Pediatric Reports

16 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Music Therapy on Neurodevelopment of Preterm Infants and Functional Improvement in Children with Neurological Deficits

by Filomeni Armakola, Eleni Potamiti, Anna Tsiakiri, Georgios Felekis, Georgia Tsakni, Athanasios Tsivgoulis, Christos Moschovos, Sotirios Giannopoulos, Vasiliki Georgousopoulou, Markos Sgantzos and Pinelopi Vlotinou

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020041 - 28 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effect of music therapy initiated during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization on the early neurodevelopment of infants and to evaluate its impact on functional improvements in children with neurological deficits. Numerous [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effect of music therapy initiated during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization on the early neurodevelopment of infants and to evaluate its impact on functional improvements in children with neurological deficits. Numerous studies underscore the benefits of neurological music therapy (NMT) for treating various neurological conditions. Methods: This systematic review (SR) specifically includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and draws from a comprehensive search of articles in the Scopus and MEDLINE databases. Eligible studies examined the effects of NMT on infants and children with central nervous system static lesions. Eighteen studies met all inclusion criteria, and the overall quality of the evidence was high. Results: However, while NMT appears to be well-tolerated by most neonates and children and holds promise for enhancing functional and physiological development, its impact on specific biomarkers in neurological conditions remains underexplored. Further research is essential to clarify NMT’s potential role in rehabilitation and to optimize therapeutic approaches for neurological support. Full article

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14 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Behavioral and Sociodemographic Factors on Dental Caries in Mexican Children

by Ángel Pérez-Reyes, Julieta Sarai Becerra-Ruiz and Juan Manuel Guzmán-Flores

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020040 - 26 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Background: In Mexico, tooth decay is common among children and is on the rise. A strong relationship exists between behavioral, socioeconomic, demographic, and biological factors and the severity and development of dental caries. Objective: The present study analyzed the risk factors contributing to [...] Read more.

Background: In Mexico, tooth decay is common among children and is on the rise. A strong relationship exists between behavioral, socioeconomic, demographic, and biological factors and the severity and development of dental caries. Objective: The present study analyzed the risk factors contributing to dental caries in a Mexican pediatric population. Materials and Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design. One hundred fifty-one children were evaluated after providing their assent and the informed consent of their legal guardians. The study subjects recruited underwent dental assessments, dietary habits, and physical activity examinations. Results: Only 36 children were classified as overweight or obese, while 121 children had a high quality of life related to oral health. Most of the children showed deficient eating and physical activity habits. Additionally, nearly half displayed severe dental carie lesions. The occurrence of caries was linked to both age and tooth brushing habits. The median of teeth with initial caries lesions was higher among female children. Furthermore, parental education was associated with the presence of fluorosis and the frequency of tooth brushing. Conclusion: Our study revealed deficient eating habits and a high prevalence of dental caries among children aged 6–12. Additionally, parents and guardians demonstrated insufficient knowledge about general oral health issues, the risk factors for caries, and their potential consequences, which means a need for both preventive and corrective treatments. This highlights the need for strategies focused on improving oral health care and prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Solutions for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics)

13 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Efficacy and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents: Evaluating the Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Status and Cultural Factors

by Giulia Raimondi, James Dawe, Fabio Alivernini, Sara Manganelli, Pierluigi Diotaiuti, Laura Mandolesi, Michele Zacchilli, Fabio Lucidi and Elisa Cavicchiolo

