, 6386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spin Polarization Properties of Pentagonal PdSe₂ Induced by 3D Transition-Metal Doping: First-Principles Calculations

by Xiuwen Zhao, Bin Qiu, Guichao Hu, Weiwei Yue, Junfeng Ren and Xiaobo Yuan

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112339 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4707

Abstract

The electronic structure and spin polarization properties of pentagonal structure PdSe₂ doped with transition metal atoms are studied through first- principles calculations. The theoretical investigations show that the band gap of the PdSe₂ monolayer decreases after introducing Cr, Mn, Fe and [...] Read more.

The electronic structure and spin polarization properties of pentagonal structure PdSe₂ doped with transition metal atoms are studied through first- principles calculations. The theoretical investigations show that the band gap of the PdSe₂ monolayer decreases after introducing Cr, Mn, Fe and Co dopants. The projected densities of states show that p-d orbital couplings between the transition metal atoms and PdSe₂ generate new spin nondegenerate states near the Fermi level which make the system spin polarized. The calculated magnetic moments, spin density distributions and charge transfer of the systems suggest that the spin polarization in Cr-doped PdSe₂ will be the biggest. Our work shows that the properties of PdSe₂ can be modified by doping transition metal atoms, which provides opportunity for the applications of PdSe₂ in electronics and spintronics. Full article

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12 pages, 3099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Net Forming Complex Shaped Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses by High Pressure Die Casting

by Lehua Liu, Tao Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Chunyan Yu, Xixi Dong, Liangju He, Kuan Gao, Xuguang Zhu, Wenhao Li, Chengyong Wang, Peijie Li, Laichang Zhang and Lugee Li

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112338 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 5943

Abstract

Forming complex geometries using the casting process is a big challenge for bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), because of a lack of time of the window for shaping under the required high cooling rate. In this work, we open an approach named the “entire [...] Read more.

Forming complex geometries using the casting process is a big challenge for bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), because of a lack of time of the window for shaping under the required high cooling rate. In this work, we open an approach named the “entire process vacuum high pressure die casting” (EPV-HPDC), which delivers the ability to fill die with molten metal in milliseconds, and create solidification under high pressure. Based on this process, various Zr-based BMGs were prepared by using industrial grade raw material. The results indicate that the EPV-HPDC process is feasible to produce a glassy structure for most Zr-based BMGs, with a size of 3 mm × 10 mm and with a high strength. In addition, it has been found that EPV-HPDC process allows complex industrial BMG parts, some of which are hard to be formed by any other metal processes, to be net shaped precisely. The BMG components prepared by the EVP-HPDC process possess the advantages of dimensional accuracy, efficiency, and cost compared with the ones formed by other methods. The EVP-HPDC process paves the way for the large-scale application of BMGs. Full article

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16 pages, 11844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Off-Set and Focus Effects on Grade 5 Titanium to 6061 Aluminum Alloy Fiber Laser Weld

by Giuseppe Casalino, Sonia D’Ostuni, Pasquale Guglielmi, Paola Leo, Gianfranco Palumbo and Antonio Piccininni

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2337; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112337 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3926

Abstract

Joining dissimilar metal alloys together has become a major issue in the welding industry since the rapid development of innovative and performing multi-materials products. In case, titanium and Aluminum alloys can be laser-welded using a placement of the laser beam aside the weld [...] Read more.

Joining dissimilar metal alloys together has become a major issue in the welding industry since the rapid development of innovative and performing multi-materials products. In case, titanium and Aluminum alloys can be laser-welded using a placement of the laser beam aside the weld centerline, which is called off-set. The fused zone is deep and narrow and the reaction between titanium and Aluminum is limited to a thin interlayer, which improves mechanical properties. In this paper, the effect of focus and off-set distance of the laser beam on the weldability of grade 5 titanium to 6061 Aluminum alloy dissimilar butt weld are presented. The interlayer thickness was correlated to the process parameters and tensile behavior of the weld. The map of deformation showed different deformations of the two weld sides. The data coming from the metallurgical and mechanical characterization of the weld were analyzed to figure out the best off-set and focus combination in the range studied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Materials Fabrication and Joining)

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14 pages, 10612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Bone Sialoprotein Coating of Three-Dimensional Printed Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds in a Calvarial Defect Model in Mice

by Andreas Baranowski, Anja Klein, Ulrike Ritz, Hermann Götz, Stefan G. Mattyasovszky, Pol M. Rommens and Alexander Hofmann

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112336 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4594

Abstract

The bioactive coating of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a promising approach to enhance the bone-healing properties of bone substitutes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether coating CPCs with bone sialoprotein (BSP) results in increased bone formation. Forty-five female C57BL/6NRj [...] Read more.

