Sustainability

26 pages, 2713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Sustainability of Construction Companies in the Digital Context: An Econometric Approach Based on Financial, Social, and Environmental Indicators

by Lucia Morosan-Danila, Claudia-Elena Grigoras-Ichim, Florin Victor Jeflea, Dumitru Filipeanu and Alexandru Tugui

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4744; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104744 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 471

Abstract

The increasing pressure for transparency in corporate sustainability reporting, especially under frameworks such as the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and the European Sustainability Reporting Standards, has raised the need for sector-specific models to integrate financial, social, and environmental indicators coherently and measurably. This [...] Read more.

The increasing pressure for transparency in corporate sustainability reporting, especially under frameworks such as the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and the European Sustainability Reporting Standards, has raised the need for sector-specific models to integrate financial, social, and environmental indicators coherently and measurably. This study proposes a composite econometric model to assess the sustainability performance of companies in the construction sector in a digital context, a domain that remains underexplored despite its substantial economic and environmental impact. Drawing on a sample of 1600 Romanian construction companies over ten years (2013–2023), this study develops a multidimensional sustainability score and tests its financial drivers using ordinary least squares regression models. The model incorporates nine financial structure variables as predictors of sustainability outcomes across three dimensions—financial, social, and environmental—while ensuring robustness through heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity diagnostics. The results show that indicators such as the return on assets, debt ratio, and equity structure significantly influence sustainability performance, particularly in the financial and environmental dimensions. In contrast, the social dimension exhibits lower explanatory power. The findings suggest that financial resilience plays a critical role in shaping sustainable practices in the construction industry and support the adoption of integrated models for performance benchmarking and policy alignment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessReview

Too Much of a Good Thing? Navigating the Abundance of E&S Metrics in Ports’ Sustainability

by Frank Oswald, Seyedeh Azadeh Alavi-Borazjani, Michelle Adams and Fátima Lopes Alves

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4743; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104743 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 376

Abstract

As global sustainability goals gain momentum, seaports are playing a pivotal role in driving environmentally and socially responsible practices. In light of the International Maritime Organization’s emission reduction targets, transparent and effective Environmental and Social (E&S) reporting has become increasingly vital. This study [...] Read more.

As global sustainability goals gain momentum, seaports are playing a pivotal role in driving environmentally and socially responsible practices. In light of the International Maritime Organization’s emission reduction targets, transparent and effective Environmental and Social (E&S) reporting has become increasingly vital. This study critically examines current E&S reporting practices in the port industry through an analysis of recent disclosures from major European and global ports, supported by a review of academic and industry literature. The research explores how sustainability reports address key themes such as CO₂ emissions, energy efficiency, health and safety, operational performance, and biodiversity. While the presence of numerous indicators reflects a commitment to comprehensive sustainability, the proliferation of metrics poses challenges for clarity, comparability, and stakeholder engagement. The abundance of data risks diluting focus, complicating benchmarking, and may even contribute to greenwashing. Without standardization and strategic alignment, reporting can become counterproductive. This study advocates for a harmonized set of performance indicators that remain flexible enough to reflect port-specific strategies, yet are consistent with global benchmarks. Achieving this balance will require collaboration among researchers, industry leaders, and policymakers to develop transparent, adaptive E&S reporting frameworks that support meaningful progress in ports’ sustainability. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Biomethane Production Potential in Spain: A Regional Analysis of Agricultural Residues, Municipal Waste, and Wastewater Sludge for 2030 and 2050

by Aurora López-Aguilera, Carlos Morales-Polo, Javier Victoria-Rodríguez and María del Mar Cledera-Castro

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104742 - 21 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 425

Abstract

This study evaluates Spain’s biomethane production potential for 2030 and 2050, focusing on agricultural residues, livestock manure, municipal solid waste (MSW), and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. The research aims to provide a regional analysis based on historical data on livestock populations, cultivated [...] Read more.

This study evaluates Spain’s biomethane production potential for 2030 and 2050, focusing on agricultural residues, livestock manure, municipal solid waste (MSW), and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge. The research aims to provide a regional analysis based on historical data on livestock populations, cultivated land, waste availability, and demographic projections. Using utilization coefficients and technological assumptions derived from existing biogas infrastructure, the study estimates that Spain could generate 9.71 TWh of biomethane by 2030, slightly below the national target of 10.41 TWh. By 2050, agricultural and livestock residues are expected to contribute 30.04 TWh, accounting for nearly 80% of total biomethane production, while the relative share of MSW and WWTP sludge will decrease. Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha, and Castilla y León emerge as key contributors due to their extensive agricultural and livestock sectors. Catalonia and Madrid maintain significant roles driven by urban waste generation. The findings underscore the need for infrastructure expansion, particularly enhancing biomethane injection facilities into the natural gas grid, alongside financial incentives to support industry growth. This study highlights the role of biomethane in Spain’s renewable energy sector, emphasizing its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, optimize organic waste utilization, and contribute to a sustainable energy transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress and Evaluation Challenges of By-Product and Waste Valorization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 1441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Digital Service Trade on the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being Under Sustainable Development Goals

by Hang Yang and Xiao-Qing Ai

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4741; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104741 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 459

Abstract

Reducing the carbon intensity of well-being (CIWB) is essential for advancing environmental sustainability and socio-economic development. The expansion of digital service trade has emerged as a novel engine of global economic growth and a promising pathway for pollution reduction and carbon mitigation. This [...] Read more.

Reducing the carbon intensity of well-being (CIWB) is essential for advancing environmental sustainability and socio-economic development. The expansion of digital service trade has emerged as a novel engine of global economic growth and a promising pathway for pollution reduction and carbon mitigation. This study investigates the nonlinear impact of digital service trade on CIWB, identifying an inverted U-shaped relationship—initially increasing CIWB, then reducing it beyond a certain threshold. In the financial digital service trade sector, this effect is mediated by energy structure transition, whereas in the technology-intensive sector, it is driven by green technological innovation. In contrast, digital service trade in the insurance, pension, and audiovisual sectors directly suppresses CIWB. Moreover, rising public environmental awareness helps leverage and strengthen the inhibitory effect of digital service trade on CIWB. Regionally, except for North America (which displays a consistently inhibitory effect), Asia, Africa, Europe, and Oceania reflect patterns similar to the overall sample. In regions with higher economic and internet development levels, the inverted U-shaped curve is steeper, and its turning point is located further to the left. Temporally, the relationship mirrors the full-sample patterns prior to the enforcement of the Paris Agreement, while an inhibitory effect emerges afterward. These findings offer policy implications for achieving the United Nations’ 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectuation in Crisis: How Displaced Women Entrepreneurs Adapt Strategies for Sustainable Business in Ethiopia

by Kassa Woldesenbet Beta

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104740 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 337

Abstract

This study investigates how displaced women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia’s fragile institutional environment apply effectuation principles to sustain their businesses. Through analysis of five effectuation dimensions, we find that while affordable loss strategies and means orientation enhance business resilience, traditional effectuation approaches like partnership [...] Read more.

