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Sustainability, Volume 17, Issue 18 (September-2 2025) – 119 articles

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23 pages, 2352 KB  
Article
Advanced Thermal Insulation Plasters Derived from Hazelnut Shell Waste: A Comprehensive Experimental Research
by Pinar Mert Cuce, Erdem Cuce and Emre Alvur
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8209; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188209 (registering DOI) - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Reducing thermal losses through building envelopes remains a key strategy in the pursuit of low-carbon, energy-efficient buildings. This study presents an innovative and sustainable retrofitting approach involving thermal insulation plaster modified with finely ground hazelnut shells, an abundant agricultural by-product in Türkiye. The [...] Read more.
Reducing thermal losses through building envelopes remains a key strategy in the pursuit of low-carbon, energy-efficient buildings. This study presents an innovative and sustainable retrofitting approach involving thermal insulation plaster modified with finely ground hazelnut shells, an abundant agricultural by-product in Türkiye. The modified plaster is applied symmetrically on both sides of standard masonry briquettes in varying proportions (2%, 4%, and 6%), and its thermal performance is experimentally assessed via the laboratory-scale coheating test method. The results reveal a substantial reduction in U-values compared to the uninsulated briquette (5.5 W/m2K): the 2% shell-modified plaster achieves a U-value of 2.40 W/m2K (56.4% improvement), the 4% variant achieves 2.14 W/m2K (61.1%), and the 6% formulation performs best at 2.04 W/m2K (62.9%). In terms of effective thermal conductivity, the modified plasters exhibit values in the range of 0.0408–0.04856 W/mK. Additionally, the 6% composition exhibits enhanced thermal inertia, delaying internal heat loss and offering extended indoor comfort. All samples demonstrate exceptional measurement repeatability, with day-to-day U-value variation below 2%. These findings surpass thermal performance benchmarks reported in previous studies using bamboo or plaster thickness alterations, and position hazelnut shell-modified plaster as a high-potential solution for sustainable building retrofits. The outcomes offer practical implications for low-cost housing, rural construction, and building refurbishment programmes, while also informing policymakers and material standardisation bodies about scalable bio-based alternatives that align with circular economy and decarbonisation goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Sustainability: Sustainable Materials and Green Engineering)
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28 pages, 884 KB  
Article
Strategic and Systemic Sustainability: Redefining EU Governance Beyond Environmental Policy
by Andrés Fernández-Miguel, Fernando E. García-Muiña, Maria Pia Riccardi, Valerio Veglio and Davide Settembre-Blundo
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8208; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188208 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
The European Union (EU) is fundamentally transforming sustainability governance by developing dual approaches that extend far beyond traditional environmental policy. This study explores how EU institutions integrate strategic sustainability, which embeds environmental goals within economic security and geopolitical frameworks, with systemic sustainability, which [...] Read more.
The European Union (EU) is fundamentally transforming sustainability governance by developing dual approaches that extend far beyond traditional environmental policy. This study explores how EU institutions integrate strategic sustainability, which embeds environmental goals within economic security and geopolitical frameworks, with systemic sustainability, which emphasizes circularity, stakeholder engagement, and long-term resilience. Using hermeneutic methodology, the research analyzes key policy documents including the European Green Deal, Circular Economy Action Plan, and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism to reveal how sustainability narratives align with strategic autonomy and economic resilience. The findings demonstrate that sustainability governance now operates as a multi-dimensional paradigm balancing sovereignty, competitiveness, and inclusiveness. The study introduces the Neo-Sovereign Strategic Management (NSSM) framework, conceptualizing sustainability as a strategic field where economic security, geopolitical influence, and environmental objectives converge. This dual strategic–systemic approach represents a paradigm shift from standalone environmental goals toward integrated governance that positions sustainability as both economic driver and geopolitical asset. The research contributes to the sustainability governance literature by providing actionable insights for policymakers navigating the complex intersection of environmental objectives, economic security, and strategic autonomy in contemporary EU governance. Unlike existing models such as multi-level governance or resilience theory, the frameworks conceptualize sustainability as a strategic field where sovereignty, competitiveness, and legitimacy converge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Quantitative Analysis and Interdisciplinary Approach to the Sustainable Development Goals)
15 pages, 1555 KB  
Article
Environmental Impact of Building Drainage Systems: Analysis of Embodied Carbon Emissions in Terms of Code-Based Design
by Sarwar Mohammed, Michael Gormley and David A. Kelly
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8207; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188207 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Reducing carbon emissions in buildings requires a holistic approach that extends beyond structural materials and looks at the services within, such as Building Drainage Systems (BDS). However, limited scientific research has addressed the environmental impacts of BDS, and, to date, no studies have [...] Read more.
Reducing carbon emissions in buildings requires a holistic approach that extends beyond structural materials and looks at the services within, such as Building Drainage Systems (BDS). However, limited scientific research has addressed the environmental impacts of BDS, and, to date, no studies have systematically analysed embodied carbon emissions from a design code perspective. This study evaluates the embodied carbon emissions of BDS based on calculations from four major international design codes, BS EN 12056 (Europe), IPC and UPC (USA), and AS/NZS 3500 (Australia/New Zealand), using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipework. System configurations recommended in the design codes, such as primary ventilation and secondary ventilation systems, were evaluated as well as a fully active system incorporating Air Admittance Valves (AAVs) and Positive Pressure Relief Devices (PPRDs) across a range of building sizes from 10 to 100 storeys. The findings reveal substantial differences in recommended pipe sizes among the codes, directly impacting total pipework material use and, in turn, the embodied carbon emissions. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of PVC pipework demonstrates that the design recommendations in the European code generally lead to lower embodied carbon emissions, while the IPC and UPCs result in significantly higher emissions, with the AS/NZS code falling in between. In contrast, the use of a fully active drainage system was shown to reduce embodied carbon emissions by up to 73% depending on the building size and the design code applied. As the sustainability of buildings and systems becomes more and more vital, the findings of this paper provide the foundations for integrating the sustainability metrics of BDS into design codes. This will provide practical guidance for engineers and regulators on how carbon savings in BDS design and construction can be achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Building Materials)
24 pages, 13599 KB  
Article
Optimized Extrapolation Methods Enhance Prediction of Elsholtzia densa Distribution on the Tibetan Plateau
by Zeyuan Liu, Youhai Wei, Liang Cheng, Hongyu Chen and Hua Weng
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8206; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188206 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Species distribution models (SDMs) grapple with uncertainty. To address this, a parameter-optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict habitat suitability for Elsholtzia densa, a predominant agricultural weed on the Tibetan Plateau. Through multiparameter optimization with 149 occurrence points and three climate variable [...] Read more.