The bioactive coating of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a promising approach to enhance the bone-healing properties of bone substitutes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether coating CPCs with bone sialoprotein (BSP) results in increased bone formation. Forty-five female C57BL/6NRj mice with an average age of six weeks were divided into three groups. Either a BSP-coated or an uncoated three-dimensional plotted scaffold was implanted into a drilled 2.7-mm diameter calvarial defect, or the defect was left empty (control group; no CPC). Histological analyses revealed that BSP-coated scaffolds were better integrated into the local bone stock eight weeks after implantation. Bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) ratios and bone thickness at the bone–implant contact were analyzed via micro computed tomography (µCT) after eight weeks. BSP-coated scaffolds and uncoated CPC scaffolds increased bone thickness in comparison to the control (CPC + BSP: 691.1 ± 253.5 µm, CPC: 603.1 ± 164.4 µm, no CPC: 261.7 ± 37.8 µm, p < 0.01). Accordingly, BV/TV was enhanced in both scaffold groups (CPC + BSP: 1.3 ± 0.5%, CPC: 0.9 ± 0.5%, no CPC: 0.2 ± 0.3%, p < 0.01). The BSP coating showed a tendency towards an increased bone thickness (p = 0.18) and BV/TV (p = 0.18) in comparison to uncoated CPC scaffolds. However, a significant increase in bone formation through BSP coating was not found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive manufacturing and Biofabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds)

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11 pages, 4050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydroxide Conduction Enhancement of Chitosan Membranes by Functionalized MXene

by Lina Wang and Benbing Shi

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112335 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5031

Abstract

In this study, imidazolium brushes tethered by –NH₂-containing ligands were grafted onto the surface of a 2D material, MXene, using precipitation polymerization followed by quaternization. Functionalized MXene was embedded into chitosan matrix to prepare a hybrid alkaline anion exchange membrane. Due [...] Read more.

In this study, imidazolium brushes tethered by –NH₂-containing ligands were grafted onto the surface of a 2D material, MXene, using precipitation polymerization followed by quaternization. Functionalized MXene was embedded into chitosan matrix to prepare a hybrid alkaline anion exchange membrane. Due to high interfacial compatibility, functionalized MXene was homogeneously dispersed in chitosan matrix, generating continuous ion conduction channels and then greatly enhancing OH⁻ conduction property (up to 172%). The ability and mechanism of OH⁻ conduction in the membrane were elaborated based on systematic tests. The mechanical-thermal stability and swelling resistance of the membrane were evidently augmented. Therefore, it is a promising anion exchange membrane for alkaline fuel cell application. Full article

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14 pages, 6073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Transformation, Twinning, and Detwinning of NiTi Shape-Memory Alloy Subject to a Shock Wave Based on Molecular-Dynamics Simulation

by Man Wang, Shuyong Jiang and Yanqiu Zhang

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112334 - 21 Nov 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7460

Abstract

Martensitic transformation, reverse martensitic transformation, twinning, and detwinning of equiatomic nickel–titanium shape-memory alloy (NiTi SMA) under the action of a shock wave are studied using a molecular-dynamics simulation. In the loading process of a shock wave, B2 austenite is transformed into B19′ martensite, [...] Read more.

Martensitic transformation, reverse martensitic transformation, twinning, and detwinning of equiatomic nickel–titanium shape-memory alloy (NiTi SMA) under the action of a shock wave are studied using a molecular-dynamics simulation. In the loading process of a shock wave, B2 austenite is transformed into B19′ martensite, whereas in the unloading process of the shock wave, B19′ martensite is transformed into B2 austenite. With repeated loading and unloading of the shock wave, martensitic transformation occurs along with twinning, but reverse martensitic transformation appears along with detwinning. The mechanisms for the twinning and detwinning of NiTi SMA subjected to a shock wave are revealed in order to lay the theoretical foundation to investigate the shape-memory effect and superelasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Dynamics in Nanomaterials and Nanofluids)

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9 pages, 3626 KiB

Open AccessLetter

Improvements on the Interfacial Properties of High-k/Ge MIS Structures by Inserting a La₂O₃ Passivation Layer

by Lu Zhao, Hongxia Liu, Xing Wang, Yongte Wang and Shulong Wang

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112333 - 20 Nov 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3209

Abstract

In this paper, the impact of La₂O₃ passivation layers on the interfacial properties of Ge-based metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures was investigated. It was proven that the formation of a thermodynamically stable LaGeO_x component by incorporating a La₂O₃ [...] Read more.

In this paper, the impact of La₂O₃ passivation layers on the interfacial properties of Ge-based metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures was investigated. It was proven that the formation of a thermodynamically stable LaGeO_x component by incorporating a La₂O₃ interlayer could effectively suppress desorption of the interfacial layer from GeO₂ to volatile GeO. The suppression of GeO desorption contributed to the decrease in oxide trapped charges and interfacial traps in the bulk of the gate insulator, or the nearby interfacial regions in the Al₂O₃/La₂O₃/Ge structure. Consequently, the hysteretic behavior of the dual-swept capacitance-voltage (C-V) curves and the frequency dispersion of multi-frequency C-V curves were remarkably weakened. Besides, more than one order of magnitude decrease in the gate leakage current density, and higher insulator breakdown electric field were obtained after inserting a La₂O₃ passivation layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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15 pages, 15470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse Identification of Elastic Properties of Constituents of Discontinuously Reinforced Composites

by Witold Ogierman

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112332 - 20 Nov 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3404

Abstract

This paper is devoted to determination of elastic properties of composite constituents by using an inverse identification procedure. The aim of the developed identification procedure is to compute the elastic constants of individual material phases on the basis of known properties of composite [...] Read more.