This study investigates how displaced women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia’s fragile institutional environment apply effectuation principles to sustain their businesses. Through analysis of five effectuation dimensions, we find that while affordable loss strategies and means orientation enhance business resilience, traditional effectuation approaches like partnership formation and rigid control mechanisms often prove ineffective in displacement contexts. This research makes three key contributions: first, it extends effectuation theory by identifying how institutional fragility fundamentally alters the utility of entrepreneurial strategies; second, it reveals displaced women’s innovative adaptations through informal networks and risk-minimising approaches; and third, it challenges universal applications of effectuation principles in crisis settings. This study contributes to sustainable entrepreneurship by demonstrating both the relevance and constraints of effectuation theory in crisis-affected environments. It underscores the importance of flexible, resourceful strategies for women entrepreneurs navigating systemic challenges, offering insights for policymakers and support organisations. Practical implications include designing capacity-building programmes that promote adaptive strategies, such as risk management and resource optimisation, while addressing the challenges of partnerships and rigid control mechanisms. By aligning with the goals of sustainable development, this research not only highlights the potential of effectuation principles but also unravels their limitations, providing a nuanced understanding of how entrepreneurial strategies can foster resilient livelihoods and sustainable economic practices in crisis-affected regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Management Strategies and Practices—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Wind Effect on Roof Configurations with Photovoltaic Panel Systems for Sustainable Building Design

by Răzvan-Andrei Polcovnicu, Sebastian-Valeriu Hudișteanu, Nicolae Ţăranu, Dragoș Ungureanu, Marius Alexa, Iuliana Hudișteanu, Cătălin Onuțu and Alexandru-Florin Mustiață

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4739; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104739 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 362

Abstract

This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of roof structures under wind-induced forces, focusing on buildings equipped with photovoltaic panels. Experimental data were obtained through wind tunnel testing of three 1:100 scale models, each representing a distinct roof geometry: gabled, hipped, and multi-pitched. Measurements [...] Read more.

This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of roof structures under wind-induced forces, focusing on buildings equipped with photovoltaic panels. Experimental data were obtained through wind tunnel testing of three 1:100 scale models, each representing a distinct roof geometry: gabled, hipped, and multi-pitched. Measurements of dynamic pressure and pressure coefficients were conducted for various wind incidence angles, ranging from 0° to ±150°. The results highlight the impact of roof geometry and PV panel placement on the pressure distribution, with notable variations due to flow separation and vortex formation around the panels. Gabled roofs exhibited pronounced pressure gradients, while hipped roofs showed more uniform distributions. Multi-pitched roofs demonstrated the most complex aerodynamic behavior due to their variable slopes. These findings enhance the understanding of wind-structure interactions for buildings with roof photovoltaic panels, contributing to the development of more resilient and energy-efficient structures. The research supports sustainable construction practices by improving wind load predictions and informing design decisions that promote the safe integration of renewable energy systems into the built environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harnessing Renewable Energy: A Sustainable Path to Carbon Neutrality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Impact of Population Aging on Agricultural Sustainable Development

by Yan Liu, Xuanzhe Song, Senwei Huang and Manqian Xu

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4738; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104738 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Using panel data from 31 provinces and municipalities in China spanning the period from 2002 to 2021, this study constructs a comprehensive indicator system to assess the level of agricultural sustainable development from the dimensions of economic, social, and ecological. A panel threshold [...] Read more.

Using panel data from 31 provinces and municipalities in China spanning the period from 2002 to 2021, this study constructs a comprehensive indicator system to assess the level of agricultural sustainable development from the dimensions of economic, social, and ecological. A panel threshold regression model is developed, with rural labor transfer serving as the threshold variable, to explore the nonlinear effects of rural population aging on agricultural sustainable development. The empirical findings indicate that the overall level of agricultural sustainable development in China has shown a consistent upward trend over the study period, with the highest level observed in the main grain-consuming areas, followed by the main grain-producing areas, and the lowest in the grain-producing and consuming balance areas. Moreover, rural population aging exhibits a significant nonlinear and positive effect on agricultural sustainable development. Based on two identified threshold values of labor transfer, the results suggest that as the proportion of labor transfer increases, the positive impact also increases. Against the backdrop of intensified rural labor migration and the consequent acceleration of rural population aging, it is imperative to promote the scaling-up of agricultural operations, foster a new generation of professional farmers, and implement region-specific sustainable agricultural development strategies to support long-term sustainability in the agricultural sector. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Differences and Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Digital Economy Development in China

by Lei Tong and Lu Tang

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4737; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104737 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 412

Abstract

The digital economy, as an emerging productive force, has become a critical catalyst for economic sustainable progress. This study examines the regional disparities and origins of the digital economy, as well as its spatial and temporal growth patterns, which are essential for bridging [...] Read more.

The digital economy, as an emerging productive force, has become a critical catalyst for economic sustainable progress. This study examines the regional disparities and origins of the digital economy, as well as its spatial and temporal growth patterns, which are essential for bridging the financial gap among regions and promoting synchronized economic progress. We developed a multidimensional index system to evaluate the level of digital economic development across 30 Chinese provinces, encompassing aspects such as the Internet’s evolution, digital infrastructure, capacity for digital innovation, and the application of digital technologies. The regional imbalances and origins of the digital economy were scrutinized using Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition. Furthermore, the study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of digital economy progression in China, employing methods like kernel density estimation, migration models of the gravity center, and an analysis via the standard deviation ellipse. The results reveal the following: (1) Digital economic development is more advanced in Eastern China compared to the western regions, with variations primarily driven by inter-regional differences. (2) The absolute gap in national digital economic development levels is widening, and relative disparities within the eastern region are increasing. Significant polarization is observed in the development of the digital economy across the central and western regions, while disparities in the northeastern region are comparatively minimal. (3) The center of gravity for China’s digital economy has overall shifted southward; the standard deviation ellipse has extended both northward and southward and become more oblate; and the dispersion within China’s digital economy has intensified. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 4730 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on the Role of Crosslinked Polymers in Renewable Energy: Complex Network Analysis of Innovations in Sustainability

by Ulises Martín Casado, Facundo Ignacio Altuna and Luis Alejandro Miccio

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4736; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104736 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 421

Abstract

As the global push for renewable energy intensifies, the materials used in the generation, transmission, and storage of renewable energy systems have come under scrutiny due to their environmental impact. In particular, crosslinked polymers are extensively utilized in these systems because of their [...] Read more.