Species distribution models (SDMs) grapple with uncertainty. To address this, a parameter-optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict habitat suitability for Elsholtzia densa, a predominant agricultural weed on the Tibetan Plateau. Through multiparameter optimization with 149 occurrence points and three climate variable sets, we systematically evaluated how the three MaxEnt extrapolation approaches (Free Extrapolation, Extrapolation with Clamping, No Extrapolation) influenced model outputs. The results showed the following: (1) Model optimization using the Kuenm R package version (1.1.10) identified seven critical bioclimatic variables (Feature Combinations = LQTH, Regularization Multipliers = 2.5), with optimized models demonstrating high accuracy (Area Under Curve > 0.9). (2) Extrapolation approaches exhibited negligible effects on variable selection, though four bioclimatic variables “bio1 (annual mean temperature)”, “bio12 (annual precipitation)”, “bio2 (mean diurnal range)”, and “bio7 (temperature annual range)” predominantly drove model predictions. (3) Current high-suitability areas are clustered in the eastern and southern regions of the Tibetan Plateau, and with Free Extrapolation yielding the broadest current distribution. Climate change projections suggest habitat expansion, particularly under conditions of No Extrapolation. (4) Multivariate Environmental Similarity Surface (MESS) and Most Dissimilar Variable (MoD) are not affected by the extrapolation method, and extrapolation risk analyses indicate that future climate anomalies are mainly concentrated in the western and southern parts of the Tibetan Plateau and that future warming will further increase the unsuitability of these regions. (5) Variance analysis showed that the extrapolation methods did not significantly affect the 10-replicate results but influenced the parameter and emission scenarios, with No Extrapolation methods showing minimal variance changes. Our findings validate that multiparameter optimization improves species distribution model robustness, systematically characterizes extrapolation impacts on distribution projections, and provides a conceptual framework and early warning systems for agricultural weed management on the Tibetan Plateau. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2nd Edition)
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28 pages, 23116 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Pedestrian Movement and Sustainable Public Realm in Planned Residential Areas, Mersin, Türkiye
by Züleyha Sara Belge, Burak Belge, Hayriye Oya Saf and Elvan Elif Özdemir
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8205; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188205 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
The study investigates the disconnect between formal urban planning standards and experiential walkability outcomes in Viranşehir, a planned neighborhood in Mersin, Türkiye. Although the area complies with national regulations on the provision of public services, it exhibits systemic limitations, including car-oriented street layouts, [...] Read more.
The study investigates the disconnect between formal urban planning standards and experiential walkability outcomes in Viranşehir, a planned neighborhood in Mersin, Türkiye. Although the area complies with national regulations on the provision of public services, it exhibits systemic limitations, including car-oriented street layouts, fragmented pedestrian networks, and underutilized public spaces. Employing a mixed-methods case study, the research integrates archival sources (aerial imagery, zoning plans, satellite data) with field observations to assess pedestrian environments. A light coding of sidewalk continuity, crossings, and edge conditions indicates that many streets are bounded by extensive inactive walls, protected crossings are absent along critical routes such as the school–park axis, and sidewalks are frequently narrow, obstructed, or discontinuous. These built-form features undermine safety, comfort, and social interaction despite formal regulatory compliance. The findings demonstrate how grid-pattern street systems prioritize vehicular mobility, while gated developments restrict permeability and diminish everyday encounters. In response, the study proposes a hierarchy of interventions: immediate measures such as school streets, protected crossings, and traffic calming, followed by medium- to long-term strategies including shaded seating, sidewalk widening, and participatory design guidelines. By linking statutory standards with lived experience, the paper conceptualizes walkability not only as a technical planning requirement but also as a socio-cultural right, offering transferable insights for the creation of more inclusive urban environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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31 pages, 1085 KB  
Article
Evaluating Emission Reduction Policies and the Influence of Corporate Governance
by Aws AlHares
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8204; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188204 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between corporate emission reduction policies (ERPs) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with a particular focus on the moderating role of corporate governance (CG). Drawing on a dataset of 18,545 firm-year observations from 28 developed and emerging countries spanning [...] Read more.
This study examines the relationship between corporate emission reduction policies (ERPs) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with a particular focus on the moderating role of corporate governance (CG). Drawing on a dataset of 18,545 firm-year observations from 28 developed and emerging countries spanning 2013 to 2024, the analysis finds that firms with stronger corporate governance and higher ERP adoption exhibit significantly better emission intensity. These results remain robust across multiple specifications, including alternative GHG performance metrics, corporate governance proxies, and emission-intensity measures. Beyond the cross-sectional analysis, firm-level trend regressions show that improvements in a firm’s ERPs relative to the sector average are associated with reductions in emission intensity over time. The findings highlight the critical role of robust corporate governance in mitigating greenwashing risks and ensuring the credibility of corporate climate commitments. By emphasizing the interplay between corporate governance and ERPs, the study contributes to the literature on climate governance and corporate environmental strategy. It also offers practical implications for investors and regulators, underlining the need to assess not only ERP commitments but also the governance structures that determine their effectiveness. Full article
37 pages, 897 KB  
Article
Leading the Transition Towards Sustainable Affordable Public Housing (SAPH) in Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
by Aaron Anil Chadee, Lisandra Stephanie Seecharan and Hector Martin
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8203; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188203 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Affordable public housing has been identified as a key programme initiative towards social infrastructural development. Scholarship has shown that sustainable affordable public housing (SAPH) aids in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and [...] Read more.