This paper is devoted to determination of elastic properties of composite constituents by using an inverse identification procedure. The aim of the developed identification procedure is to compute the elastic constants of individual material phases on the basis of known properties of composite materials. The inverse problem of identification has been solved by combining an evolutionary algorithm with a micromechanical model. The paper also focuses on selection of a suitable micromechanical model for optimization which should ensure a compromise between accuracy and complexity. Two different cases have been studied: composite reinforced with short cylindrical fibers and composite reinforced with cubic particles. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to expose a difference in outcome of identification which may occur when uncertain input data is considered. Obtained results show that identification is successful only when properties of composite materials with at least two different volume fractions of the reinforcement are known. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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13 pages, 6253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Samarium on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Treated by Ultrasonic Vibration

by Yang Chen, Zheng Yin, Hong Yan, Guo-Hua Zhou, Xiao-Quan Wu and Zhi Hu

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112331 - 20 Nov 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3572

Abstract

The effects of samarium (Sm) on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy treated by ultrasonic vibration were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that the addition of Sm resulted in [...] Read more.

The effects of samarium (Sm) on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy treated by ultrasonic vibration were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that the addition of Sm resulted in the formation of Al₂Sm, which reduced the volume fraction of the β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase and changed its morphology to fine granular. The AZ91–Sm alloys treated by ultrasonic vibration revealed relatively lower weight loss, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion current density values compared to the ultrasonic-treated AZ91 alloy prepared without Sm. Locally, a coarse β phase in the ultrasonic-treated AZ91 alloy accelerated the possibility of micro-galvanic corrosion growing into the matrix. In the prepared AZ91–Sm alloys treated by ultrasonic vibration, the fine β and Al₂Sm phases reduced the probability of micro-galvanic corrosion growth and, therefore, formed a uniform corrosion layer on the surface of the alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lanthanide-Based Multifunctional Materials)

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14 pages, 4244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

P(N-Phenylmaleimide-Alt-Styrene) Introduced with 4-Carboxyl and Its Effect on the Heat Deflection Temperature of Nylon 6

by Yufei Liu, Min He, Daohai Zhang, Qian Zhao, Yang Li, Shuhao Qin and Jie Yu

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112330 - 20 Nov 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5111

Abstract

P(N-phenylmaleimide-alt-styrene) (P(NPMI-alt-St)) and P(N-(4-carboxyphenyl)maleimide-alt-styrene) (P(CPMI-alt-St)) were designed and synthesized via free radical copolymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) [...] Read more.

P(N-phenylmaleimide-alt-styrene) (P(NPMI-alt-St)) and P(N-(4-carboxyphenyl)maleimide-alt-styrene) (P(CPMI-alt-St)) were designed and synthesized via free radical copolymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to confirm the structure of P(NPMI-alt-St) and P(CPMI-alt-St). Next, the effect of P(CPMI-alt-St) on the heat deflection temperature (HDT) of nylon 6 was studied. In comparison to the PA6/P(NPMI-alt-St) blend, with the addition of 10 wt %, the HDT value of the PA6/P(CPMI-alt-St) blend increased by 15.7 °C, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) by Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) increased 2.3 °C. According to the analysis of DMA, dynamic viscosity, and the SEM of PA6 and its blends, P(CPMI-alt-St) promoted its compatibility with PA6, and promoted the storage modulus and dynamic viscosity of the blends. Thus, the introduction of 4-carboxyl can significantly improve the effect of P(CPMI-alt-St) on the heat resistance modification of nylon 6. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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14 pages, 4178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solar Light Induced Photon-Assisted Synthesis of TiO₂ Supported Highly Dispersed Ru Nanoparticle Catalysts

by Joanna Wojciechowska, Elisa Gitzhofer, Jacek Grams, Agnieszka M. Ruppert and Nicolas Keller

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112329 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5335

Abstract

Ru/TiO₂ are promising heterogeneous catalysts in different key-reactions taking place in the catalytic conversion of biomass towards fuel additives, biofuels, or biochemicals. TiO₂ supported highly dispersed nanometric-size metallic Ru catalysts were prepared at room temperature via a solar light induced photon-assisted [...] Read more.