As the global push for renewable energy intensifies, the materials used in the generation, transmission, and storage of renewable energy systems have come under scrutiny due to their environmental impact. In particular, crosslinked polymers are extensively utilized in these systems because of their excellent thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. However, their non-recyclable nature and significant waste generation at the end of their service life present severe sustainability challenges. This review employs a citation network-based methodology to analyze the role of crosslinked polymers in renewable energy systems, with a focus mainly on two critical applications: (1) production, specifically in the manufacturing of wind turbine blades; and (2) transmission, where they are integral to high-voltage cable insulation. Our complex network analysis reveals the major themes within the field of sustainability, providing a structured approach to understanding the lifecycle challenges of crosslinked polymers. The first part explores the primary polymers used, their typical lifespans, and the environmental burden of generated waste. We then describe both traditional recycling strategies and innovative approaches, such as supercritical water processing and thermoplasticizing technologies, which offer potential solutions to mitigate these impacts. Finally, we highlight emerging reprocessable materials, including vitrimers, ionomers, and specialty thermoplastic alternatives, which provide recyclability while maintaining performance. This comprehensive assessment emphasizes the urgent need for innovation in polymer science to achieve a circular economy for renewable energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Sustainability: Sustainable Materials and Green Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Metro-Based Logistics Hub Locations for Sustainable Urban Freight Distribution

by Zixi Bai, Haonan Wang and Kai Yang

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4735; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104735 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 410

Abstract

The fast growth of global e-commerce has made cargo transportation and package delivery more important in cities. However, the limited resources for urban road traffic have made urban logistics distribution less efficient. The global movement toward green sustainability, energy conservation, and emission reduction [...] Read more.

The fast growth of global e-commerce has made cargo transportation and package delivery more important in cities. However, the limited resources for urban road traffic have made urban logistics distribution less efficient. The global movement toward green sustainability, energy conservation, and emission reduction has heightened awareness of the necessity to enhance urban mobility and transportation. This work further investigates the optimization of distribution hub locations based on subway systems, informed by research on urban distribution modes and the current state of underground logistics. This work presents two unique models: a metro-integrated evaluation model and a distribution hub location model, aimed at identifying the ideal subway logistics station and establishing the distribution center with minimal total logistics costs. A heuristic method, the jellyfish search algorithm (JS) in particular, is carefully explained in order to find a good answer for the model. From an empirical perspective, the district of Chaoyang in Beijing, China, was taken as a case to simulate the progress of identifying an ideal metro station as a city distribution hub, aimed at minimizing total logistical costs. The results indicate that the subway system can be used for city deliveries, and the proposed model and method are very useful for improving the location of delivery hubs in the city. Consequently, when subway facilities allow, we should fully utilize the extensive capacity of the subway transit system to enhance the efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable advancement of urban logistics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 5277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immune-Inspired Multi-Objective PSO Algorithm for Optimizing Underground Logistics Network Layout with Uncertainties: Beijing Case Study

by Hongbin Yu, An Shi, Qing Liu, Jianhua Liu, Huiyang Hu and Zhilong Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4734; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104734 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 282

Abstract

With the rapid acceleration of global urbanization and the advent of smart city initiatives, large metropolises confront the dual challenges of surging logistics demand and constrained surface transportation resources. Traditional surface logistics networks struggle to support sustainable urban development in high-density areas due [...] Read more.

With the rapid acceleration of global urbanization and the advent of smart city initiatives, large metropolises confront the dual challenges of surging logistics demand and constrained surface transportation resources. Traditional surface logistics networks struggle to support sustainable urban development in high-density areas due to traffic congestion, high carbon emissions, and inefficient last-mile delivery. This paper addresses the layout optimization of a hub-and-spoke underground space logistics system (ULS) network for smart cities under stochastic scenarios by proposing an immune-inspired multi-objective particle swarm optimization (IS-MPSO) algorithm. By integrating a stochastic robust Capacity–Location–Allocation–Routing (CLAR) model, the approach concurrently minimizes construction costs, maximizes operational efficiency, and enhances underground corridor load rates while embedding probability density functions to capture multidimensional uncertainty parameters. Case studies in Beijing’s Fifth Ring area demonstrate that the IS-MPSO algorithm reduces the total objective function value from 9.8 million to 3.4 million within 500 iterations, achieving stable convergence in an average of 280 iterations. The optimized ULS network adopts a “ring–synapse” topology, elevating the underground corridor load rate to 59% and achieving a road freight alleviation rate (RFAR) of 98.1%, thereby shortening the last-mile delivery distance to 1.1 km. This research offers a decision-making paradigm that balances economic efficiency and robustness for the planning of underground logistics space in smart cities, contributing to the sustainable urban development of high-density regions and validating the algorithm’s effectiveness in large-scale combinatorial optimization problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Planning and Design of Urban Underground Space for Smart Cities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurship on Entrepreneurial Intention: Entrepreneurial Attitude as a Mediator and Entrepreneurship Education Having a Moderate Effect

by Zi-Meng Ye and Kab-Won Kang

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4733; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104733 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 448

Abstract

In recent years, the Korean government has begun to encourage college students to start businesses due to college students’ employment difficulties. The government has implemented various policies to support college students to start businesses. In this study, we attempted to determine the relationship [...] Read more.

