Principles and Sustainable Perspectives in the Preservation of Earthen Architecture from the Past Societies of the Iberian Peninsula
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tools for the Assessment and Analysis of Sustainable Principles and Perspectives in Archaeological Heritage
2.2. Description of Case Studies
2.3. Cross-Referencing of Information, Decisions and Criteria
2.3.1. Material Aspect
2.3.2. Protection Structures
3. Results
3.1. The Environmental Perspective
Harmonious Integration into Nature and Reduction of Pollution
3.2. Sociocultural Perspective
3.2.1. Cultural Landscape
3.2.2. Constructive Culture and Territorial Identity
3.2.3. Social Cohesion
3.3. Socioeconomic Perspective
3.3.1. Sustainable Tourism and Promotion of Local Activity
3.3.2. Resisting the Passing of Time
3.3.3. Responsible Use of Resources
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Archaeological Site | Non-Intervention | Backfilling | Maintenance/ Drainage | Capping | Encapsulation (Compatible) | Encapsulation (Incompatible) | Consolidation (Compatible) | Consolidation (Incompatible) | Chemical Treatment | Restoration | In Situ Reconstruction (Compatible) | In Situ Reconstruction (Incompatible) | Ex Situ Reconstruction (Compatible) | Ex Situ Reconstruction (Incompatible) | Sheltering (Temp., Perm., Partial, Total) | Container Building | Relocation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. El Amarejo | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
2. Libisosa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
3. Tossa de les Basses | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
4. Tossal de Manises | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
5. Peña Negra | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
6. Illeta dels Banyets | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
7. El Arsenal | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
8. Caramoro I | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
9. La Alcudia | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
10. El Monastil | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
11. La Fonteta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
12. Rábita Califal | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
13. El Oral | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
14. Cabezo redondo | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
15. Los Millares | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
16. La Mata | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
17. Casas del Turuñuelo | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
18. Casa del Mitreo | ✓✓ | ||||||||||||||||
19. Cancho Roano | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
20. Domus Avinyó | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
21. Ca L’Arnau y Can Rodón | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
22. Turó d’en Roïna/Can Taco | ✓ | ✓✓ | |||||||||||||||
23. Horno Camp d’en Ventura de l’Oller | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
24. Doña Blanca | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
25. Horno de la Torrealta y Camposoto | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
26. Puig de la Nau | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
27. Orpesa la Vella | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
28. Cerro de las cabezas | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
29. Cerro de la Cruz | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
30. Horno El Ruedo | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
31. Turó Rodó | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
32. Mas Castellar | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
33. Ampurias | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
34. Horno Clos Miquel | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
35. Illa d’en Reixac | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
36. Cerro Santuario/Basti | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
37. Cerro Cepero/Basti | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
38. Necrópolis de Tútugi | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
39. Castellón Alto | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
40. Cerro de la Virgen | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
41. Cástulo | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
42. Vilars d’Arbeca | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
43. Casa de los grifos | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
44. Casa de Hippolytus | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
45. El Molinete | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
46. Medina Siyasa | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
47. Coimbra del barranco ancho | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
48. Villa de Los Cipreses | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
49. Cortijo del centeno | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
50. Villa de Los Torrejones | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
51. Villa Romana Piecordero I | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
52. Alto de la Cruz | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
53. Horno La Jericó | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
54. Villa romana La Olmeda | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
55. Cerro de San Vicente | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
56. Numancia | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
57. Moleta del Remei | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
58. Villa romana Els Munts | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
59. Tossal del Moro | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
60. Calvari el Molar | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
61. Horno de Fontscaldes | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
62. Coll del Moro | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
63. Castellet de Banyoles | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
64. Turó del Calvari | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
65. Ciutat Ibèrica de Calafell | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