Affordable public housing has been identified as a key programme initiative towards social infrastructural development. Scholarship has shown that sustainable affordable public housing (SAPH) aids in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). There exists a dire need for sustainable and affordable housing initiatives in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the relationship between sustainability and affordable public housing development by extracting and ranking critical success factors (CSFs) associated with SAPH in Caribbean SIDS. By adopting a quantitative methodology, a closed-ended questionnaire was administered to relevant personnel associated with the construction industry to rank the risk impact of various success factors relating to SAPH and produce a Structural Equation Model (SEM). The findings revealed that CSFs for SAPH in SIDS are context specific and deviated from the general literature. CSFs were broadly grouped into economic, energy efficiency and transparency, and construction execution categories. The most pertinent CSF was the implementation of risk reduction inputs into the planning stages of construction projects. These risk reduction inputs are important preventive measures for disasters and contribute to achieving social, economic and environmental sustainability within Caribbean SIDS. This research aims to bridge the gap between academic research and praxis to advance a sustainable construction industry within SIDS while contributing to the critically limited body of knowledge on SAPH within developing nations. It also aims to form the foundation of sustainable housing within SIDS based on the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Sustainable Construction Management Operations)
21 pages, 992 KB  
Article
Differences in Outcomes of the “Modernisation of Agricultural Holdings” Measure Across Polish Regions
by Patrycja Hanna Beba and Ewa Kiryluk-Dryjska
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8202; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188202 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Since the Polish accession to the EU, a substantial amount of financial support has been allocated to the agricultural sector, thereby underscoring the necessity for a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and ramifications of the implemented agricultural policy. One such instrument was the [...] Read more.
Since the Polish accession to the EU, a substantial amount of financial support has been allocated to the agricultural sector, thereby underscoring the necessity for a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and ramifications of the implemented agricultural policy. One such instrument was the “Modernisation of agricultural holdings” which was implemented under the 2007–2013 Rural Development Program (RDP) and continued, in a slightly modified form, in subsequent programs. The primary objective of this paper was to assess whether the implementation of the “Modernisation of agricultural holdings” has contributed to the improvement of agricultural development indicators in areas with a high number of modernization projects implemented, compared to areas with similar farming conditions but with low interest among farmers in this measure. Additionally, the analysis sought to determine whether the initial level of agricultural development was a determining factor in any observed differences in the improvement of these indicators. We compared the indicators of agricultural development calculated over two periods: 2010 and 2020 in Polish regions with similar farming conditions and similar characteristics (climatic conditions, farm size, crop structure, production direction, etc.), but different in their activity in applying for investment funds from the Modernization measure. The results demonstrate that in regions where agricultural conditions are more favorable, agricultural potential is higher, and agricultural structures are more developed, the impact of Modernization funds is negligible. Farms invariably evolve in a similar manner, irrespective of whether they have sought external support. The role of support for investment financing is significantly more pronounced in areas characterized by substantial agricultural fragmentation and predominance of small farms. In the regions of Poland where agricultural output was below the national average, the disparities in agricultural development between municipalities that received substantial Modernization funds and those that received less support were more highlighted. Thus, our findings reveal that to encourage investment in agricultural holdings, the funds should be allocated to regions with lower production potential and more fragmented agriculture, where the impact of the support is more evident. Full article
18 pages, 8055 KB  
Article
The Effect of Recycled Wind Turbine Blade GFRP on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete
by Waldemar Kępys, Barbara Tora, Vojtěch Václavík and Justyna Jaskowska-Lemańska
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8201; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188201 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Growing concerns about industrial waste have intensified the search for practical reuse strategies in the construction industry. One of the most problematic types of waste is decommissioned wind turbine blades, which are tough, lightweight glass fibre composites that resist conventional recycling. In this [...] Read more.
Growing concerns about industrial waste have intensified the search for practical reuse strategies in the construction industry. One of the most problematic types of waste is decommissioned wind turbine blades, which are tough, lightweight glass fibre composites that resist conventional recycling. In this study, shredded glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) recovered from such blades was used to partially replace the 2–8 mm fraction of natural aggregate in concrete at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by volume. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis showed that the material consists mainly of SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) revealed uneven fibre dispersion and a clear increase in porosity. Compared with the control mix, compressive strength reduced by 7–25%, splitting tensile strength by 18–24%, and elastic modulus by 17–35%. All mixes achieved watertightness class W12 (1.2 MPa), though the depth of water penetration increased with GFRP content. After 50 freeze–thaw cycles, frost-resistance class F50 was only met at 10% replacement. While these trends underline the performance trade-offs, they also point to a realistic route for diverting composite waste from landfills, reducing reliance on quarried aggregate and producing ‘green’ concretes for non-structural, prefabricated elements, where moderate strength is acceptable and reducing weight is advantageous. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)
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24 pages, 1596 KB  
Article
Evaluating the Sustainability Consequences of Omitting Structural Analysis in Reinforced Concrete Projects in Burundi
by Alain Teddy Bimenyimana and Sepanta Naimi
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8200; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188200 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Sustainable construction has evolved into a global priority to mitigate the impacts of climate change, as the construction industry significantly contributes to environmental degradation and the overexploitation of resources. This study considers the effects on sustainability, particularly the inadequate management of resources, the [...] Read more.
Sustainable construction has evolved into a global priority to mitigate the impacts of climate change, as the construction industry significantly contributes to environmental degradation and the overexploitation of resources. This study considers the effects on sustainability, particularly the inadequate management of resources, the ecological impact, and the anticipated degradation of the structures, all of which are due to the omission of the structural analysis during the design phase of the reinforced concrete (RC) structure. A methodical survey was conducted in three major cities among 258 professionals in the construction sector in Burundi, a developing country that has suffered socio-political and infrastructural challenges. The study examines the impact of these challenges on construction results. Quantitative analysis was carried out using SPSS v.30 and Amos 26 Software. For this research, reliability analysis, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO), Bartlett test, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and the Relative Importance Index (RII) were used to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the data. The results indicate that many projects are taking place in the absence of proper structural analysis due to financial constraints, poor quality materials, lack of qualified personnel, poor enforcement of regulations, and insufficient monitoring. These parameters have led to structural deficiencies compromising sustainability. The study recommends that government agencies, professional construction workers, and building owners improve regulation, teaching effectiveness, and professional responsibility to ensure that fundamental practices, such as structural analysis and the use of right sustainable materials, are logically applied to improve public safety and environmental resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials Selection in Civil Engineering Projects)
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21 pages, 433 KB  
Article
How Does the Carbon Emission Trading Policy Enhance Corporate Green Technology Innovation? Evidence from Advanced Manufacturing Enterprises
by Shiheng Xie, Pengbo Zhao and Shuping Wang
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8199; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188199 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
As global climate change progresses and the “dual carbon” strategy advances, market-based carbon emission trading systems are of great theoretical and practical importance for green technology innovation. In this paper, A-share listed advanced manufacturing enterprises in pilot regions from 2010 to 2023 are [...] Read more.