In recent years, the Korean government has begun to encourage college students to start businesses due to college students’ employment difficulties. The government has implemented various policies to support college students to start businesses. In this study, we attempted to determine the relationship between ES (entrepreneurship), EA (entrepreneurial attitude), and ESE (entrepreneurial self-efficacy), psychological variables known to affect EI. Data were collected from 415 male and female college students in Korea via a mobile survey. The structural equation model analysis revealed that ES and ESE had positive effects on EI, and the effect of ESE was greater than that of the other variables. The effect of ESE on EA was significant only in the group without EE(NEL) but not in the group with EE(EL). When ES influenced EI, EA had no mediating effect, and when ESE influenced EI, EA played a mediating role positively only in the NEL group. This study identified previously unrecognized ES factors as predictors of EI and showed that ESE is a relatively strong predictor of EI again. This implies that, in order to increase the EI of college students, it is necessary to increase the entrepreneurial ability characterized as objective, rational, realistic, and stable, such as ESE. One of the useful methods is to provide entrepreneurship education to them. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Synergistic Effect of Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy Consumption on Environmental Pollution Mitigation: Evidence from Developing Countries

by Yuhan Pan, Eugene Ray Atsi, Decai Tang, Dongmei He and Mary Donkor

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4732; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104732 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 263

Abstract

Global efforts to reduce climate change have increased, necessitating more comprehensive research. However, empirical evidence of the implication of synergizing foreign direct investment (FDI) and renewable energy consumption (REC) to reduce environmental pollution, specifically with nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH [...] Read more.

Global efforts to reduce climate change have increased, necessitating more comprehensive research. However, empirical evidence of the implication of synergizing foreign direct investment (FDI) and renewable energy consumption (REC) to reduce environmental pollution, specifically with nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions, is missing in the literature. This research investigates the impact of FDI, REC and their synergy in facilitating technological leapfrogging, analyzing their linear, non-linear and indirect effects on environmental pollution (CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ emissions). The analysis focuses on 81 developing countries, analyzing them at both the general level and by income groups—low-income countries (LICs), middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs), with government effectiveness and economic growth serving as mediating variables. Using Canonical Correlation Regression (CCR), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and clustered Pooled Least Square (PLS) techniques, the analysis covers data from 2003 to 2023. The results indicate that at the general level, FDI and REC increase N₂O and CH₄ emissions individually. However, their integration mitigates N₂O and CH₄ emissions. Additionally, the relationships remain consistent even when government effectiveness and economic growth are considered mediators. However, economic growth is more pronounced than government effectiveness in reducing environmental pollution. The non-linear analysis also reveals that FDI and REC have a significant U-shaped effect on CO₂ emissions. However, their synergy demonstrates an inverted U-shaped nexus with CO₂ emissions. At the income group levels, the interplay of FDI and REC reduces N₂O and CH₄ emissions in MICs; however, in LICs and HICs, it increases N₂O and CH₄ emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Economic Growth, Environment and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Identification, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Natural Mussels from the Shoreline of the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye

by Esra Billur Balcıoğlu İlhan

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4731; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104731 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 402

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) have become a global issue due to their potential adverse effects on sustainable marine resources and human health. In this study, MP pollution was investigated using natural mussels from all shelf regions of the SoM (Sea of Marmara), which is under [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) have become a global issue due to their potential adverse effects on sustainable marine resources and human health. In this study, MP pollution was investigated using natural mussels from all shelf regions of the SoM (Sea of Marmara), which is under the influence of many pollutant sources. A total of 322 mussels were collected along the entire coastline, and MP analyses were performed on these mussels. Mussel tissues were digested using a KOH solution to separate the MPs. Following extraction, the samples were filtered and the particles remaining on top were examined physically and chemically. In the study, the highest values were detected in samples taken both from locations under anthropogenic influence, especially from points close to where rivers flow. Across all the samples, the most predominant shape was fiber (61.08%), color was blue (57.87%) and size was (<0.5 mm) (62.55%). FTIR analysis shows that PE is the most common polymer type (44%). Calculated on the basis of 100 g of daily consumption, the annual ingestive exposures to MPs were found to be 1940, 342, 41 and 39 items for children, adolescents, female adults and male adults, respectively. As a result of a detailed risk assessment related to chronic daily intake (CDI) and microplastic carcinogenic risk (MPCR), it was determined that children are the most vulnerable group exposed to MPs and that these seafood products should be consumed with caution by children to prevent potential hazards. Additionally, it has been determined that the southern shelf and the Çanakkale Strait are the areas under the most intense pollution pressure according to the calculated MPCf and MPLI values. These findings are very relevant in terms of taking practical steps to take plans and actions to prevent contamination in the SoM and ensure the sustainability of food safety in the consumption of products obtained from the sea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Environmental Science and Water/Wastewater Treatment: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Balancing Objectivity and Subjectivity in Agricultural Funding: The Case of AKIS Measures

by Naomi di Santo, Roberta Sisto, Vittoria Dragone and Vincenzo Fucilli

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4730; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104730 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 205

Abstract

The agri-food system is faced with numerous challenges of sustainability, calling for the improved evaluation of rural development projects. However, a gap exists in the comprehension of the application of both objective and subjective indicators in project selection criteria among regions. This study [...] Read more.

The agri-food system is faced with numerous challenges of sustainability, calling for the improved evaluation of rural development projects. However, a gap exists in the comprehension of the application of both objective and subjective indicators in project selection criteria among regions. This study aims to bridge this gap by exploring, in detail, the nature and utilization of objective and subjective indicators in the Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) environment in Italy. The approach entails the analysis of documents, with a focus on data relating to the AKIS initiative across regions. The comparative approach is also used to establish the priority that regions assign to indicators. The results include the use of both objective indicators, such as the number of sectors covered, and subjective ones, such as innovation and responsiveness to local needs. Besides, the comparative approach emphasizes the complexity of the AKIS initiative, with some domains tending toward objective indicators, while others tend toward subjective indicators. The study contributes to the development of a composite framework for evaluating rural development projects and emphasizes the need for further research to develop evaluation methodologies further, so that future frameworks will be standardized as well as sensitive to regional heterogeneity. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers and Challenges Faced in the Deployment of Principles of the Circular Bioeconomy: Awareness, Knowledge and Practices Based on the Example of Polish Agriculture

by Małgorzata Pink, Barbara Kiełbasa, Michał Niewiadomski and Katarzyna Piecuch

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4729; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104729 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 389

Abstract

The circular bioeconomy is the key tool for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Changes in agricultural production are crucial to its development. Farmers are not only responsible for biomass production but also account for approximately 13% of GHG emissions in the EU. This [...] Read more.