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020039 - 21 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage characterized by significant psychological and emotional changes. Within the school context, academic self-efficacy (ASE) influences students’ emotional well-being, including positive and negative affective states. Research has shown that both ASE and emotional well-being are associated with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage characterized by significant psychological and emotional changes. Within the school context, academic self-efficacy (ASE) influences students’ emotional well-being, including positive and negative affective states. Research has shown that both ASE and emotional well-being are associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and immigrant background. This study aims to examine whether SES and immigrant background moderate the relationship between ASE and positive/negative affect among adolescents. Methods: Data were collected from a representative sample of 26,564 10th-grade students in Italian schools. ASE, positive and negative affect, SES, and immigrant background were assessed through validated measures. Multigroup structural equation modeling (multigroup SEM) was conducted to test the moderating roles of SES (low, middle, high) and immigrant background (native, first-generation immigrant, second-generation immigrant) on the relationship between ASE and affective states. Results: The results indicated that ASE significantly predicted positive affect (β = 0.34, p < 0.001) and negative affect (β = −0.17, p < 0.001) across all groups. However, results indicated no significant differences in the ASE–emotional affect relationship across SES and immigrant background groups, indicating that neither SES nor immigrant background moderated these associations. Conclusions: The findings suggest that ASE is associated with both positive affect and negative affect in adolescents, irrespective of SES and immigrant background. This highlights the universal importance of fostering ASE in school settings to support emotional well-being across diverse demographic groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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15 pages, 265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fathers Matter Too: Investigating Their Role with the P-CRS

by Alexandro Fortunato, Maria Quintigliano, Costanza Franchini, Marco Lauriola and Anna Maria Speranza

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020038 - 18 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Background: The development of children is shaped by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors, yet the role of fathers remains underrepresented in research. This study contributes to addressing this gap by examining paternal involvement through the Parent–Child Relationship Scale (P-CRS), [...] Read more.

Background: The development of children is shaped by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors, yet the role of fathers remains underrepresented in research. This study contributes to addressing this gap by examining paternal involvement through the Parent–Child Relationship Scale (P-CRS), an observational tool previously validated for mother–child interactions. Methods: The sample included 204 father–child dyads, with children aged 6 months to 5 years (mean age: 43.3 months), encompassing both clinical and non-clinical groups. Experienced clinicians conducted in vivo observations across 4–5 sessions, scoring interactions along three dimensions: parent, child, and interaction. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated the P-CRS’s applicability to father–child relationships, confirming its psychometric robustness and alignment with the factors observed in mother–child dyads. Conclusions: These findings highlight the unique and complementary role of fathers in shaping developmental trajectories and underscore the importance of incorporating fathers in parenting interventions and assessments. Additionally, they demonstrate the P-CRS’s effectiveness in capturing the nuanced dynamics of early parent–child relationships. Future research should investigate longitudinal differences in parental roles and expand the P-CRS’s application to diverse family structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

11 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Timing of Gender Dysphoria Presentation and Suicidal Behaviors on Internalizing Symptoms, Emotion Dysregulation, and Body Investment in Adolescents Seeking Gender Affirmation

by Maria Giuseppina Petruzzelli, Federica Annecchini, Flora Furente, Fabio Tarantino, Valeria Carruolo, Elisabetta Lavorato, Maria Pia Riccio, Andrea De Giacomo and Emilia Matera

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020037 - 17 Mar 2025

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Abstract

Studies have consistently shown that gender-diverse youth experience higher rates of internalizing disorders and self-harm behaviors (SH) compared to their cisgender peers. However, there is limited research on how body investment and emotion regulation influence these symptoms, especially in relation to the age [...] Read more.

Studies have consistently shown that gender-diverse youth experience higher rates of internalizing disorders and self-harm behaviors (SH) compared to their cisgender peers. However, there is limited research on how body investment and emotion regulation influence these symptoms, especially in relation to the age of gender dysphoria (GD) presentation. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the relationship between the timing of GD presentation (early vs. late) and psychological distress in adolescents seeking gender affirmation (GA), specifically focusing on internalizing symptoms, emotion regulation, and body investment. The study also investigated how SH during the year preceding the request for gender affirmation might have impacted these factors. Methods: On a total of 80 adolescents (mean age: 14.88 years) at their first request for GA, participants were divided into two groups: early-presentation GD (EP-GD; mean age: 14.93 years) and late-presentation GD (LP-GD; mean age: 14.83 years). Among the sample, 60% exhibited SH. Internalizing symptoms, emotion regulation, and body investment were assessed using the Youth Self-Report (YSR), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and the Body Investment Scale (BIS). Results: Results revealed that LP-GD adolescents had significantly higher emotion dysregulation (ED), particularly in the Strategies domain of the DERS (p = 0.040), and more social problems in the YSR (p = 0.047) compared to EP-GD ones. SH were associated with higher internalizing symptoms, including anxiety, withdrawal, and somatic complaints (p < 0.03), as well as increased body dissatisfaction, particularly in the BIS Care and Protection dimensions (p = 0.044; p = 0.034). Conclusions: These findings supported the hypothesis that LP-GD adolescents and youths with a history of SH showed more pronounced emotion regulation difficulties and internalizing symptoms, further emphasizing the need for early intervention programs targeting both GD and co-occurring mental health problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