Ru/TiO₂ are promising heterogeneous catalysts in different key-reactions taking place in the catalytic conversion of biomass towards fuel additives, biofuels, or biochemicals. TiO₂ supported highly dispersed nanometric-size metallic Ru catalysts were prepared at room temperature via a solar light induced photon-assisted one-step synthesis in liquid phase, far smaller Ru nanoparticles with sharper size distribution being synthesized when compared to the catalysts that were prepared by impregnation with thermal reduction in hydrogen. The underlying strategy is based on the redox photoactivity of the TiO₂ semi-conductor support under solar light for allowing the reduction of metal ions pre-adsorbed at the host surface by photogenerated electrons from the conduction band of the semi-conductor in order to get a fine control in terms of size distribution and dispersion, with no need of chemical reductant, final thermal treatment, or external hydrogen. Whether acetylacetonate or chloride was used as precursor, 0.6 nm sub-nanometric metallic Ru particles were synthesized on TiO₂ with a sharp size distribution at a low loading of 0.5 wt.%. Using the chloride precursor was necessary for preparing Ru/TiO₂ catalysts with a 0.8 nm sub-nanometric mean particle size at 5 wt.% loading, achieved in basic conditions for benefitting from the enhanced adsorption between the positively-charged chloro-complexes and the negatively-charged TiO₂ surface. Remarkably, within the 0.5–5 wt.% range, the Ru content had only a slight influence on the sub-nanometric particle size distribution, thanks to the implementation of suitable photo-assisted synthesis conditions. We demonstrated further that a fine control of the metal Ru nanoparticle size on the TiO₂ support was possible via a controlled nanocluster growth under irradiation, while the nanoparticles revealed a good resistance to thermal sintering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications)

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26 pages, 13229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Effect of Hydrophobic Nanosilica on the Viscoelasticity Property of Asphalt and Asphalt Mixture

by Wei Guo, Xuedong Guo, Mengyuan Chang and Wenting Dai

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112328 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4294

Abstract

Viscoelasticity property of bitumen is closely related to the service life of bituminous pavement. This paper evaluated the impact of one of the most efficient and widely used nanomaterials in various industries called hydrophobic nanosilica on the viscoelasticity property of bitumen and asphalt [...] Read more.

Viscoelasticity property of bitumen is closely related to the service life of bituminous pavement. This paper evaluated the impact of one of the most efficient and widely used nanomaterials in various industries called hydrophobic nanosilica on the viscoelasticity property of bitumen and asphalt mixture. In this paper, three hydrophobic nanosilica modified bitumens and asphalt mixtures were researched by conventional physical properties test, SEM test, FTIR test, DSC test, DSR test, static creep test and dynamic creep test. The results showed that the introduction of hydrophobic nanosilica could strengthen the viscosity of asphalt more effectively and had better dispersion than hydrophilic nanosilica in asphalt. From conventional physical properties test and rheological performance test, hydrophobic nanosilica could weaken the temperature susceptibility of bitumen observably. From DSR test, hydrophobic nanosilica modified asphalt had a lower sensitivity and dependence on temperature and frequency than hydrophilic nanosilica modified asphalt. The Cole–Cole diagrams indicated that hydrophobic nanosilica exhibited good compatibility with asphalt compared with hydrophilic nanosilica. Newly formed chemical bonds were found in the hydrophobic nanosilica modified asphalt and its mixture with stone according to SEM test, FTIR test, and DSC test, which is the biggest difference from the modification mechanism of hydrophilic nanosilica modified asphalt. Through static and dynamic creep test, it found that the addition of hydrophobic nanosilica can significantly reduce the creep strain at the same temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environment-Friendly Construction Materials)

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15 pages, 3885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assumption of Constraining Force to Explain Distortion in Laser Additive Manufacturing

by Deqiao Xie, Jianfeng Zhao, Huixin Liang, Zongjun Tian, Lida Shen, Meng Xiao, Muhammad Naveed Ahsan and Changjiang Wang

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112327 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4566

Abstract

Distortion is a common but unrevealed problem in metal additive manufacturing, due to the rapid melting in metallurgy and the intricate thermal-mechanical processes involved. We explain the distortion mechanism and major influencing factors by assumption of constraining force, which is assumed between the [...] Read more.

Distortion is a common but unrevealed problem in metal additive manufacturing, due to the rapid melting in metallurgy and the intricate thermal-mechanical processes involved. We explain the distortion mechanism and major influencing factors by assumption of constraining force, which is assumed between the added layer and substrate. The constraining force was set to act on the substrate in a static structural finite element analysis (FEA) model. The results were compared with those of a thermal-mechanical FEA model and experiments. The constraining force and the associated static structural FEA showed trends in distortion and stress distribution similar to those shown by thermal-mechanical FEA and experiments. It can be concluded that the constraining force acting on the substrate is a major contributory factor towards the distortion mechanism. The constraining force seems to be primarily related to the material properties, temperature, and cross-sectional area of the added layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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16 pages, 20481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Equivalent Properties of Transition Layer Based on Element Distribution in Laser Bending of 304 Stainless Steel/Q235 Carbon Steel Laminated Plate

by Zihui Li, Xuyue Wang and Yonghao Luo

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2326; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112326 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3567

Abstract

Compared with the single-component metal plate, there is a special transition layer on the joint interface between two kinds of materials in the stainless steel-carbon steel laminated plate (SCLP). In order to describe the finite element model of laser bending accurately, it is [...] Read more.