The circular bioeconomy is the key tool for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Changes in agricultural production are crucial to its development. Farmers are not only responsible for biomass production but also account for approximately 13% of GHG emissions in the EU. This article addresses the following questions: (Q1) To what extent are farmers implementing the values and practices of the circular bioeconomy? (Q2) Are agricultural advisors promoting these values and practices? (Q3) What are the potential barriers preventing farmers from transitioning to a circular bioeconomy? The study was conducted among two groups. A CATI questionnaire survey was conducted with farmers, and in-depth interviews with agricultural advisors. Most farmers do not apply circular bioeconomy principles in their production practices. However, cluster analysis revealed variation: in addition to the disinterested mainstream group, a cluster of relatively affluent farmers was identified as more engaged in circular practices. The analysis of agricultural advisors’ attitudes revealed an insufficient level of engagement in promoting circular bioeconomy practices. It also indicated significant variation in the advisors’ values and attitudes, which may affect the type and quality of information they pass on to farmers. The study identified several barriers to the implementation of circular bioeconomy solutions, stemming from both farmers’ attitudes and institutional conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioeconomy of Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Fairness Evaluation on Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Ecological Footprint: A Case Study of Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration

by Libo Liang, Xiaona Liu and Pengfei Ge

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4728; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104728 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 414

Abstract

The sustainable development of the Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration (GPUA), which is a pivotal Belt and Road hub, is critical for achieving the UN’s 17 SDGs. Based on the ecological footprint (EF) model, this study innovatively constructs a three-dimensional framework integrating natural and [...] Read more.

The sustainable development of the Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration (GPUA), which is a pivotal Belt and Road hub, is critical for achieving the UN’s 17 SDGs. Based on the ecological footprint (EF) model, this study innovatively constructs a three-dimensional framework integrating natural and human-made capital, using the Gini coefficient and spatiotemporal analysis to evaluate resource allocation fairness in the GPUA from 2005 to 2022. Key findings include the following: (1) EF and GDP grew continuously at annual rates of 11.43% and 11.87%, while ecological carrying capacity (EC) stabilized, pushing the GPUA toward its ecological threshold under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Moreover, the increasing Ecological Pressure Index (EPI) shows that after 2014, the GPUA has trended toward “extremely unsafe” status. (2) The ecological carrying capacity Gini coefficient (G₁, 0.1710–0.6060) fluctuated significantly, while the economic contribution Gini coefficient (G₂, 0.1039–0.3519) showed a narrow upward trend; since 2015, the comprehensive Gini (G < 0.4) indicates that the EF aligns with its EC and economic contribution. (3) The GPUA shows fair resource allocation. Tongchuan, Baoji, and Xianyang are low economic contribution and high ecological contribution; Xi’an and Yangling Demonstration Zone are high economic contribution and low ecological contribution; Weinan is low ecological contribution and low economic contribution. These findings provide critical insights for hub urban agglomerations to achieve the 17 SDGs through fair ecological resource allocation and sustainable development. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Optimization Management of Ecosystem Service Flows in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, China

by Huilan Jia and Hongmin Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4727; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104727 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 328

Abstract

Ecosystem service flow (ESF) provides a new perspective for understanding the spatial transfer of ecosystem services across urban administrative boundaries, which is of significant importance for optimizing the regional ecological resource allocation. Taking the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration as a case [...] Read more.

Ecosystem service flow (ESF) provides a new perspective for understanding the spatial transfer of ecosystem services across urban administrative boundaries, which is of significant importance for optimizing the regional ecological resource allocation. Taking the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration as a case study, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the ecosystem service value (ESV) and ESF in 41 cities of the region from 2000 to 2020, combining the modified equivalence factor method and the breaking-point model. It also revealed the regional division and evolution patterns of per area ESV and per capita GDP based on ESF in the YRD. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the overall ESV in the YRD exhibited a declining trend, with a spatial distribution showing higher values in the south and lower values in the north. Forest contributed over 50% of total ESV, while the value of hydrological regulation services consistently held the largest proportion and contributed the most significant growth. The overall decline in ESF was only 0.6%, with more than 70% of the flow occurring within provincial boundaries. Hangzhou, Taizhou (Zhejiang), and Chuzhou had the highest net outflows, while Jinhua, Changzhou, and Taizhou (Jiangsu) led in net inflows. The number of service-providing areas (SPAs) and service beneficiary areas (SBAs) remained relatively stable. Furthermore, a four-quadrant framework based on ESF, per area ESV, and per capita GDP was constructed, showing that the cities in the YRD mainly shifted between Quadrants I, II, and IV, with several cities transitioning from Quadrant III to II. Based on these findings, optimized management strategies for the coordinated economic-ecological development of the YRD are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ecosystem Services and Urban Sustainability, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 6963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geotechnical Properties of Carbonate Sands on the Coast of Ceará: Implications for Offshore Wind Foundations and Green Hydrogen Initiatives

by Matheus Vasconcelos do Nascimento, Victor Luiz da Silva Alves, Samuel Porfírio Pinheiro Barros, Rachel Guerreiro Basílio Costa Genzani, Claver Giovanni da Silveira Pinheiro and Alfran Sampaio Moura

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4726; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104726 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 312

Abstract

The coastal region of Ceará, Brazil, is expected to host offshore wind farms aimed at producing green hydrogen (GH₂) through electrolysis. However, the viability and cost of these developments may be affected by the mechanical behaviour of the marine subsoil, which [...] Read more.

The coastal region of Ceará, Brazil, is expected to host offshore wind farms aimed at producing green hydrogen (GH₂) through electrolysis. However, the viability and cost of these developments may be affected by the mechanical behaviour of the marine subsoil, which is largely composed of carbonate sands. These sediments are known for their complex and variable geotechnical properties, which can influence the foundation performance. This study investigates the geotechnical characteristics of carbonate sands in comparison with quartz sands to support the design of offshore wind turbine foundations. Field testing using the Ménard pressuremeter and laboratory analyses, including particle size distribution, microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, calcimetry, direct shear, and triaxial testing, were performed to determine the key strength and stiffness parameters. The results show substantial differences between carbonate and quartz sands, particularly in terms of the stiffness and friction angle, with notable variability even within the same material type. These findings highlight the need for site-specific characterisation in offshore foundation design. This study contributes data that can improve geotechnical risk assessments and assist in selecting appropriate foundation solutions under local conditions, supporting the planned offshore wind energy infrastructure essential to Ceará’s green hydrogen strategy. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Resilience Assessments in the Yangtze River Delta Based on the DPSIR Model

by Yuting Wei and Wei Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4725; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104725 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 315

Abstract

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, located inside the Yangtze River Basin, functions as a vital ecological and economic area in China, with its natural environment directly impacting human existence. This study seeks to elucidate the spatial and temporal evolution of rural resilience [...] Read more.