9 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Cervical Colonization in Adolescent Pregnancies: A Brief Report

by Maisa Manasar-Dyrbuś, Jakub Staniczek, Rafał Stojko, Piotr Gibała, Cecylia Jendyk, Ewa Winkowska, Kacper Niziński, Diana Sieroszewska, Aleksander Sieroszewski and Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020036 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 219

Abstract

Objective: This study examines early neonatal adaptation and birth complications in adolescents with term pregnancies who had positive cervical canal cultures upon hospital admission. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from 1 January 2015 to 15 November 2024. Conducted at Bonifraters Medical Center [...] Read more.

Objective: This study examines early neonatal adaptation and birth complications in adolescents with term pregnancies who had positive cervical canal cultures upon hospital admission. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed data from 1 January 2015 to 15 November 2024. Conducted at Bonifraters Medical Center in Katowice, Poland, the study included 267 individuals, with 178 over the age of 19 and 89 under the age of 19. Results: Adolescents exhibited significantly higher rates of positive GBS cultures in the third trimester (62.92% vs. 38.20%; p < 0.001) than older individuals. Neonates of adolescent mothers experienced increased congenital pneumonia (7.87% vs. 1.12%; p = 0.012) and antibiotic administration (10.11% vs. 2.81%; p = 0.026). Lactation failure was markedly higher in adolescent mothers (10.11% vs. 1.12%; p = 0.002). Adolescents also showed more postpartum blood loss (median: 250 mL vs. 200 mL; p < 0.001) and more extended hospital stays (median: 3 vs. 2 days; p = 0.002). Neonatal anthropometric measures revealed shorter body lengths in the adolescent group (median: 53 cm vs. 54 cm; p = 0.003). Conclusions: Adolescent pregnancies are associated with significantly higher rates of complications and adverse neonatal outcomes, especially infectious causes. Although our study results are preliminary, it appears that chronic GBS colonization in pregnant adolescents may impact pregnancy and newborn outcomes. Full article

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32 pages, 690 KiB

Open AccessReview

Treatments for Eating Disorders in People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review

by Rachele Simeon, Giovanni Galeoto, Serena Cracolici, Francescaroberta Panuccio and Anna Berardi

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020035 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

Background: This scoping review aims to synthesize existing evidence on non-pharmacological interventions for managing food selectivity in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, it explores sensory, behavioral, and environmental factors influencing intervention outcomes and examines the role of occupational therapists (OTs) within [...] Read more.

Background: This scoping review aims to synthesize existing evidence on non-pharmacological interventions for managing food selectivity in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, it explores sensory, behavioral, and environmental factors influencing intervention outcomes and examines the role of occupational therapists (OTs) within multidisciplinary teams. Methods: A search was conducted across MEDLINE, EBSCO, Web of Science, OTseeker, and SCOPUS from August 2023 to October 2023. Only experimental studies published in English were included, focusing on behavioral treatments and/or occupational therapy interventions. Results: A total of 1618 studies were identified. After removing duplicates (170 records), 259 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, resulting in 61 studies included for qualitative synthesis. Conclusions: The findings highlight a wide range of interventions, yet methodological inconsistencies and small sample sizes limit the strength of the evidence. While occupational therapists play an increasing role in feeding interventions, their specific impact remains underexplored. Future research should focus on larger, well-designed studies with standardized outcome measures to better define the effectiveness of interventions and the role of OTs within multidisciplinary teams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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18 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between TikTok Use and Anxiety, Depression, and Sleepiness Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece

by Angeliki Bilali, Aglaia Katsiroumpa, Ioannis Koutelekos, Chrysoula Dafogianni, Parisis Gallos, Ioannis Moisoglou and Petros Galanis