As global climate change progresses and the “dual carbon” strategy advances, market-based carbon emission trading systems are of great theoretical and practical importance for green technology innovation. In this paper, A-share listed advanced manufacturing enterprises in pilot regions from 2010 to 2023 are taken as samples, and a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) method is employed to probe into the mechanism by which this policy influences green technology innovation in China’s advanced manufacturing enterprises. Empirical analysis reveals that carbon emission trading exerts a remarkable promoting impact on green technology innovation in China’s advanced manufacturing enterprises. The study indicates that the policy’s influence on enterprises is indirect; specifically, government policies encourage enterprises to raise their R&D investment, thus facilitating green technology innovation to some degree. Moreover, carbon emission rights prices play a positive moderating role, which is vital for maintaining the policy’s incentive function in long-term green transition—within a reasonable range, carbon prices can enhance the policy’s promoting effect. In addition, enterprise-specific features like company size and asset-liability ratio have certain effects on enterprises’ green technology innovation behaviors. The research findings will offer a theoretical foundation and practical reference for optimizing China’s carbon market mechanism in advanced manufacturing and advancing the green transformation of China’s advanced manufacturing industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Carbon Innovation: Energy Policy and Strategic Technology Planning)
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27 pages, 9021 KB  
Article
Investigating Spatial Extremes of Annual Daily Precipitation Using CMIP6 Multi-Model Ensembles for Sustainable Flood Risk Assessment
by Alaba Boluwade, Paul Sheridan and Upaka Rathnayake
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8198; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188198 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the spatial characteristics of daily maximum precipitation for Prince Edward Island using a max-stable process model. The ssp126, ssp245, and ssp585 climate change scenarios, indicating low/optimistic, intermediate/in-between, and worst/pessimistic emissions scenarios, respectively, were extracted from 11 global climate model ensembles. [...] Read more.
This study investigates the spatial characteristics of daily maximum precipitation for Prince Edward Island using a max-stable process model. The ssp126, ssp245, and ssp585 climate change scenarios, indicating low/optimistic, intermediate/in-between, and worst/pessimistic emissions scenarios, respectively, were extracted from 11 global climate model ensembles. For the time periods, the reference (historical) period was from 1971 to 2000, according to the World Meteorological Organization recommendations. Other time periods considered were 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100 as immediate, intermediate, and far future periods, respectively. The spatial trends analysis shows a west-to-east gradient throughout the entire study area. Return levels of 25 years were predicted for all the projections using the spatial generalized extreme value model fitted to the historical period, showing that topography should be included as a covariate in the spatial extreme model. Across the 134 grid points used in the study, the predicted return level for the historical period was 94 mm. Compared with the immediate time period, there is an increase of 47%, 53%, and 50% for the low, intermediate, and worst emission scenarios, respectively. For the intermediate period, there is an increase of 43%, 59%, and 56% for the low, intermediate, and worst emission scenarios, respectively. For the far future period, there is an increase of 49%, 48%, and 84% for the low, intermediate, and worst emission scenarios, respectively. There is a systematic increase in return levels based on the different periods. This shows a high chance of increased risks of extreme events of large magnitudes for this area in the immediate future through to the far future. This study will be useful for engineers, city planners, financial officials, and policymakers tasked with infrastructure development, long-term safety protocols, and sustainability and financial risk management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)
18 pages, 1240 KB  
Article
Sustainable Journeys: Navigating the Circular Economy Wave in EU Tourism for a Greener Future
by Egla Mansi, Nerajda Feruni, Yan Ren, Eglantina Hysa and Valentina Ndou
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8197; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188197 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
This research explores the complex relationships between tourism, economic factors, environmental sustainability, and transportation infrastructure within the European Union (EU), as the tourist scene changes globally. Our research uses a comprehensive model to investigate the factors that influence the number of tourists arriving [...] Read more.
This research explores the complex relationships between tourism, economic factors, environmental sustainability, and transportation infrastructure within the European Union (EU), as the tourist scene changes globally. Our research uses a comprehensive model to investigate the factors that influence the number of tourists arriving in the EU, focusing on the years 1990 to 2022. The model considers transportation infrastructure, environmental sustainability indices, and economic variables as major determinants of tourism flows. Economic variables encompass exchange rates, the Consumer Price Index (CPI), and per capita income, while environmental sustainability indicators include carbon footprint and renewable energy usage. Additionally, the model considers transportation infrastructure by assessing the quality and availability of transportation modes. We use a two-way fixed effect to account for any unobserved heterogeneity. Fixed effects give control over nation-specific factors that might affect tourism, as they are a reliable method to deal with potential biases in the estimated parameters. Our study aims to provide insightful information about the sustainable growth of tourism in the European Union, providing policymakers, scholars, and industry stakeholders with a comprehensive understanding of the variables influencing visitor arrivals. This research contributes to the tourism literature by integrating CE principles with behavioral insights from the theory of planned behavior, highlighting how tourists’ pro-environmental attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control influence travel choices. In the framework of the circular economy, the authors hope to inform policy choices and advance a more environmentally conscious travel industry in the EU by examining the points where economic, environmental, and transportation aspects converge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Transition and Technology for Sustainable Management)
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22 pages, 3219 KB  
Article
Adapting the 15-Minute City to North America: A Framework for Neighborhood Clusters with Urban Agriculture and Green Mobility
by Md Faisal Kabir, Mahnoor Fatima Sohail and Caroline Hachem-Vermette
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8196; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188196 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
To reduce GHG emissions from food miles and enhance urban food security, this study develops and evaluates an integrated framework combining three strategies: the 15-minute city concept, urban agriculture, and a renewable-energy-powered green transportation (GT) system. The goal is to create a scalable, [...] Read more.
To reduce GHG emissions from food miles and enhance urban food security, this study develops and evaluates an integrated framework combining three strategies: the 15-minute city concept, urban agriculture, and a renewable-energy-powered green transportation (GT) system. The goal is to create a scalable, holistic approach to sustainable food production and distribution within neighborhoods. A Food Production and Transportation Framework is proposed, modeling vegetable cultivation across rooftops, facades, and lot spaces, with optimized allocations based on a tailored Food Production Schedule. The harvested produce is distributed via GT powered by sidewalk-integrated photovoltaics (PVs). Results demonstrate that using 15% of roof, facade, and lot spaces yields an achieved annual food self-sufficiency of 100%. The transportation system operates with a single GT unit powered by 98 m2 of sidewalk PVs, reducing CO2 emissions by 98% from the base case. Economic analysis indicates a payback period of 2.8 years, with the cost of PV-generated electricity estimated at C$0.92/kWh. This framework highlights that 0.19 units of local food production offset one unit of CO2 emissions. This integrated approach advances multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Quantitative Analysis and Interdisciplinary Approach to the Sustainable Development Goals)
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19 pages, 736 KB  
Article
A Life Cycle Assessment of Snack Bar Prototypes Created with Ingredients Compatible with the Mediterranean Diet
by Gökhan Ekrem Üstün and Metin Güldaş
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8195; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188195 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Healthy nutrition is of great importance to maintain the physical and mental health of individuals. In recent years, products such as snack bars have become widely used to encourage healthy eating habits. This study compared the environmental footprints of four snack bar prototypes [...] Read more.