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, located inside the Yangtze River Basin, functions as a vital ecological and economic area in China, with its natural environment directly impacting human existence. This study seeks to elucidate the spatial and temporal evolution of rural resilience in the Yangtze River Delta region and its underlying mechanisms by establishing a comprehensive assessment framework for rural resilience, thereby offering a scientific foundation and policy guidance for the region’s sustainable development. The research first established the DPSIR (driving force–pressure–state–impact–response) assessment index system. Subsequently, the entropy weighting method and TOPSIS were utilized to assess and rank the rural resilience levels in the Yangtze River Delta region (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui) from 2012 to 2022. Ultimately, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to examine the intrinsic logical relationships among the five dimensions of the DPSIR framework and to extract conclusions. The study effectively met the goals of SDG 7 (clean water and sanitation), SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), and SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities). The research indicated that (1) the resilience level in the Yangtze River Delta region initially declined, then increased, and eventually attained a condition of stabilization. Changes in the “driving force”, influenced by the “response level” and environmental “pressure”, have affected the resilience level of rural areas. There is heterogeneity in the assessment values and ranges of change among provinces, with the “impact” component exhibiting the most substantial evaluation value. The findings yield policy recommendations for the implementation of diverse regional governance, the establishment of connectivity mechanisms, the customization of strategies to address the specific deficiencies of each province, and the systematic enhancement of rural resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Development Goals towards Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 2432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Analysis of Combined Onshore Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Technology and Seawater Air Conditioning in Small Island Developing States

by Aminath Saadha, Keiichi N. Ishihara, Takaya Ogawa, Soumya Basu and Hideyuki Okumura

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104724 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 346

Abstract

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face energy security challenges due to reliance on imported fossil fuels and limited land for renewable energy. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of integrating Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC) systems as a [...] Read more.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face energy security challenges due to reliance on imported fossil fuels and limited land for renewable energy. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of integrating Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC) systems as a sustainable solution. The research focuses on (1) developing a scalable onshore OTEC-SWAC system and assessing feasibility across 32 SIDS using 20 years of oceanic and atmospheric data, (2) analyzing key system parameters such as pipeline length, pump sizing, and cooling requirements and their effect on capital cost, and (3) developing a scalable cost estimation model for Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) predictions. The techno-economic analysis reveals that 30 of the 32 SIDS are technically feasible for OTEC power generation with a temperature gradient of 20 °C. The proposed system is economically feasible in 23 of the SIDS with a calculated average LCOE of 0.16 USD/kWh, which is 67% lower than the diesel LCOE, which is on average 0.46 USD/kWh, making it a cost-competitive alternative. The developed reduced form of the model enables scalable LCOE calculations based on pipeline length and ocean temperature differentials, aiding policymakers in decision-making. By reducing fossil fuel dependency and supporting green tourism, this study provides actionable insights for sustainable energy adoption in SIDS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Ocean-Atmosphere Dynamics on Regional and Global Climate Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 7194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Relationship Between Cultivated Land Regulations, Agricultural Productivity, and Trade Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis Among China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan Under the Belt and Road Initiative

by Zhumash Babazov and Chunbin Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4723; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104723 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Ensuring food security and sustainable land management is a global priority, particularly within countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This study investigates the role of cultivated land regulation systems in influencing agricultural productivity and trade efficiency, focusing on China, Russia, [...] Read more.

Ensuring food security and sustainable land management is a global priority, particularly within countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This study investigates the role of cultivated land regulation systems in influencing agricultural productivity and trade efficiency, focusing on China, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan. Despite the critical role of cultivated land, variations in land-regulation policies and regional practices have led to disparate outcomes in agricultural productivity, sustainability, and trade efficiency. A comparative methodology was employed, integrating descriptive statistics, regression modeling, and geospatial analysis to evaluate yield trends, irrigation coverage, land-use efficiency, and trade performance between 2016 and 2022. Data were sourced from government reports, international databases, and satellite imagery. The results indicate that China’s centralized land-regulation policies—such as the Red Line Policy—have stabilized arable land, enhanced average crop yields (6.1 tons/ha in 2022), and significantly expanded agricultural export volumes. In Russia, land consolidation and modernization efforts have improved productivity (2.9 tons/ha in 2022) and export capacities, though limited irrigation remains a challenge. Kyrgyzstan, while showing gradual improvements through cooperative farming, continues to face fragmentation, infrastructure deficiencies, and limited trade growth. The study concludes that harmonized and targeted land-regulation policies—coupled with infrastructure investments and regulatory alignment—are essential to secure productivity, improve trade efficiency, and strengthen agricultural resilience across BRI countries. Strengthened investments in infrastructure, land-tenure security, and policy alignment across BRI countries are recommended to enhance food security and agricultural trade efficiency. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Benefits of Olive By-Products in Energy, Soil, and Sustainable Management

by Abdulaziz Alharbi and Mohamed Ghonimy

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4722; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104722 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the environmental benefits of utilizing by-products from olive farms and olive oil mills within the framework of sustainable resource management and the reduction in agricultural waste, through an integrated circular approach that involves composting and bioenergy recovery. A [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the environmental benefits of utilizing by-products from olive farms and olive oil mills within the framework of sustainable resource management and the reduction in agricultural waste, through an integrated circular approach that involves composting and bioenergy recovery. A total of 10.7–11.2 t/ha of biomass, including pruning residues and olive pomace, was generated, with a utilization efficiency of 63.5–67.5%. The energy potential of olive biomass was highlighted through assessments that revealed a theoretical generation potential of approximately 96 GJ/ha (25–28 MW·h/ha), primarily from repurposed woody biomass and pomace. The environmental analysis showed a 50–60% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional disposal, due to avoided open burning, carbon stabilization via compost, and the displacement of fossil fuels. Economically, the circular strategy yielded a net benefit of ~70 $/ha, with revenues from bioenergy and compost exceeding processing costs. Soil organic matter increased from 1.3% to 1.5% after compost application, improving fertility and water retention. The waste reduction percentage reached ~65%, significantly decreasing the volume of unutilized biomass. These outcomes, confirmed through statistical and correlation analyses, demonstrate a robust model for circular agriculture that enhances energy self-sufficiency, mitigates the environmental impact, and supports economic and agronomic sustainability. The findings offer a replicable framework for transforming olive farming waste into valuable bioresources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Management and Sustainable Agriculture: Soil, Water and Crops)