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020034 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 445

Abstract

Introduction: TikTok use is increasing, especially among children and adolescents. However, the negative effects of TikTok use have not been sufficiently investigated. Aim: To examine the association between TikTok use and anxiety, depression, and sleepiness in adolescents. Methods: We conducted a web-based cross-sectional [...] Read more.

Introduction: TikTok use is increasing, especially among children and adolescents. However, the negative effects of TikTok use have not been sufficiently investigated. Aim: To examine the association between TikTok use and anxiety, depression, and sleepiness in adolescents. Methods: We conducted a web-based cross-sectional study in Greece. We employed a convenience sample of 219 adolescents in Greece. All participants had a TikTok account. We used the TikTok Addiction Scale (TTAS) to measure TikTok use and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) to measure anxiety and depression. We constructed multivariable regression models, and we performed a stratified analysis according to gender. Results: The mean age was 18.5 years (standard deviation: 0.5, range: 18 to 19). In our sample, 81.3% were girls and 18.7% were boys. Mean daily TikTok usage and TTAS scores were statistically higher for girls than for boys. Our multivariable linear regression analysis was adjusted for age and showed that problematic TikTok use was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms in both genders. In particular, we found a positive association between mood modification and anxiety score (beta = 0.404, p-value = 0.006). Moreover, we found a positive association between conflict and depression score (beta = 0.472, p-value < 0.001). Additionally, we found that the impact of TikTok on anxiety and depression was greater among boys than girls. We also found that problematic TikTok use was associated with increased sleepiness in both genders (mood modification: beta = 0.655, p-value < 0.001; conflict: beta = 0.674, p-value < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings showed a positive association between TikTok use and anxiety, depression, and sleepiness. Early identification of problematic TikTok users is essential to promote their mental health and well-being. Healthcare professionals should be alert to recognize symptoms of problematic TikTok use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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15 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adolescent-Reported Interparental Conflict and Related Emotional–Behavioral Difficulties: The Mediating Role of Psychological Inflexibility

by Ludovica Giani, Cecilia Amico, Chiara Crepaldi, Marcella Caputi, Simona Scaini, Giovanni Michelini and Barbara Forresi

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020033 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 139

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Interparental conflict, with its multiple dimensions, represents a risk factor for youth mental health, triggering a series of cascading processes. Despite recent evidence highlighting that psychological inflexibility is a risk factor for adolescents’ psychopathology after stressful events, a limited number of studies [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Interparental conflict, with its multiple dimensions, represents a risk factor for youth mental health, triggering a series of cascading processes. Despite recent evidence highlighting that psychological inflexibility is a risk factor for adolescents’ psychopathology after stressful events, a limited number of studies have investigated its role in family conflicts. This study aims to investigate whether psychological inflexibility mediates the impact of conflict characteristics (intensity, frequency, and resolution) and threat appraisal of interparental conflict on the psychological difficulties of adolescent offspring. Methods: A sample of 195 adolescents aged between 15 and 19 years old completed the Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth on Google Forms. Results: The findings revealed that adolescents living in a family environment characterized by high levels of perceived interparental conflicts exhibit a wide spectrum of psychological difficulties, either emotional or behavioral, partially mediated by their psychological inflexibility. However, when conflict between parents is interpreted as threatening, adolescents’ inflexibility appears to mediate the relationship between conflict and psychological difficulties. Conclusions: While future studies are needed to better understand this association, psychological flexibility might represent a relevant treatment target in adolescents exposed to interparental conflict. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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9 pages, 2301 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Approach to Macrodactyly: A Case Report and Diagnostic Algorithm for Syndromic and Isolated Forms

by Ioannis Kyriakidis, Iordanis Pelagiadis, Nikolaos Katzilakis and Eftichia Stiakaki

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020032 - 7 Mar 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

Background: Macrodactyly (megalodactyly or digital gigantism) is a rare condition of overgrowth affecting one or more fingers or toes. Methods: We report a case of a 16-year-old Caucasian male with macrodactyly, lipomas, nevi, dysmorphic features, and autism. The clinical suspicion for a Proteus-like [...] Read more.

Background: Macrodactyly (megalodactyly or digital gigantism) is a rare condition of overgrowth affecting one or more fingers or toes. Methods: We report a case of a 16-year-old Caucasian male with macrodactyly, lipomas, nevi, dysmorphic features, and autism. The clinical suspicion for a Proteus-like syndrome was high. Results: Targeted PIK3CA, AKT1, and PTEN sequencing for the affected tissue was negative. Subsequent genetic testing revealed a 16p11.2 duplication along with a heterozygous pathogenic variant in PRRT2 (not causally associated with digit malformation). Conclusions: The clinical management of syndromic macrodactyly is well described by consensus guidelines, but isolated macrodactyly also needs pediatricians’ attention and warrants a multidisciplinary approach. After reviewing the literature, a diagnostic algorithm for the approach and differential diagnosis of macrodactyly is provided. Phenotypes associated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway mutations (including PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum PROS) are described. Late effects, follow-up schedules, and surveillance for cancer are discussed. Full article

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18 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Effects of a School Mindfulness-Based Intervention in French Primary Public Schools—A Pilot Study

by Jessica Monsillion, Lucia Romo and Rafika Zebdi

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020031 - 5 Mar 2025

Viewed by 266

Abstract

Background/Objectives: School-Mindfulness-Based Interventions (SMBIs) have shown positive effects on children’s mental health by enhancing emotional regulation and present-moment awareness. This pilot study explored the effects of an SMBI program on anxiety, depression, mindfulness, emotional awareness, executive functioning, and school well-being among French [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: School-Mindfulness-Based Interventions (SMBIs) have shown positive effects on children’s mental health by enhancing emotional regulation and present-moment awareness. This pilot study explored the effects of an SMBI program on anxiety, depression, mindfulness, emotional awareness, executive functioning, and school well-being among French primary school students (mean age = 116 months; SD = 9.06). Methods: A quasi-experimental longitudinal design was employed, with assessments at pre-intervention (T1), post-intervention (T2), and follow-up (T3). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: The study found no statistically significant changes across all assessed dimensions. The lack of significant results may reflect factors such as the program’s duration, small sample size, reliance on self-report measures, and contextual challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. However, slight numerical trends in anxiety and mindfulness scores suggest potential benefits that larger studies may better detect. Conclusions: While no significant improvements were observed, the findings highlight important considerations for SMBI implementation in schools in France and internationally. Future research should address current limitations by increasing sample sizes, employing multi-informant assessments, and integrating SMBIs with complementary approaches, such as social-emotional learning. Extending the program duration or incorporating booster sessions may enhance effectiveness. Embedding SMBIs into school curricula through a whole-school approach could foster the sustainable and impactful integration of mindfulness practices into daily school life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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12 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison and Optimization of DNA Extraction Methods for Human DNA from Dried Blood Spot Samples

by Natalja Van Biesen, Piet Cools and Eline Meyers

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020030 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