Compared with the single-component metal plate, there is a special transition layer on the joint interface between two kinds of materials in the stainless steel-carbon steel laminated plate (SCLP). In order to describe the finite element model of laser bending accurately, it is of great significance to determine material properties of the transition layer. Based on the element distribution, an equivalent method is adopted to calculate thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, elastic modulus, density, Poisson’s ratio, and specific heat capacity of transition layer. The electron probe experiments show that the transition layer is formed by interfacial element diffusion with thickness of 7 μm. Besides, the volume fraction of stainless steel (46.63%) and carbon steel (53.37%) in the transition layer is tested by energy dispersive spectrometer, respectively. Through the equivalent method, a laser bending model of SCLP is simulated by ANSYS software to predict the bending angle under different parameters. The experimental verification shows that the maximum of bending angle errors is 3.74%, which is lower than the maximum 4.93% of errors calculated by the mean value method. The analysis verifies that the laser bending model is feasible and contributes to improving the accuracy of modeling SCLP in the laser bending process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intense Optical Pulse Processing)

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22 pages, 6728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation and Failure Behavior of Wooden Sandwich Composites with Taiji Honeycomb Core under a Three-Point Bending Test

by Jingxin Hao, Xinfeng Wu, Gloria Oporto, Jingxin Wang, Gregory Dahle and Nan Nan

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112325 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5175

Abstract

A new type of Taiji honeycomb structure bonded outside with wood-based laminates was characterized from a mechanical standpoint. Both theoretical and experimental methods were employed to analyze comprehensively the deformation behavior and failure mechanism under a three-point bending test. The analytical analysis reveals [...] Read more.

A new type of Taiji honeycomb structure bonded outside with wood-based laminates was characterized from a mechanical standpoint. Both theoretical and experimental methods were employed to analyze comprehensively the deformation behavior and failure mechanism under a three-point bending test. The analytical analysis reveals that a Taiji honeycomb has 3.5 times higher strength in compression and 3.44 times higher strength in shear compared with a traditional hexagonal honeycomb. Considering the strength-weight issue, the novel structure also displays an increase in compression strength of 1.75 times and shear strength of 1.72 times. Under a three-point bending test, indentation and core shear failure played the dominant role for the total failure of a wooden sandwich with Taiji honeycomb core. Typical face yield was not observed due to limited thickness-span ratio of specimens. Large spans weaken the loading level due to the contribution of global bending stress in the compressive skin to indentation failure. A set of analytical equations between mechanical properties and key structure parameters were developed to accurately predict the threshold stresses corresponding to the onset of those deformation events, which offer critical new knowledge for the rational structure design of wooden sandwich composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Characterization of Bio-Based Materials and Structures)

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16 pages, 3228 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Design of Shape Memory Alloy Coil Spring Actuator for Improving Performance in Cyclic Actuation

by Je-sung Koh

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112324 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8458

Abstract

Performance of the shape memory alloy (SMA) coil spring actuator in cyclic actuation as an artificial muscle is strongly related to the mechanical design of the coil geometry. This paper proposes a practical design method for improving the frequency and efficiency of the [...] Read more.

Performance of the shape memory alloy (SMA) coil spring actuator in cyclic actuation as an artificial muscle is strongly related to the mechanical design of the coil geometry. This paper proposes a practical design method for improving the frequency and efficiency of the SMA coil spring actuator; by designing the SMA coil spring to have large index (coil diameter/wire diameter) and pitch angle (LIP), cooling characteristics can be improved (increasing the actuation frequency) and large deformation can be obtained. The LIP design process is based on the two-state static model that describes the displacement-force relationship of the SMA coil spring in two states—a fully austenite phase and a fully martensite phase. The design process gives accurate design parameters of the SMA coil spring actuator that satisfy the required stroke and force. The model of the fully martensite phase of the SMA coil that includes the stress-induced detwinning enables the use of maximum shear strain of the SMA. The design method reduces the mass of an SMA without changing the stroke and increase the power density and efficiency. The cyclic actuation experiments demonstrate that the LIP design doubles the maximum frequency of SMA coil actuator with one-sixth the mass of the non-LIP design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced/Alternative Transparent Conducting Oxides)

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14 pages, 3952 KiB

Open AccessReview

Coherent Diffraction Imaging in Transmission Electron Microscopy for Atomic Resolution Quantitative Studies of the Matter

by Elvio Carlino, Francesco Scattarella, Liberato De Caro, Cinzia Giannini, Dritan Siliqi, Alessandro Colombo and Davide Emilio Galli

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2323; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112323 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4262

Abstract

The paper focuses on the development of electron coherent diffraction imaging in transmission electron microscopy, made in the, approximately, last ten years in our collaborative research group, to study the properties of materials at atomic resolution, overcoming the limitations due to the aberrations [...] Read more.

The paper focuses on the development of electron coherent diffraction imaging in transmission electron microscopy, made in the, approximately, last ten years in our collaborative research group, to study the properties of materials at atomic resolution, overcoming the limitations due to the aberrations of the electron lenses and obtaining atomic resolution images, in which the distribution of the maxima is directly related to the specimen atomic potentials projected onto the microscope image detector. Here, it is shown how augmented coherent diffraction imaging makes it possible to achieve quantitative atomic resolution maps of the specimen atomic species, even in the presence of low atomic number atoms within a crystal matrix containing heavy atoms. This aim is achieved by: (i) tailoring the experimental set-up, (ii) improving the experimental data by properly treating parasitic diffused intensities to maximize the measure of the significant information, (iii) developing efficient methods to merge the information acquired in both direct and reciprocal spaces, (iv) treating the dynamical diffused intensities to accurately measure the specimen projected potentials, (v) improving the phase retrieval algorithms to better explore the space of solutions. Finally, some of the future perspectives of coherent diffraction imaging in a transmission electron microscope are given. Full article

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16 pages, 9867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimizations for Microinjection Molding Process Parameters of Biodegradable Polymer Stent

by Hongxia Li, Kui Liu, Danyang Zhao, Minjie Wang, Qian Li and Jianhua Hou

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2322; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112322 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3697

Abstract

Microinjection molding technology for degradable polymer stents has good development potential. However, there is a very complicated relationship between molding quality and process parameters of microinjection, and it is hard to determine the best combination of process parameters to optimize the molding quality [...] Read more.