Healthy nutrition is of great importance to maintain the physical and mental health of individuals. In recent years, products such as snack bars have become widely used to encourage healthy eating habits. This study compared the environmental footprints of four snack bar prototypes that adhere to the Mediterranean diet (MD) through a life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA is used to calculate an environmental footprint, encompassing six impact categories: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Abiotic Depletion (AD), Human Toxicity (Cancer (HTC) and Non-Cancer Effects (HTNC)), land use (LU), and water use (WU). The total impacts were as follows (prototypes 1–4, respectively): GWP 0.221/0.224/0.234/0.194 kg CO2-eq; AD 2.35/2.87/2.63/2.01 MJ; HTC 9.13 × 10−10/7.69 × 10−10/9.82 × 10−10/9.88 × 10−10 CTUh; HTNC 1.03 × 10−8/1.51 × 10−9/4.16 × 10−9/3.03 × 10−9 CTUh; LU 14.8/21.6/21.8/10.8; WU 0.132/0.287/0.198/0.068 m3. Prototype 4, which yielded the lowest value across four indicators (GWP, AD, LU, and WU), is the most environmentally favorable. A range of 89–91% of the GWP originates from raw material production, while the share attributed to transportation is 3–4%. Nuts and dried fruit contents are decisive for WU and LU. The findings suggest that environmental impacts are highly sensitive to ingredient composition and agricultural inputs, and that selecting raw materials and optimizing the supply chain is critical for mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)
32 pages, 3201 KB  
Article
Real-Time Urban Congestion Monitoring in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Using the Google Maps API: A Data-Driven Framework for Middle Eastern Cities
by Ghada Ragheb Elnaggar, Shireen Al-Hourani and Rimal Abutaha
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8194; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188194 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Rapid urban growth in Middle Eastern cities has intensified congestion-related challenges, yet traffic data-based decision making remains limited. This study leverages crowd-sourced travel time data from the Google Maps API to evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of congestion across multiple strategic routes in [...] Read more.
Rapid urban growth in Middle Eastern cities has intensified congestion-related challenges, yet traffic data-based decision making remains limited. This study leverages crowd-sourced travel time data from the Google Maps API to evaluate temporal and spatial patterns of congestion across multiple strategic routes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a coastal metropolis with a complex road network characterized by narrow, high-traffic corridors and limited public transit. A real-time Congestion Index quantifies traffic flow, incorporating free-flow speed benchmarking, dynamic profiling, and temporal classification to pinpoint congestion hotspots. The analysis identifies consistent peak congestion windows and route-specific delays that are critical for travel behavior modeling. In addition to congestion monitoring, the framework contributes to urban sustainability by supporting reductions in traffic-related emissions, enhancing mobility equity, and improving economic efficiency through data-driven transport management. To our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically use the validated, real-time Google Maps API to quantify route-specific congestion in a Middle Eastern urban context. The approach provides a scalable and replicable framework for evaluating urban mobility in other data-sparse cities, especially in contexts where traditional traffic sensors or GPS tracking are unavailable. The findings support evidence-based transport policy and demonstrate the utility of publicly accessible traffic data for smart city integration, real-time traffic monitoring, and assisting transport authorities in enhancing urban mobility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Systems and Consciousness Society: Sustainable Transportation and Decision Making)
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18 pages, 7251 KB  
Article
Impact of Airflow Rate and Supply-Exhaust Configuration on Displacement Ventilation in Airborne Pathogen Removal
by Rahul Bale, Alicia Murga, Haruhiro Yamamoto and Makoto Tsubokura
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8193; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188193 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Displacement ventilation systems can offer healthy indoor air quality (IAQ) by maintaining stratified flows that transport and expel airborne contaminants through the upper region of indoor spaces. Using large eddy simulation (LES), we investigate displacement ventilation in a generic indoor space under varying [...] Read more.
Displacement ventilation systems can offer healthy indoor air quality (IAQ) by maintaining stratified flows that transport and expel airborne contaminants through the upper region of indoor spaces. Using large eddy simulation (LES), we investigate displacement ventilation in a generic indoor space under varying ventilation flow rates and supply–exhaust configurations. Assessing the ventilation system requires quantitative evaluation of airborne contaminants, for which CO2 concentration is typically used as a proxy. However, in this study, we show that there is both a qualitative and quantitative correlation between CO2 and airborne respiratory particles using computational particle fluid dynamics simulations. The role of the ventilation flow rate in ventilation efficacy is investigated for low values ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 m3/s, and the role of supply–exhaust configuration is assessed by considering in-line and staggered layouts. At low flow rates (0.01 to 0.04 m3/s), the ventilation system maintains a stable stratified layer within the room. Within this regime, the CO2 level in the occupied zone is inversely proportional to the ventilation rate. At higher flow rates, the ventilation transitions to a mixing regime, effectively nullifying the intended design of the system. Interestingly, the two opening configurations produce nearly identical trends, suggesting that jet strength and room geometry dominate over modest opening shifts in this setup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)
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25 pages, 1258 KB  
Article
Algebraic Modeling of Social Systems Evolution: Application to Sustainable Development Strategy
by Jerzy Michnik
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8192; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188192 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
This paper presents ALMODES, a discrete-time modeling approach for social systems that uses matrix algebra and directed graphs. The method bridges the gap between static network analysis and continuous System Dynamics, offering a transparent framework that reduces data requirements. The method enables clear [...] Read more.