Background/Objectives: DNA extraction from dried blood spot (DBS) samples is often applied in neonatal screening programs. Although various methods to extract DNA from DBSs have been described, the optimal approach remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to compare and optimize extraction methods to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: DNA extraction from dried blood spot (DBS) samples is often applied in neonatal screening programs. Although various methods to extract DNA from DBSs have been described, the optimal approach remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to compare and optimize extraction methods to establish a reliable and efficient protocol for human DNA extraction from DBSs. Methods: We conducted a back-to-back comparison of five different DNA extraction methods on 20 DBS samples: three column-based kits (QIAamp DNA mini kit, High Pure PCR Template Preparation kit, DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit) and two in-house boiling methods (one using TE buffer, one using Chelex-100 resin). DNA recovery was measured with DeNovix DS-11 and ACTB qPCR. Further optimization of elution volumes and starting material was performed on the best-performing methods (sample size = 5). Additionally, T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) DNA was assessed by qPCR as an application. Results: The Chelex boiling method yielded significantly (p < 0.0001) higher ACTB DNA concentrations compared to the other methods. Column-based methods showed low DNA recovery, except for Roche, which showed significantly (p < 0.0001) higher DNA concentrations than the other column-based methods, as measured by DeNovix DS-11. Decreasing elution volumes (150 vs. 100 vs. 50 µL) increased ACTB DNA concentrations significantly, while increasing starting material (two vs. one 6 mm spot) did not. Conclusions: We identified an easy and cost-effective optimized DNA extraction method using Chelex from DBSs, with an elution volume of 50 µL and 1 × 6 mm DBS punch, which is particularly advantageous for research in low-resource settings and large populations, such as neonatal screening programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Neonatal Screening: Expanding Horizons in Diagnostic Technologies)

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15 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Utilization in Premature Neonates Undergoing Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity

by Alena M. Pentecost, Danilo S. Boskovic, Alexis Antimo, Udochukwu Oyoyo, Christopher C. Perry, Jennifer Dunbar, Andrew Hopper and Danilyn M. Angeles

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020029 - 3 Mar 2025

Viewed by 533

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Premature neonates are at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and routinely undergo screening exams that involve substantial physical manipulation, often causing significant signs of pain, despite pain-relieving interventions. It remains unclear whether these exams affect energy utilization, cellular hypoxia, and clinically [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Premature neonates are at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and routinely undergo screening exams that involve substantial physical manipulation, often causing significant signs of pain, despite pain-relieving interventions. It remains unclear whether these exams affect energy utilization, cellular hypoxia, and clinically significant events, and whether receiving supplemental oxygen affects these relationships. This work examines the effects of ROP screening on (1) urinary uric acid-to-creatinine concentration ratios ([UA]/[Cr]), a known marker of ATP degradation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress; and (2) clinically significant events (apnea, bradycardia, gastric residuals, and oxygen desaturations) in premature neonates on room air or oxygen support. Methods: This prospective pilot study included premature neonates requiring ROP screening examinations at Loma Linda University’s NICU. Urinary [UA]/[Cr], measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and clinical events, documented by prospective medical chart review, were analyzed pre- and post-exam in subjects on room air (n = 18) or on oxygen support (n = 20). Statistical analyses included a generalized linear mixed model for urinary [UA]/[Cr] and Wilcoxon signed rank tests for clinical events. Results: A significant time effect (p = 0.010) was observed for urinary [UA]/[Cr], with higher levels at 0–12 (p = 0.023) and 12–24 (p = 0.023) hours post-exam. Subjects receiving oxygen support had more total (p = 0.028) and more severe (p = 0.026) oxygen desaturations. Conclusions: ROP examinations may increase energy utilization in premature neonates, with those receiving oxygen support being particularly susceptible to oxygen desaturations post-exam. Further research is needed to clarify the full impact of the procedure and to identify strategies to minimize stress associated with these screening examinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Neonatal Screening: Expanding Horizons in Diagnostic Technologies)

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19 pages, 325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Cognitive Bias in Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental Disorders Using 3-D Animated Serious Games

by Suzanne Stewart, Stephen John Houghton and Leslie Macqueen

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020028 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

Objective: This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a serious game, that embeds cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I), in altering the negative interpretive bias of early aged adolescents diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Specific Learning Disorders. The difficulties [...] Read more.