Microinjection molding technology for degradable polymer stents has good development potential. However, there is a very complicated relationship between molding quality and process parameters of microinjection, and it is hard to determine the best combination of process parameters to optimize the molding quality of polymer stent. In this study, an adaptive optimization method based on the kriging surrogate model is proposed to reduce the residual stress and warpage of stent during its injection molding. Integrating design of experiment (DOE) methods with the kriging surrogate model can approximate the functional relationship between design goals and design variables, replacing the expensive reanalysis of the stent residual stress and warpage during the optimization process. In this proposed optimization algorithm, expected improvement (EI) is used to balance local and global search. The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the micro-injection molding process of polymer stent. As an example, a typical polymer vascular stent ART18Z was studied, where four key process parameters are selected to be the design variables. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive optimization method can effectively decrease the residual stress and warpage during the stent injection molding process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Processing: Modeling and Correlations Finalized to Tailoring the Plastic Part Morphology and Properties)

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12 pages, 5802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ordering of Primary Carbonitrides in an Austenitic Steel Revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atom Probe Tomography

by Ping Ou and Zhiming Li

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2321; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112321 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3998

Abstract

We reveal for the first time an ordering phenomenon of a type of carbonitrides in a Super304H austenitic steel via the techniques of transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Solution-treated Super304H austenitic steel samples containing a few primary carbonitrides were aged at [...] Read more.

We reveal for the first time an ordering phenomenon of a type of carbonitrides in a Super304H austenitic steel via the techniques of transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Solution-treated Super304H austenitic steel samples containing a few primary carbonitrides were aged at 923 K for 5000 h. The results show that the primary carbonitrides in the Super304H steel are non-stoichiometric compounds enriched in Nb and with a NaCl-type structure. The crystal structure of the Nb-rich carbonitrides is in a disordered state in the solution-treated steel, while in an ordered state in the aged steel. This observation suggests the occurrence of a disorder–order structural transition in the primary carbonitrides during long-term aging. We found that such a disorder–order structural transition is accompanied by carbon diffusion from the primary carbonitrides into the austenitic matrix. The ordering phenomenon is discussed based on the long-range ordering of structure vacancies in the non-metal lattice of the superstructure, providing new insights for the understanding of ordering in non-stoichiometric compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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13 pages, 2359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of a Dual-Cation Organomontmorillonite Nanocomposite

by Guifang Wang, Huizhen Xiao, Shuai Zhang, Jun Qiu, Hengjun Li, Meijin Yang, Shaojian Ma and Sridhar Komarneni

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2320; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112320 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4177

Abstract

In this study, a novel dual-cation organomontmorillonites (OMt) nanocomposite was synthesized by two kinds of modifiers cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and cysteamine hydrochloride, and the adsorption behavior of modifiers into montmorillonite (Mt) has been investigated. The OMt were characterized by techniques, such as X-ray diffraction [...] Read more.

In this study, a novel dual-cation organomontmorillonites (OMt) nanocomposite was synthesized by two kinds of modifiers cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and cysteamine hydrochloride, and the adsorption behavior of modifiers into montmorillonite (Mt) has been investigated. The OMt were characterized by techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric and differential thermal (TG-DTA) analyses. The effects of temperature, contact time, the order of addition and the concentration of organic modifiers on the amounts of organics adsorbed were investigated. The adsorption amount of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) increased with the increase of the added CTAC amount and contact time, while the addition order of modifiers and modification temperature had no significant effect on the actual adsorption amount of CTAC and CSH on Mt, as confirmed by the XRD patterns. The experimentally determined isotherms showed a good fit with the Langmuir adsorption models. The adsorption kinetics demonstrated that the adsorption of CTAC and CSH by Mt followed the pseudo-second-order model, and CTAC adsorption rate on Mt was faster than that of CSH. FTIR spectrum clearly revealed the incorporation of surfactant ions into the interlayer region. The TG-DTA analyses showed that the total mass losses of OMt strongly depended on the molecular volume of modifiers. Full article

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12 pages, 4137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model Establishment of a Co-Based Metal Matrix with Additives of WC and Ni by Discrete Element Method

by Xiuyu Chen, Guoqin Huang, Yuanqiang Tan, Hui Huang, Hua Guo and Xipeng Xu

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2319; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112319 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3817

Abstract

A metal matrix is an indispensable component of metal-bonded diamond tools. The composition design of a metal matrix involves a number of experiments, making costly in terms of time, labor, and expense. The discrete element method (DEM) is a potential way to relieve [...] Read more.