This paper presents ALMODES, a discrete-time modeling approach for social systems that uses matrix algebra and directed graphs. The method bridges the gap between static network analysis and continuous System Dynamics, offering a transparent framework that reduces data requirements. The method enables clear causal mapping, rapid simulation, straightforward sensitivity analysis, and natural hybridization with agent-based or discrete-event models. Two case studies illustrate its utility for sustainable-development strategy: in an urban public-health setting, modernization and sanitation policies drive sustained declines in disease despite growth, whereas reversing the population-to-modernization link triggers a morbidity rebound that can be prevented by strengthening the modernization-to-sanitation pathway; in a high-tech services Balanced Scorecard model, a baseline backlog spike depresses customer satisfaction, aggressive hiring shortens the spike but erodes income, and coordinated boosts to training and incentives (about twelve percent productivity gain) remove the backlog early, stabilize customers, and improve income, highlighting human-capital policy as a robust lever. ALMODES thus supports pragmatic policy design under limited, expert-elicited parameters. Future research will address uncertainty quantification, time-varying structures and shocks, automated calibration and empirical validation at scale, optimization and control design, richer integration with hybrid simulation, participatory interfaces for stakeholders, and standardized benchmarks across domains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Responsibility, Education and Managerial Strategies for Sustainable Development)
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16 pages, 493 KB  
Article
Enhancing the Sustainability of Retail Supply Chains Through an Integrated Industry 4.0 Model
by Aldona Jarašūnienė and Donaldas Paulauskas
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8191; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188191 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Supply chain management in the retail sector faces numerous internal and external challenges, increasing the need to incorporate environmental and social indicators into performance evaluation. The aim of this study is to identify these challenges and propose solutions that reduce the negative environmental [...] Read more.
Supply chain management in the retail sector faces numerous internal and external challenges, increasing the need to incorporate environmental and social indicators into performance evaluation. The aim of this study is to identify these challenges and propose solutions that reduce the negative environmental impact of retail companies and enhance their social responsibility by leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies. A review of the scientific literature reveals a lack of research focused on improving supply chain sustainability in the retail sector. Therefore, an expert study was conducted to identify five key barriers hindering the effective integration of digital innovations (e.g., Internet of Things, artificial intelligence) into retail logistics operations. Based on the insights from this study, an integrated model for enhancing supply chain sustainability was developed, grounded in circular economy principles and advanced Industry 4.0 technologies. This model supports retail companies in increasing supply chain resilience and sustainability by outlining measures ranging from problem diagnostics and data management to the implementation of automated solutions and the strengthening of personnel competencies. The application of the model aims to reduce environmental pollution, improve resource efficiency, and promote socially responsible practices throughout the supply chain. Full article
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18 pages, 1922 KB  
Article
Simulation of Snow and Ice Melting on Energy-Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Thermally Conductive Asphalt Pavement
by Wenbo Peng, Yalina Ma, Lei Xi, Hezhou Huang, Lifei Zheng, Zhi Chen and Wentao Li
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8190; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188190 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Conventional asphalt pavement snow and ice removal methods suffer from issues such as time-consuming operations, high costs, and pollution from chemical de-icing agents. Commonly used thermally conductive asphalt concrete (TCAC) faces problems including limited filler diversity, high filler content, and elevated costs. To [...] Read more.
Conventional asphalt pavement snow and ice removal methods suffer from issues such as time-consuming operations, high costs, and pollution from chemical de-icing agents. Commonly used thermally conductive asphalt concrete (TCAC) faces problems including limited filler diversity, high filler content, and elevated costs. To address these challenges, this study developed a thermally conductive asphalt concrete incorporating carbon fiber–silicon carbide composite fillers to provide a low-cost, energy-saving winter pavement snow melting solution and enhance eco-friendly de-icing performance. Finite element simulation software was employed to model its snow and ice melting performance, investigating the factors influencing this capability. Thermal conductivity was measured using the transient plane source (TPS) technique. The results show that with 0.3% carbon fiber, thermal conductivity reaches 1.43 W/(m·°C), 72.3% higher than ordinary asphalt concrete. Finite element simulations in finite element simulation software were used to model snow and ice melting, and strong agreement with field test data (correlation coefficients > 0.9) confirmed model reliability. Then, the finite element simulation software was used to study the effects of wind speed, temperature, laying power, and spacing on the snow and ice melting of TCAC. The simulation results show that the heating rate increases with TCAC thermal conductivity. Raising the power of the embedded carbon fiber heating cord reduces de-icing time but shows a threshold effect. In this study, asphalt pavement with high thermal conductivity was prepared using a low content of thermal conductive filler, providing a theoretical basis for sustainable pavement design, reducing energy use and environmental damage. TCAC technology promotes greener winter road maintenance, offering a low-impact alternative to chemical de-icing, and supports long-term infrastructure sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials and Structural Systems)
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19 pages, 1087 KB  
Article
Environmental and Societal Impacts of Protecting Traditional Pastoralism from Wolf Predation in Spain
by F. Javier Pérez-Barbería and Raúl Bodas
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8189; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188189 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Assessing the externalities of nature conservation policies, conceived as unintended socio-economic and ecological effects, is essential for evaluating societal costs and improving conservation strategies. This is particularly relevant in the case of wolf conservation and its interaction with traditional pastoralism, an animal farming [...] Read more.
Assessing the externalities of nature conservation policies, conceived as unintended socio-economic and ecological effects, is essential for evaluating societal costs and improving conservation strategies. This is particularly relevant in the case of wolf conservation and its interaction with traditional pastoralism, an animal farming system that provides valuable ecosystem services but is rapidly declining across Europe. We used structured questionnaires with Spanish herders to evaluate the environmental and societal impacts of livestock-guarding dogs (LGDs) as a measure to prevent wolf attacks. On average, farms with 750 sheep employed five mastiffs and three sheepdogs, with LGD numbers increasing in wolf-abundant areas. The number of mastiffs rose proportionally with herd size (0.6 mastiffs per 100 sheep), whereas sheepdog numbers plateaued. The estimated annual cost per LGD was €364, with LGDs contributing approximately 7% of a farm’s carbon emissions. Sixty-one percent of herders reported minor societal conflicts involving LGDs, primarily dogs chasing pedestrians or cyclists, while 1% involved minor bites. The likelihood of societal conflict increased with the number of LGDs on a farm. Additionally, each LGD caused an estimated 0.71 wildlife fatalities per year, mostly involving small mammals such as rabbits, hares, and young ungulates. These findings highlight the need for urgent coexistence strategies to balance effective wolf conservation with the sustainability of traditional pastoralism. Without targeted intervention, the continued expansion of Spain’s wolf population may increase costs to herders and foster growing public opposition to wolf conservation efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)
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35 pages, 21645 KB  
Article
Integrating CMIP6 and Remote Sensing Datasets for Current and Future Flood Susceptibility Projections Using Machine Learning Under Climate Change Scenarios in Demak District for Future Sustainable Planning
by Aprizal Verdyansyah, Yi-Ling Chang, Fu-Cheng Wang, Fuan Tsai and Tang-Huang Lin
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8188; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188188 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Among various natural hazards, floods stand out due to their frequency and severe impact on society and the environment. This study aimed to develop a flood susceptibility model for Demak District, Indonesia, by integrating remote sensing data, machine learning techniques, and CMIP6 Global [...] Read more.