17 pages, 492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multinomial Logistic Analysis of SMEs Offering Green Products and Services in the Alps–Adriatic Macroregion

by Nikša Alfirević, Slađana Pavlinović Mršić and Sonja Mlaker Kač

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4721; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104721 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

We investigate what drives small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Alps–Adriatic macro-region to offer green products and services. A sample of 2305 SMEs from Flash Eurobarometer 498 is analyzed with a multinomial logit model that distinguishes firms that already offer green products/services, [...] Read more.

We investigate what drives small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Alps–Adriatic macro-region to offer green products and services. A sample of 2305 SMEs from Flash Eurobarometer 498 is analyzed with a multinomial logit model that distinguishes firms that already offer green products/services, those planning to do so within two years, and those with no such intention. SMEs implementing ≥ 5 resource-efficiency actions are 75% more likely to offer green products/services (RRR = 1.75, p < 0.05). An increase in the share of green jobs to >30% of staff triples that likelihood (RRR = 3.65, p < 0.01). Selling only services reduces the probability by 17%. Country dummies show Austria and Slovenia as early movers, while Croatia lags. This is the first study to apply a three-outcome model to green market activity in this macroregion, thus revealing nonlinear and country-specific patterns that a binary approach would mask. This study has multiple implications for entrepreneurial practice: (i) entrepreneurs should focus on high-leverage resource-efficiency bundles (energy, waste, circular design) rather than single actions; (ii) policymakers should combine financial incentives with green-skills vouchers to accelerate adoption in service-oriented SMEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 2503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural E-Commerce and Income Inequality: Evidence from China

by Jinwei Lv, Xinyu Guo and Haiwei Jiang

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4720; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104720 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 541

Abstract

Common prosperity is the fundamental driving force of rural revitalization, as well as the foundation for achieving sustainable economic development. The e-commerce to the countryside policy has energized the rural economy, helping to improve household economic resilience and reduce income stratification, thereby promoting [...] Read more.

Common prosperity is the fundamental driving force of rural revitalization, as well as the foundation for achieving sustainable economic development. The e-commerce to the countryside policy has energized the rural economy, helping to improve household economic resilience and reduce income stratification, thereby promoting the inclusive and sustainable development of the digital economy. Drawing on panel data collected from rural fixed observation points in Henan Province during 2009–2022, this study employs a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) approach to evaluate the impact of China’s e-commerce to the countryside policy on farmers’ income and income inequality. The empirical results reveal that the rural e-commerce policy significantly increases farmers’ income while mitigating income inequality. The underlying mechanisms function through three synergistic pathways: industrial structural upgrading, manifested through tri-sector integration driven by rural enterprise development; factor allocation restructuring, evidenced by productivity gains from optimized labor–capital reallocation; and enhanced market inclusion through digital technology empowerment that lowers participation barriers. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the e-commerce to the countryside policy exhibits pro-poor characteristics, with its income-enhancing and equalizing effects being particularly pronounced in agricultural areas, traditional villages, county-level civilized villages, underdeveloped regions, registered poverty-stricken villages, and households with low human, physical, and financial capital endowments. These findings confirm the inclusive development efficacy of rural e-commerce among vulnerable populations. Consequently, the study provides a replicable policy implementation framework for achieving common prosperity objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformation of Agriculture and Rural Areas-Second Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Interlinked Mechanism of Agricultural System Risks from an Industry Perspective

by Shiyi Yuan, Miao Yang, Baohua Liu and Ganqiong Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4719; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104719 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 274

Abstract

Studying the risk propagation mechanisms in agricultural systems is crucial for maintaining agricultural stability and promoting sustainable development. This research analyzes the risk effects and risk propagation mechanisms in agricultural systems using the DCC-t-Copula-CoVaR model, multi-layer network structures, and the mixed-frequency regression MIDAS [...] Read more.

Studying the risk propagation mechanisms in agricultural systems is crucial for maintaining agricultural stability and promoting sustainable development. This research analyzes the risk effects and risk propagation mechanisms in agricultural systems using the DCC-t-Copula-CoVaR model, multi-layer network structures, and the mixed-frequency regression MIDAS model. The study finds that there is significant heterogeneity in risk spillover and absorption in agricultural systems; the risk propagation in agricultural systems is stable, and the stronger the connectivity of industry nodes, the greater the risk. Taking the seed industry as an example, its structural indicator values consistently range between 1.0 and 1.1, with fluctuations closely linked to industry development and policy adjustments. Major risks are caused by risk resonance across multiple industries, not triggered by a single industry alone; the interconnections between industries within the agricultural system can disperse risks, forming a collective risk-sharing mechanism. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing resilient agricultural practices that support long-term sustainability, ensuring food security, and mitigating environmental impacts. By addressing risk propagation and fostering interconnected risk-sharing mechanisms, agricultural systems can better adapt to challenges such as climate change, resource scarcity, and market volatility, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and stable global food system. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Capacity Modeling of 18650 Lithium-Ion Cells from Experimental Electrical Measurements

by Víctor Olivero-Ortiz, Ingrid Oliveros Pantoja and Carlos Robles-Algarín

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4718; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104718 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

The prediction of lithium-ion battery capacity degradation is crucial for enhancing the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of energy storage systems. This study proposes a data-driven approach to model capacity degradation in 18650 lithium-ion cells, supporting the long-term performance and responsible management of battery [...] Read more.