66. El Palao | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
67. Cabezo de Alcalá | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
68. La Caridad | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓ | ||||||||||||||
69. Hornos Mas de Moreno | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
70. San Cristóbal | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
71. Plaza de los moros | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
72. La Celadilla | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
73. Alquería de Bofilla | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
74. Castellet de Bernabé | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
75. Los Villares/Kelin | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
76. Tossal de Sant Miquel | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
77. Bastida de les Alcusses | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
78. Tos Pelat | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
79. Lloma de Betxí | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
80. Cerro de La Mota | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||||
81. Soto de Medinilla | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
82. Contrebia Belaisca | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
83. Bílbilis | ✓ | ✓✓ | |||||||||||||||
84. Lépida Celsa | ✓ | ✓ | ✓✓✓ | ||||||||||||||
85. La Oruña | ✓ | ||||||||||||||||
Total (n) | 8 | 19 | 29 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 7 | 0 | 43 | 12 | 2 |
Total (%) | 9% | 22% | 34% | 4% | 5% | 14% | 14% | 0% | 7% | 9% | 14% | 16% | 8% | 0% | 51% | 14% | 2% |
Intervention | Environmental | Socio-Cultural | Socio-Economic | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Identification | Visual Identification | To Respect Nature | To Be Appropriately Situated | To Reduce Pollution | To Contribute to Health Quality | To Reduce Natural Hazard Effects | To Protect Cultural Landscape | To Transfer Construction Cultures | To Enhance Creativity | To Recognize Intangible Values | To Encourage Social Cohesion | To Support Autonomy | To Promote Local Activities | To Optimize Construction Efforts | To Extend Building’s Lifetime | To Save Resources |
Non-intervention | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✕ | - | ✕ | ✓ | |
Backfilling | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | - | - | ✕ | - | ✓ | ✓ | |
Maintenance/Drainage | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✓ | |
Capping | ✓ | - | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✓ | |
Encapsulation (compatible) | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✓ | |
Encapsulation (incompatible) | ✕ | - | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✕ | ✕ | |
Consolidation (compatible) | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✓ | |
Consolidation (incompatible) | ✕ | - | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✕ | ✕ | |
Chemical treatment | ✕ | - | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✕ | |
Restoration | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✓ | |
In situ reconstruction (compatible) | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✓ | |
In situ reconstruction (incompatible) | ✕ | - | ✕ | - | - | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✕ | ✕ | |
Ex situ reconstruction (compatible) | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✕ | ✓ | |
Ex situ reconstruction (incompatible) | ✕ | - | ✕ | - | - | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✕ | ✕ | |
Sheltering | ✕ | - | ✕ | - | - | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✕ | |
Container building | ✕ | - | ✕ | - | - | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✓ | ✕ | |
Relocation | ✓ | - | ✓ | - | - | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | - | - | ✓ | - | ✕ | ✓ |
Environmental Perspective | High Contribution | Low Contribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n * | % | n * | % | |
To respect nature | 105 | 56% | 83 | 44% |
To reduce pollution | 102 | 54% | 86 | 46% |
Sociocultural Perspective | High Contribution | Low Contribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n * | % | n * | % | |
To protect cultural landscape | 103 | 54% | 88 | 46% |
To transfer const. cultures | 149 | 77% | 49 | 23% |
To enhance creativity | 60 | 31% | 134 | 69% |
To recognize intangible values | 145 | 75% | 49 | 25% |
Sociocultural Perspective | Similar | Different | Incompatible | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n * | % | n * | % | n * | % | |
Material | 49 | 45% | 54 | 49% | 7 | 6% |
Constructive technique | 67 | 65% | 35 | 34% | 1 | 1% |
Sociocultural Perspective | High Contribution | Low Contribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Musealization | 64 | 75% | 21 | 25% |
Motorized access | 70 | 82% | 15 | 18% |
Earthen structures signage | 41 | 48% | 44 | 52% |
Musealization + motorized access + earthen struct. signage | 25 | 28% | 60 | 72% |
Socioeconomic Perspective | High Contribution | Low Contribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n * | % | n * | % | |
To promote local activities | 170 | 86% | 27 | 14% |
To extend building’s lifetime | 156 | 79% | 41 | 21% |
To save resources | 107 | 54% | 90 | 46% |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Manzano-Fernández, S.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F.; Mileto, C.; Cristini, V. Principles and Sustainable Perspectives in the Preservation of Earthen Architecture from the Past Societies of the Iberian Peninsula. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125172
Manzano-Fernández S, Vegas López-Manzanares F, Mileto C, Cristini V. Principles and Sustainable Perspectives in the Preservation of Earthen Architecture from the Past Societies of the Iberian Peninsula. Sustainability. 2024; 16(12):5172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125172
Chicago/Turabian StyleManzano-Fernández, Sergio, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, Camilla Mileto, and Valentina Cristini. 2024. "Principles and Sustainable Perspectives in the Preservation of Earthen Architecture from the Past Societies of the Iberian Peninsula" Sustainability 16, no. 12: 5172. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125172