Among various natural hazards, floods stand out due to their frequency and severe impact on society and the environment. This study aimed to develop a flood susceptibility model for Demak District, Indonesia, by integrating remote sensing data, machine learning techniques, and CMIP6 Global Climate Model (GCM) data. The approach involved mapping current flood susceptibility using Sentinel-1 SAR data as the flood inventory and applying machine learning algorithms such as MLP-NN, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and XGBoost to predict flood-prone areas. Additionally, future flood susceptibility was projected using CMIP6 GCM precipitation data under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) covering the 2021–2100 period. To enhance the reliability of future projections, a multi-model ensemble approach was employed by combining the outputs of multiple GCMs to reduce model uncertainties. The results showed a significant increase in flood susceptibility, especially under higher emission scenarios (SSP5-8.5), with very high susceptibility areas growing from 16.67% in the current period to 27.43% by 2081–2100. The XGBoost model demonstrated the best performance in both current and future projections, providing valuable sustainable planning insights for flood risk management and adaptation to climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)
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48 pages, 1915 KB  
Review
Climate-Sensitive Building Renovation Strategies: A Review of Retrofit Interventions Across Climatic and Building Typologies
by Konstantinos Alexakis, Sophia Komninou, Panagiotis Kokkinakos and Dimitris Askounis
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8187; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188187 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Building renovation is widely recognised as a critical strategy for improving energy performance, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and meeting decarbonisation targets. Although numerous studies have explored retrofit interventions, the existing literature tends to focus on either specific climates or particular building types, lacking [...] Read more.
Building renovation is widely recognised as a critical strategy for improving energy performance, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and meeting decarbonisation targets. Although numerous studies have explored retrofit interventions, the existing literature tends to focus on either specific climates or particular building types, lacking a consolidated perspective that links interventions to both climatic context and typological characteristics. This study addresses this gap through a structured literature review of recent scientific publications, aiming to map and categorise climate-sensitive retrofit strategies across different building typologies. The methodological approach involves a qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed studies, with interventions classified based on climate zone and building use. The results highlight the prevalence of envelope-related measures—such as thermal insulation and high-performance glazing—in residential and educational buildings, particularly in colder climates. Conversely, HVAC upgrades and passive solutions dominate in hot and mixed zones. The findings provide an evidence-based reference for stakeholders involved in designing renovation strategies, while also identifying the need for more context-aware, integrative frameworks that account for climate, building use, and socio-economic factors in retrofit decision-making. Full article
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19 pages, 735 KB  
Article
Assessing the Value of Ecosystem Services in Decentralized Sanitation Systems: A Case Study in a Vulnerable Mountain Area
by Giovanni Felici, Giulio Corsi, Serena Fabbri, Monia Niero and Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8186; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188186 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Decentralized waste and wastewater management systems represent a promising solution for enhancing resource efficiency and delivering ecosystem services, particularly in remote or environmentally sensitive areas. This study presents an economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by the AQUANOVA system, implemented at the Bosconero [...] Read more.
Decentralized waste and wastewater management systems represent a promising solution for enhancing resource efficiency and delivering ecosystem services, particularly in remote or environmentally sensitive areas. This study presents an economic valuation of ecosystem services provided by the AQUANOVA system, implemented at the Bosconero mountain hut in Northern Italy. The system integrates anaerobic digestion and phytoremediation for the treatment of organic waste and wastewater, applying circular economy principles. Using market-based, replacement cost, avoided cost, and benefit transfer methods, key ecosystem services were monetarily quantified. Results show the economic benefits generated by the system through renewable energy production, improved soil quality, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and wastewater treatment. Depending on discount rates and climate policy scenarios, the Net Present Value (NPV) of these ecosystem services over 30 years ranges from approximately EUR 33,000 to EUR 46,000. Additionally, non-monetized benefits such as biodiversity enhancement, nutrient cycling, and cultural services further reinforce the environmental relevance of the system. These findings highlight the potential of integrating ecosystem service valuation into the assessment of decentralized waste management technologies to support evidence-based environmental policies and the transition to a circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathway to an Environmental Economy: The Role of Sustainable Natural Resources)
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21 pages, 713 KB  
Article
How Green Finance Drives the Synergy of Pollution Reduction and Carbon Mitigation: Evidence from Chinese A-Share Firms
by Xiaoqing Li and Jingjing Deng
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8185; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188185 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
As a pivotal instrument for integrating environmental governance with a low-carbon transition, green finance plays a critical role in achieving China’s dual-carbon goals. This study draws on a panel dataset covering 2008–2023, combining city-level indices of green finance development with firm-level emissions data [...] Read more.
As a pivotal instrument for integrating environmental governance with a low-carbon transition, green finance plays a critical role in achieving China’s dual-carbon goals. This study draws on a panel dataset covering 2008–2023, combining city-level indices of green finance development with firm-level emissions data from Chinese A-share listed companies. It investigates how green finance influences firms’ ability to reduce pollution and carbon emissions in a coordinated way, as well as the mechanisms and boundary conditions of this relationship. The results reveal that green finance significantly enhances firms’ synergistic performance in pollution and carbon abatement. The effect operates mainly through two channels: reallocating resources more efficiently and strengthening ESG performance. The benefits are particularly evident among firms with a stronger green innovation capacity, higher levels of carbon market participation, and more advanced environmental management systems. Green finance also helps deter corporate greenwashing. In addition, financial technology and environmental information disclosure amplify its positive impact. These findings highlight the need to deepen the integration of ESG evaluation with capital allocation and to design green financial instruments suited to firms at different stages of transition. They also point to the importance of harnessing the complementarities of fintech and environmental transparency to further enhance firms’ sustainable performance. Full article
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4 pages, 2206 KB  
Correction
Correction: Mela, G.; Girardi, P. Is Active Mobility Really a Sustainable Way of Travelling in Italian Cities? When and Where Injury Risk Offsets the Benefits of Riding or Walking. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7432
by Giulio Mela and Pierpaolo Girardi
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8184; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188184 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
The authors found an error in the computer code they used to carry out this study [...] Full article
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18 pages, 482 KB  
Article
Environmentally-Specific Empowered Leadership and Employee Green Creativity: The Role of Green Crafting and Environmental Culture
by Xiaobo Dong and Zhiyong Han
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8183; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188183 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
This study investigates how environmentally-specific empowered leadership influences employee green creativity and the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Drawing on Self-determination theory, we examine green crafting as a mediating process and environmental culture as a boundary condition. Analysis of multi-wave data reveals three key [...] Read more.