The prediction of lithium-ion battery capacity degradation is crucial for enhancing the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of energy storage systems. This study proposes a data-driven approach to model capacity degradation in 18650 lithium-ion cells, supporting the long-term performance and responsible management of battery technologies. A systematic search was conducted to identify publicly available experimental datasets reporting charge/discharge processes, leading to the selection of the MIT-BIT Battery Degradation Dataset (Fixed Current Profiles and Arbitrary Use Profiles). This dataset was chosen for its extensive degradation data, variability, and adaptability to real-world applications. Of the 77 tested cells, 73 were included after filtering data completeness; cells with missing critical information, such as temperature, were excluded. A subset of cells tested under a 1C–2C charge/discharge profile was analyzed, and cell 52 was selected for its comprehensive structure. Using this dataset, a predictive model was developed to estimate the battery capacity based on the current, voltage, and temperature, with capacity as the target variable. A neural network was implemented using TensorFlow and Keras, incorporating ReLU activation, Adam optimization, and multiple loss functions. The dataset was standardized using MinMaxScaler, StandardScaler, and RobustScaler, and the training–test split was 75–25%. The model achieved a prediction error of 3.35% during training and 3.48% during validation, demonstrating robustness and efficiency. These results highlight the potential of data-driven models in accurately predicting lithium-ion battery degradation and underscore their relevance for promoting sustainable energy systems through improved battery health forecasting, optimized second-life use, and extended operational lifetimes of storage technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ESG Rating Divergence: Existence, Driving Factors, and Impact Effects

by Yong Shi and Tongsheng Yao

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4717; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104717 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 803

Abstract

In recent years, corporate ESG performance has been widely incorporated into investment decisions and capital allocation considerations, becoming a focal point and hot topic for research by governments and organizations worldwide. However, due to various reasons, significant discrepancies have emerged in ESG ratings [...] Read more.

In recent years, corporate ESG performance has been widely incorporated into investment decisions and capital allocation considerations, becoming a focal point and hot topic for research by governments and organizations worldwide. However, due to various reasons, significant discrepancies have emerged in ESG ratings for the same company across different institutions, and this growing divergence in ESG ratings has increasingly drawn the attention of scholars. Studying the differences in ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance) ratings is of great significance. This not only helps to understand the root causes of differences, improve the objectivity, consistency, and comparability of ratings, but also helps users better understand the meaning and limitations of rating results. It is beneficial for investors to understand the focus of different ratings and develop more effective investment strategies. It can promote rated companies to improve the quality and transparency of ESG-related information disclosure. It can also provide a reference for regulatory agencies and policymakers, identify market failures and potential risks, and promote the development of more unified standards and frameworks. At the same time, this study can also promote the in-depth development of relevant academic research and theories. Based on this, this study systematically reviews the relevant literature on ESG rating divergence, focusing on its existence, causes, influencing factors, and impacts. The study finds that, in addition to the widespread existence of rating divergence in corporate ESG performance, scholars also disagree on the measurement and methods of this divergence. The reasons for rating divergence are mainly that ESG is a qualitative indicator; top-level design, intermediate calculations, and bottom-level data collection across multiple stages exacerbate divergence; and controversies in practice further deepen divergence, among others. The influencing factors and impact effects of ESG rating divergence are diverse. Given the existence of ESG rating divergence, all parties should treat ESG ratings with caution. This paper offers corresponding recommendations and looks forward to the future, providing a foundation for subsequent research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ESG, Sustainability and Competitiveness: A Serious Reflection)

22 pages, 3666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Hotspots and Trends of Ecological Network Research (1991–2024): Insights from Bibliometric Analysis

by Jingxian Wang, Hui Tang, Wei Guo, Wendong Yu and Yunjian Luo

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4716; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104716 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 459

Abstract

Ecological networks (ENs) offer a proactive, spatially explicit strategy for safeguarding the integrity, functionality, and sustainability of ecological spaces. With land and financial resources increasingly constrained, conventional approaches to expanding ecological spaces are often infeasible. ENs have emerged as a robust solution to [...] Read more.

Ecological networks (ENs) offer a proactive, spatially explicit strategy for safeguarding the integrity, functionality, and sustainability of ecological spaces. With land and financial resources increasingly constrained, conventional approaches to expanding ecological spaces are often infeasible. ENs have emerged as a robust solution to address challenges effectively. This study combined bibliometric analysis with a traditional literature review to examine keyword co-occurrence in EN-related publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (1991–2024). The results showed a significant increase in publication volume and identified three main research themes: (i) theoretical foundations of ENs, focusing on conceptual frameworks and principles; (ii) construction methodologies of ENs, emphasizing the design and optimization through tools such as graph theory, circuit theory, the Minimum Cumulative Resistance model, and the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation model; and (iii) EN and ecosystem services, highlighting contributions to green infrastructure and forest management. The evolution of research frontiers unfolds across three distinct stages: establishing theoretical foundations (1991–2009), advancing methodologies (2010–2021), and integrating interdisciplinary approaches (2022–2024). Four future priorities guiding EN studies include advancing ecosystem service quantification and integration, enhancing climate change adaptation and resilience, strengthening socioeconomic integration for sustainable development, and leveraging interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Cost-Effectiveness of Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union’s Ecological Economic Framework

by Rafał Wyszomierski, Piotr Bórawski, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Agnieszka Brelik, Marcin Wysokiński and Magdalena Wiluk

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4715; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104715 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 383

Abstract

Evaluating the competitiveness of electricity is the most important issue. The main aim of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy production in the European Union (EU) using the levelized cost competitiveness of renewable energy sources. The weighted average cost [...] Read more.

Evaluating the competitiveness of electricity is the most important issue. The main aim of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy production in the European Union (EU) using the levelized cost competitiveness of renewable energy sources. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for onshore wind was calculated for European (EU) countries. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) approach was used to evaluate the energy costs of renewable energy sources. Energy production costs were compared across different technologies. The capital expenditures associated with solar PV are expected to decrease from USD 810/kW in 2021 to USD 360/kW in 2050. The power factor will remain stable at 14% during the analyzed period. Fuel, CO₂, and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs will be maintained at USD 10/MWh at all three time points of the analysis (2021, 2030, and 2050), whereas the LCOE will decrease from USD 50/MWh in 2021 to USD 25/MWh in 2050. The capital expenditures associated with onshore wind energy will decrease from USD 1590/kW in 2021 to USD 1410/kW in 2050. The power factor will increase from 29% to 30%, and fuel, CO₂, and O&M costs will reach USD 15/MWh in all three years. The LCOE will decrease from USD 55/MWh in 2021 to USD 45/MWh in 2050. In offshore wind projects, capital expenditures are expected to decrease considerably from USD 3040/kW in 2021 to USD 1320/kW in 2050. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Sustainability, Volume 17, Issue 10 (May-2 2025) – 495 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI