Microplastics in Harbour Seawaters: A Case Study in the Port of Gdynia, Baltic Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling of MPs on the Surface of Port Waters
2.3. Separation of MPs Particles Collected from the Port Waters
2.4. Identification of Collected MPs
- The macro- and microscopic observations—the plastic particles were observed at a macro and micro scale. Macroscopic observations of the collected plastics were analysed using a FujiFilm S2500 HD camera, whereas microscopic observations of plastics were analysed with a metallographic microscope ALPHAPHOT-2YS2-H Nikon (Polish Optical Companies, Warsaw, Poland), linked to a photo camera Delta Optical DLT-Cam PRO 6.3MP USB 3.0. (Delta Optical, Gdansk, Poland). The micrographs were collected under reflected light.
- Chemical identification—the Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and OMNIC software were used to identify the collected plastic particles. FTIR spectra were recorded with an attenuated total reflection (ATR Smart Orbit Accessory, ThermoFisher Scientific, Madison, WI, USA) mode on a Nicolet 380 FTIR spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Madison, WI, USA) with a diamond cell. The particles were manually fixed to the diamond crystal and scanned with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and an IR range of 4000 to 600 cm−1, and 32 scans were taken for each measurement. Due to size limitations, when using the ATR-FTIR, only particles above 500 μm could be analysed [54]. The acquired spectra were automatically compared to the reference spectra in 20 spectral libraries, with more than 11,300 spectra that consisted of both synthetic and natural materials and compounds. According to the plastic particle identification procedure, if the compatibility polymer type was higher than 60%, the match was considered as credible, but if it was lower, the compatibility was critically evaluated [55,56,57].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Macro- and Microscopic Observations of MPs
3.2. Spectroscopic Identification of MPs
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basins of the Port of Gdynia | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn |
---|---|---|---|---|
Route Length [m] | ||||
Basin No. I | 3328 | 3248 | 2552 | 2842 |
Basin No. III | 4618 | 4226 | 4344 | 2796 |
Basin No. IV | 5026 | 3893 | 1820 | 3119 |
Basin No. V | 7109 | 2365 | 5674 | 5030 |
Basin No. VI | 9628 | 9415 | 5824 | 5156 |
Basins of the Port of Gdynia | Seasons | Volume of Water Filtered (m3) | Concentration of Plastic Particles [mg/m3] |
---|---|---|---|
Basin No. I | Winter | 163.1 | 0.067 |
Spring | 159.1 | 0.007 | |
Summer | 125.0 | 0.198 | |
Autumn | 139.2 | 0.008 | |
Basin No. III | Winter | 226.3 | 0.062 |
Spring | 207.1 | 0.002 | |
Summer | 212.8 | 0.006 | |
Autumn | 137.0 | 0.012 | |
Basin No. IV | Winter | 246.3 | 0.142 |
Spring | 190.7 | absence of plastic particles | |
Summer | 89.2 | 0.382 | |
Autumn | 152.8 | absence of plastic particles | |
Basin No. V | Winter | 348.3 | 0.428 |
Spring | 115.9 | 0.002 | |
Summer | 278.0 | 0.006 | |
Autumn | 246.5 | 0.004 | |
Basin No. VI | Winter | 471.8 | 0.392 |
Spring | 461.3 | 0.006 | |
Summer | 285.4 | 0.007 | |
Autumn | 252.6 | 0.005 |
Polymer | Density [g/cm3] | Buoyancy |
---|---|---|
Polystyrene | 0.01–1.06 | floating (↑) |
Polypropylene | 0.85–0.94 | floating (↑) |
low-density polyethylene | 0.89–0.93 | floating (↑) |
high-density polyethylene | 0.94–0.98 | floating (↑) |
Nylon 66, nylon 6 | 1.14 | sinking (↓) |
Polyamide | 1.16 | sinking (↓) |
Acrylic | 1.19 | sinking (↓) |
Polycarbonate | 1.20 | sinking (↓) |
Polyvinyl chloride | 1.3–1.45 | sinking (↓) |
Polyester | 1.39 | sinking (↓) |
Basins of the Port of Gdynia | Seasons | Spectroscopy Identification (Polymer Type) |
---|---|---|
Basin No. I | Winter | low density poly(ethylene), poly(propylene) |
Spring | oxidized poly(ethylene) | |
Summer | oxidized poly(ethylene), poly(propylene) | |
Autumn | * | |
Basin No. III | Winter | * |
Spring | * | |
Summer | * | |
Autumn | poly(propylene), poly(ethylene-propylene) | |
Basin No. IV | Winter | low density poly(ethylene), oxidized poly(ethylene) |
Spring | absence of plastic particles | |
Summer | poly(styrene-propylene oxide), poly(ethylene), nylon 6 | |
Autumn | absence of plastic particles | |
Basin No. V | Winter | low density poly(ethylene), poly(propylene) |
Spring | * | |
Summer | * | |
Autumn | poly(propylene) | |
Basin No. VI | Winter | * |
Spring | low density poly(ethylene) | |
Summer | poly(styrene) | |
Autumn | poly(ethylene), oxidized poly(ethylene) |
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Dereszewska, A.; Krasowska, K.; Popek, M. Microplastics in Harbour Seawaters: A Case Study in the Port of Gdynia, Baltic Sea. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086678
Dereszewska A, Krasowska K, Popek M. Microplastics in Harbour Seawaters: A Case Study in the Port of Gdynia, Baltic Sea. Sustainability. 2023; 15(8):6678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086678
Chicago/Turabian StyleDereszewska, Alina, Katarzyna Krasowska, and Marzenna Popek. 2023. "Microplastics in Harbour Seawaters: A Case Study in the Port of Gdynia, Baltic Sea" Sustainability 15, no. 8: 6678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086678