A metal matrix is an indispensable component of metal-bonded diamond tools. The composition design of a metal matrix involves a number of experiments, making costly in terms of time, labor, and expense. The discrete element method (DEM) is a potential way to relieve these costs. The aim of this work is to demonstrate a methodology for establishing and calibrating metal matrix’s DEM model. A Co-based metal matrix with WC and Ni additives (CoX–WC–Ni) was used, in which the Co-based metal was Co–Cu–Sn metal (CoX). The skeletal substances in the metal matrix were treated as particles in the model, and the bonding substances were represented by the parallel bond between particles. To describe the elasticity of the metal matrix, a contact bond was also loaded between particles. A step-by-step calibration procedure with experimental tests of three-point bending and compression was proposed to calibrate all microcosmic parameters involved during the establishment of DEM models: first for the CoX matrix, then for the CoX–WC matrix and CoX–Ni matrix, and finally for the CoX–WC–Ni matrix. The CoX–WC–Ni DEM model was validated by the transverse rupture strength (TRS) of two new compositions and the results indicated that the model exhibited a satisfactory prediction ability with an error rate of less than 10%. Full article

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11 pages, 7023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Assembled Carbon Soot Films and Hydrophobic Properties

by Lei Zhao, Kang Zhao, Wei-Guo Yan and Zhifeng Liu

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112318 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4370

Abstract

In this paper, a simple, inexpensive, and rapid method for the fabrication of controlled layer candle soot film has been reported by interface self-assembly and transferred method. The mechanism of candle soot self-assembly is explained and their morphology, elemental composition, optical, and wetting [...] Read more.

In this paper, a simple, inexpensive, and rapid method for the fabrication of controlled layer candle soot film has been reported by interface self-assembly and transferred method. The mechanism of candle soot self-assembly is explained and their morphology, elemental composition, optical, and wetting properties are characterized. The uniformity and thickness of prepared films especially depend on the concentration of candle soot mixed solution (alcohol and deionized water). The results show that the optimal concentration of candle soot solution is approximately ~0.2% wt/mL. In addition, the absorption spectra of the controlled-layer candle soot films are determined by the number of layers and the surface morphology. The hydrophobic properties of candle soot films are closely related to their layer number. When these films reach to the fourth layer, the water contact angle and roll-off angle are measured as 142° ± 2° and 6°, respectively. The controlled assembly CS films have the potential application in photo/electrocatalysis, solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, and water splitting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Cleaning Surfaces)

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12 pages, 4138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Polymethylsilsesquioxane Content to the Thermal Stability of Meta-Aramid Fiber Insulation Paper

by Wei Zheng, Jufang Xie, Jingwen Zhang, Chao Tang and Zhongyong Zhao

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2317; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112317 - 19 Nov 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3774

Abstract

Polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) nanoparticles with mass percentages of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.2, 9.4 wt %, respectively, were constructed by molecular dynamics methods in this paper. Composite molecular models were established using PMSQ and MPIA (poly-metaphenylene isophthalamide) fiber. The influence of different PMSQ contents on [...] Read more.

Polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) nanoparticles with mass percentages of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.2, 9.4 wt %, respectively, were constructed by molecular dynamics methods in this paper. Composite molecular models were established using PMSQ and MPIA (poly-metaphenylene isophthalamide) fiber. The influence of different PMSQ contents on the thermal stability of meta-aramid insulation paper was analyzed from the parameters of mechanical property, interaction energy, and mean square displacement. The results showed that the trend of mechanical properties decreased with the increase of PMSQ content. When the PMSQ content was 2.5 wt %, the mechanical properties of the composited model were the best, which was about 24% higher than that of the unmodified model. From an intermolecular bonding and nonbonding point of view, the energy parameters of composite model with the 2.5 wt % content was better than those of the composite model with other contents. Therefore, it is considered that MPIA can interact better with the 2.5 wt % content PMSQ composite model. When the PMSQ content is 2.5 wt %, the overall chain movement in the composite model is slower than that of the unmodified model, which can effectively inhibit the diffusion movement of the MPIA chain. In general, the thermal stability of composite molecular models MPIA and PMSQ (2.5 wt %) was better improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Dynamics in Nanomaterials and Nanofluids)

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15 pages, 5998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Industrial Waste Treatment by ETS-10 Ion Exchanger Material

by Pierantonio De Luca, Ivano Bernaudo, Rosangela Elliani, Antonio Tagarelli, Jànos B. Nagy and Anastasia Macario

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2316; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112316 - 18 Nov 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4506

Abstract

The aim of this project was to study the treatment of industrial waste using ETS-10 zeolite. The pollutants that must be removed were metals sourced from zinc ferrite, a processing waste derived from the use of mineral-containing zinc. The first phase of the [...] Read more.