This study investigates how environmentally-specific empowered leadership influences employee green creativity and the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Drawing on Self-determination theory, we examine green crafting as a mediating process and environmental culture as a boundary condition. Analysis of multi-wave data reveals three key findings: (1) environmentally-specific empowered leadership positively affects employees’ green crafting behaviors; (2) green crafting mediates the relationship between leadership and employee green creativity; and (3) environmental culture strengthens the positive effect of empowered leadership on green crafting, subsequently enhancing green creativity. These findings extend leadership theory by identifying how and when empowering approaches specifically facilitate environmental innovation. For practitioners, our results highlight the importance of combining empowering leadership practices with a supportive environmental culture to foster employee-driven sustainable solutions. Organizations can leverage these insights to enhance environmental performance through targeted leadership development and cultural initiatives. Full article
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31 pages, 11132 KB  
Article
Remote Sensing and Data-Driven Optimization of Water and Fertilizer Use: A Case Study of Maize Yield Estimation and Sustainable Agriculture in the Hexi Corridor
by Guang Yang, Jun Wang and Zhengyuan Qi
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8182; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188182 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Agricultural sustainability is becoming increasingly critical in the face of climate change and resource scarcity. This study presents an innovative method for maize yield estimation, integrating remote sensing data and machine learning techniques to promote sustainable agricultural development. By combining Sentinel-2 optical imagery [...] Read more.
Agricultural sustainability is becoming increasingly critical in the face of climate change and resource scarcity. This study presents an innovative method for maize yield estimation, integrating remote sensing data and machine learning techniques to promote sustainable agricultural development. By combining Sentinel-2 optical imagery and Sentinel-1 radar data, accurate maize classification masks were created, and the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) model achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.89 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 12.8%. Additionally, this study demonstrates the significant role of water and fertilizer optimization in enhancing agricultural sustainability, with water usage reduced by up to 14.76% in Wuwei and 10.23% in Zhangye, and nitrogen application reduced by 5.5% and 8.5%, respectively, while maintaining stable yields. This integrated approach not only increases productivity and reduces resource waste, but it also promotes environmentally friendly and efficient resource use, supporting sustainable agriculture in water-scarce regions. Full article
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21 pages, 18282 KB  
Article
Deep Learning and Optical Flow for River Velocity Estimation: Insights from a Field Case Study
by Walter Chen, Kieu Anh Nguyen and Bor-Shiun Lin
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8181; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188181 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Accurate river flow velocity estimation is critical for flood risk management and sediment transport modeling. This study proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-based framework that integrates optical flow analysis and deep learning to estimate flow velocity from charge-coupled device (CCD) camera videos. The approach [...] Read more.
Accurate river flow velocity estimation is critical for flood risk management and sediment transport modeling. This study proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-based framework that integrates optical flow analysis and deep learning to estimate flow velocity from charge-coupled device (CCD) camera videos. The approach was tested on a field dataset from Yufeng No. 2 stream (torrent), consisting of 3263 ten min 4 K videos recorded over two months, paired with Doppler radar measurements as the ground truth. Video preprocessing included frame resizing to 224 × 224 pixels, day/night classification, and exclusion of sequences with missing frames. Two deep learning architectures—a convolutional neural network combined with long short-term memory (CNN+LSTM) and a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D CNN)—were evaluated under different input configurations: red–green–blue (RGB) frames, optical flow, and combined RGB with optical flow. Performance was assessed using Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and the index of agreement (d statistic). Results show that optical flow combined with a 3D CNN achieved the best accuracy (NSE > 0.5), outperforming CNN+LSTM and RGB-based inputs. Increasing the training set beyond approximately 100 videos provided no significant improvement, while nighttime videos degraded performance due to poor image quality and frame loss. These findings highlight the potential of combining optical flow and deep learning for cost-effective and scalable flow monitoring in small rivers. Future work will address nighttime video enhancement, broader velocity ranges, and real-time implementation. By improving the timeliness and accuracy of river flow monitoring, the proposed approach supports early warning systems, flood risk reduction, and sustainable water resource management. When integrated with turbidity measurements, it enables more accurate estimation of sediment loads transported into downstream reservoirs, helping to predict siltation rates and safeguard long-term water supply capacity. These outcomes contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action), by enhancing disaster preparedness, protecting communities, and promoting climate-resilient water management practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Watershed Hydrology and Sustainable Water Environments)
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26 pages, 3431 KB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics and Regional Difference in China’s Provincial Green Low-Carbon Development
by Wanbo Lu and Xiaoduo Zhang
Sustainability 2025, 17(18), 8180; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188180 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, green and low-carbon development has become a national strategic priority. This study constructs a 39-indicator evaluation system grounded in the DPSIRM framework, which includes six interlinked subsystems. A key innovation [...] Read more.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, green and low-carbon development has become a national strategic priority. This study constructs a 39-indicator evaluation system grounded in the DPSIRM framework, which includes six interlinked subsystems. A key innovation lies in incorporating the Digital Inclusive Finance Index as a driver of green transitions and using Baidu search indices for “environmental protection” and “carbon dioxide” as proxies for public awareness. Using a projection pursuit model optimized by simulated annealing, we assess green low-carbon development across 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2021. Temporal and spatial patterns are analyzed via kernel density estimation and Moran’s I, while Theil Index decomposition quantifies regional disparities. Results: First, substantial variations exist among Chinese provinces in both subsystem performance and integrated green low-carbon development levels, and response subsystems have the greatest influence on the overall development level. Second, over time, the gaps in green, low-carbon development between provinces have become more pronounced. Third, geographically, a distinct east-to-west declining gradient characterizes the regional clustering patterns of green low-carbon development. Fourth, the Theil Index for green, low-carbon development exhibits an overall trend of fluctuating increase, indicating that the overall gap in green, low-carbon development is gradually widening, with within-group disparities as the primary cause. This research enhances understanding of China’s green and low-carbon development, actively promoting global sustainable development and environmental improvement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Resilient Regional Development: A Spatial Perspective)
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