Objective: This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a serious game, that embeds cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I), in altering the negative interpretive bias of early aged adolescents diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Specific Learning Disorders. The difficulties that adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) experience navigating the social nuances of everyday environments make them prone to the cognitive biases that lead to the development of negative thought patterns. Directly tackling the biased interpretive processes that give rise to negative thinking may be effective in reducing negative bias and mental health problems. Method: Minds Online, a 10-episode 3-D animated serious game that embeds CBM-I was introduced using a three-phase multiple baseline design in a school setting. Eight adolescents diagnosed with an NDD completed the 10 episodes. Results: Real-time data revealed that seven of the eight adolescents altered their negative interpretive bias to a benign bias. However, pre- and post-test standardized measures revealed non-significant changes in the desired direction for mental health. Visual analyses of 308 daily self-reported ratings about worry about schoolwork, worry about peer relationships, and feelings of loneliness did not demonstrate a replicated intervention effect. However, when these interrupted time series data were analyzed statistically, significant individual improvements were evident. Engagement with Minds Online was excellent, as was adherence to daily data collection. Conclusions: Minds Online seems to be highly effective in altering the negative interpretive biases of adolescents with NDDs, which is promising because such cognitive biases are involved in the onset and maintenance of psychopathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

15 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Bullying/Cyberbullying and Subjective Vitality in Children and Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Mental Toughness

by Pablo Ramírez-Espejo, Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno, Alberto Ruiz-Ariza and Manuel J. de la Torre-Cruz

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020027 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 316

Abstract

Background: Previous research has examined to what extent the relationship between bullying/cyberbullying (victims and perpetrators) and psychological well-being is mediated by different cognitive–emotional variables. Objectives: The present study aimed to analyze whether mental toughness acted as a mediating variable in the relationship between [...] Read more.

Background: Previous research has examined to what extent the relationship between bullying/cyberbullying (victims and perpetrators) and psychological well-being is mediated by different cognitive–emotional variables. Objectives: The present study aimed to analyze whether mental toughness acted as a mediating variable in the relationship between bullying, suffered and perpetrated, and subjective vitality. Methods: Three hundred and twelve students in their final year of Primary Education and Compulsory Secondary Education, aged between 11 and 17 years, gave their responses to different self-report measures. Results: The results showed that perceived mental toughness significantly mediated the relationship between victimization and perpetration of aggressive acts through the use of electronic devices and levels of subjective vitality. A similar mediating effect was observed for occasions when the adolescent engaged in bullying acts during face-to-face interactions. Conclusions: It is concluded that high levels of mental toughness may act as a protective mechanism, reducing or mitigating the loss of subjective vitality resulting from being victimized in a virtual environment, as well as from perpetrating aggressive acts during face-to-face interactions and through the use of technological media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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34 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessReview

Why Do They Do It? The Psychology Behind Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents

by Marianna Mazza, Francesco Maria Lisci, Ester Maria Marzo, Valeria De Masi, Francesca Abate and Giuseppe Marano

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17020026 - 25 Feb 2025

Viewed by 962

Abstract

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a complex and often debilitating condition that can emerge from early behavioral disturbances in childhood and adolescence. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of ASPD in pediatric and adolescent populations, examining key diagnostic [...] Read more.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a complex and often debilitating condition that can emerge from early behavioral disturbances in childhood and adolescence. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of ASPD in pediatric and adolescent populations, examining key diagnostic challenges, developmental trajectories, and emerging treatment approaches. Recent research underscores the critical role of the early identification of conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as precursors to ASPD. Specific attention is given to biological, environmental, and psychosocial risk factors, including genetic predispositions, family dynamics, and socio-economic adversity. Additionally, neuro-psychological research highlights deficits in executive function, emotion regulation, and social cognition, which may underline the persistent antisocial patterns. Neuroimaging studies suggest atypical neural activity in regions associated with empathy, reward processing, and impulse control. Effective intervention remains a challenge, as treatment options are limited and often complicated by co-occurring conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mood disorders. Promising evidence supports the efficacy of integrative, multimodal approaches combining behavioral therapy, family interventions, and pharmacotherapy to reduce symptom severity and improve long-term outcomes. The review concludes by advocating for a public health approach that emphasizes prevention and early intervention, aiming to mitigate the progression to full ASPD in adulthood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents)

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Pediatr. Rep., Volume 17, Issue 2 (April 2025) – 16 articles

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