The aim of this project was to study the treatment of industrial waste using ETS-10 zeolite. The pollutants that must be removed were metals sourced from zinc ferrite, a processing waste derived from the use of mineral-containing zinc. The first phase of the work involved the characterization of the industrial waste, zinc ferrite, in order to deepen the knowledge regarding its nature and composition. The second phase involved the removal of the metals released by the zinc ferrite in aqueous systems using the ETS-10 phase as an ion exchanger. Different chemical and physical techniques were used: plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, microanalysis, and thermal analyses. A comparison between ETS-10 and commercial zeolite A performance, in the same aqueous systems, was carried out. The results showed that the metal removal efficiency of ETS-10 phase is higher than that obtained by commercial zeolite A, especially towards dangerous heavy metals such as Pb, Zn and Mn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation)

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11 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasmonic Metasurface Absorber Based on Electro-Optic Substrate for Energy Harvesting

by Naseer Muhammad, Tao Fu, Qiang Liu, Xiaopin Tang, Zi-Lan Deng and Zhengbiao Ouyang

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2315; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112315 - 18 Nov 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4384

Abstract

A highly efficient and broad light absorber capable of wide-angle absorption in the visible and near infrared range is presented and numerically investigated for energy harvesting in a simple geometry. According to the calculated results, the proposed device has a peak absorption level [...] Read more.

A highly efficient and broad light absorber capable of wide-angle absorption in the visible and near infrared range is presented and numerically investigated for energy harvesting in a simple geometry. According to the calculated results, the proposed device has a peak absorption level of about 99.95%. The actual absorption efficiency is 76.35%, which is approaching that of complex multilayer absorbers with 88 layers working in the wavelength range of 300 nm to 2000 nm. The electro-optic material has the potential of shifting the absorption peak position, compensating fabrication errors and thus reducing the fabrication technique difficulties. Also, the high electro-optic tunability can be used for filters, infrared detection, and imaging applications. More directly, the proposed absorber can be potentially deployed in solar cells and solar thermals. Full article

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15 pages, 2538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fibrin-Modified Cellulose as a Promising Dressing for Accelerated Wound Healing

by Marketa Bacakova, Julia Pajorova, Tomas Sopuch and Lucie Bacakova

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112314 - 17 Nov 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4827

Abstract

Dermal injuries and chronic wounds usually regenerate with scar formation. Successful treatment without scarring might be achieved by pre-seeding a wound dressing with cells. We aimed to prepare a wound dressing fabricated from sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Hcel^® NaT), combined with fibrin and seeded [...] Read more.

Dermal injuries and chronic wounds usually regenerate with scar formation. Successful treatment without scarring might be achieved by pre-seeding a wound dressing with cells. We aimed to prepare a wound dressing fabricated from sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Hcel^® NaT), combined with fibrin and seeded with dermal fibroblasts in vitro. We fabricated the Hcel^® NaT in a porous and homogeneous form (P form and H form, respectively) differing in structural morphology and in the degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups. Each form of Hcel^® NaT was functionalized with two morphologically different fibrin structures to improve cell adhesion and proliferation, estimated by an MTS assay. Fibrin functionalization of the Hcel^® NaT strongly enhanced colonization of the material with human dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, the type of fibrin structures influenced the ability of the cells to adhere to the material and proliferate on it. The fibrin mesh filling the void spaces between cellulose fibers better supported cell attachment and subsequent proliferation than the fibrin coating, which only enwrapped individual cellulose fibers. On the fibrin mesh, the cell proliferation activity on day 3 was higher on the H form than on the P form of Hcel^® NaT, while on the fibrin coating, the cell proliferation on day 7 was higher on the P form. The Hcel^® NaT wound dressing functionalized with fibrin, especially when in the form of a mesh, can accelerate wound healing by supporting fibroblast adhesion and proliferation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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12 pages, 4228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thrombolysis Enhancing by Magnetic Manipulation of Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles

by Qian Li, Xiaojun Liu, Ming Chang and Zhen Lu

Materials 2018, 11(11), 2313; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112313 - 17 Nov 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4668

Abstract

In this paper, an effective method of accelerating urokinase-administrated thrombolysis through a rotating magnetic field (RMF) of guided magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) in the presence of low-dose urokinase is proposed. The dispersed Fe₃O₄ NPs mixed with urokinase were injected into microfluidic [...] Read more.

In this paper, an effective method of accelerating urokinase-administrated thrombolysis through a rotating magnetic field (RMF) of guided magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) in the presence of low-dose urokinase is proposed. The dispersed Fe₃O₄ NPs mixed with urokinase were injected into microfluidic channels occluded by thrombus prepared in vitro. These magnetic NPs aggregated into elongated clusters under a static magnetic field, and were then driven by the RMF. The rotation of Fe₃O₄ aggregates produced a vortex to enhance the diffusion of urokinase to the surface of the thrombus and accelerate its dissolution. A theoretical model based on convective diffusion was constructed to describe the thrombolysis mechanism. The thrombus lysis speed was determined according to the change of the thrombus dissolution length with time in the microfluidic channel. The experimental results showed that the thrombolysis speed with rotating magnetic NPs is significantly increased by nearly two times compared with using the same dose of pure urokinase. This means that the magnetically-controlled NPs approach provides a feasible way to achieve a high thrombolytic rate with low-dose urokinase in use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Selected Papers from IMETI)

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