Sustainability

31 pages, 4536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Logic–Enhanced PMC Index for Assessing Policies for Decarbonization in Higher Education: Evidence from a Public University

by Fatma Şener Fidan

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8966; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198966 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Higher education institutions play a critical role in the transition to a low-carbon future due to their research capacity and societal influence. Accordingly, the calculation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the prioritization of mitigation strategies are of particular importance. In this study, [...] Read more.

Higher education institutions play a critical role in the transition to a low-carbon future due to their research capacity and societal influence. Accordingly, the calculation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the prioritization of mitigation strategies are of particular importance. In this study, a comprehensive campus-level GHG inventory was prepared for a public university in Türkiye in alignment with the ISO 14064-1:2018 standard, and mitigation strategies were evaluated. To prioritize these strategies, both the classical Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index and, for the first time in the literature, a fuzzy extension of the PMC model was applied. The results reveal that the total GHG emissions for 2023 amounted to 4888.63 tCO₂e (1.19 tCO₂e per capita), with the largest shares originating from investments (31%) and purchased electricity (28.38%). While the classical PMC identified only two high-priority actions, the fuzzy PMC reduced score dispersion, resolved ranking ties, and expanded the number of high-priority actions to seven. The top strategies include awareness programs, energy-efficiency measures, virtual meeting practices, advanced electricity monitoring, and improved data management systems. By comparing the classical and fuzzy approaches, the study demonstrates that integrating fuzzy logic enhances the transparency, reproducibility, and robustness of strategy prioritization, thereby offering a practical roadmap for campus decarbonization and sustainability policy in higher education institutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Climate Change Adaptation Research and Technology)

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17 pages, 1910 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Environmental–Economic Benefit for Sustainability Assessment of Highly Mineralized Mine Water Reuse

by Chaomeng Ma, Jinzhi Lu, Hongzhen Ni, Zhencheng Zhong and Haitang Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8965; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198965 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

With the rapid economic and social development and the increasingly severe water shortage situation, the sustainable utilization of unconventional water resources is of great significance. As one of the “second water sources”, the full utilization of highly mineralized mine water (HMMW) is a [...] Read more.

With the rapid economic and social development and the increasingly severe water shortage situation, the sustainable utilization of unconventional water resources is of great significance. As one of the “second water sources”, the full utilization of highly mineralized mine water (HMMW) is a key strategy for promoting sustainable development in water-scarce regions. It has obvious resource, environmental, and economic benefits that are central to sustainability. However, the mechanism of the impact of HMMW utilization on water utilization, the environment, and the economy is still unclear, making it difficult to evaluate its overall sustainability performance and to provide scientific data support to promote HMMW utilization. Therefore, this paper develops a novel sustainability-oriented accounting framework to assess the environmental–economic sustainability of HMMW utilization. Firstly, this paper proposes the method of calculating the HMMW utilization environmental benefits, proposes a novel integrated environmental–economic input–output accounting framework, which refines the HMMW sector from the traditional water industry and integrates the environmental benefits into a balanced input–output table. Secondly, taking Ningdong Energy Chemical Industry Base (NECI Base) as an example, this paper conducts applied research on the integrated environmental–economic accounting of HMMW utilization: (I) The HMMW environmental benefits of NECI Base are calculated, the utilization of 22.69 million m³ of HMMW generated environmental benefits, valued at 233.69 million CNY, demonstrating its substantial contribution to environmental sustainability. The compiled environmental–economic input–output table passed the balance verification, confirming the robustness and practicality of the accounting method. Full article

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26 pages, 1290 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual-Axis Framework for Social Innovation: Mapping Dynamic Transitions Through 121 Social Businesses in Developing Countries

by Joon Hye Han

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8964; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198964 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 254

Abstract

Previous research has placed social innovation as a static outcome or single concept, thereby not effectively capturing the dynamism of innovation over time and changes in its purpose. This study attempts to develop an analytical framework which adopts dual axes of pathways of [...] Read more.

Previous research has placed social innovation as a static outcome or single concept, thereby not effectively capturing the dynamism of innovation over time and changes in its purpose. This study attempts to develop an analytical framework which adopts dual axes of pathways of institutional change and levels of innovation for multidimensional analysis of social innovation. Drawing on this dual-axis framework, this study examined 121 social businesses in developing countries. These businesses were operated by social innovators who had been recognized as Ashoka Fellows between 2006 and 2025. Analysis of the cases revealed that the most prevalent type of early-stage social innovation was the peripheral-user type, inducing change at the user level from the periphery of the system. Moreover, the most frequently observed type of transition was from the peripheral-user type to the integrated-service wherein the innovation became partially integrated into the system and changes at the service level. What these findings suggest is that social innovations start at the user level, expand into services, and, in some cases, reach the system level. They move step by step into deeper forms of institutional integration. This study develops a conceptually grounded typology and empirically examines dynamic patterns of this process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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24 pages, 4267 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Social Stability to Social Sustainability: Comparing SIA and SSRA in an ADB Loan Project in China

by Yawei Pang, Shaojun Chen and Zhiyang He

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8963; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198963 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 311

Abstract

Social impact assessment (SIA) is a key tool for advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within project contexts. Originating largely from international practice, SIA requires localization to fit national conditions. This research examines an Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan project in Hubei Province, [...] Read more.

Social impact assessment (SIA) is a key tool for advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within project contexts. Originating largely from international practice, SIA requires localization to fit national conditions. This research examines an Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan project in Hubei Province, China, comparing the SIA conducted under ADB procedures with China’s domestic practice of social stability risk assessment (SSRA)—China’s localized practice of SIA. Adopting a full project life cycle perspective, this article conducts a comprehensive gap analysis between SIA and SSRA from five key dimensions: cycle requirement of assessment, implementation of assessment activity, assessment outcome, application of assessment outcome, and assessment objective. While both approaches are quite similar in four aspects (assessment subject, assessment principle, risk investigation method, and risk classification), SIA places greater emphasis on social sustainability dimensions (poverty, gender, ethnic minority, and involuntary resettlement), whereas SSRA mainly focuses on social stability during the early project proposal and feasibility study stages. Building on the preceding analysis and comparison between SIA and SSRA, this research proposes a “Social Stability–Social Sustainability” progressive framework. Social stability serves as the foundational condition, while the framework emphasizes enhancing the long-term adaptive capacity of social governance through inclusion, participation, and resilience, thereby achieving genuine social sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Development Goals towards Sustainability)

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20 pages, 274 KB

Open AccessArticle

Government Environmental Auditing and Synergistic Governance Outcomes: Evidence from Chinese Cities

by Fanglin Chen, Bingrui Dong, Min Zhang and Qiuhua Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8962; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198962 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 188

Abstract

This study aims to explore the role of government environmental auditing in promoting China’s coordinated goals of “pollution reduction, carbon mitigation, ecological expansion, and growth.” By analyzing 1959 panel data from 227 prefecture-level cities in China between 2011 and 2022, a four-dimensional evaluation [...] Read more.

This study aims to explore the role of government environmental auditing in promoting China’s coordinated goals of “pollution reduction, carbon mitigation, ecological expansion, and growth.” By analyzing 1959 panel data from 227 prefecture-level cities in China between 2011 and 2022, a four-dimensional evaluation framework was constructed, and empirical testing was carried out using a double machine learning method. The results indicate that environmental auditing significantly enhances the synergy of environmental governance, mainly by raising public environmental awareness, promoting industrial clustering, and fostering green innovation. Additionally, green finance provides complementary support to this process. This effect is particularly pronounced in regions with higher levels of marketization, more developed financial technology, and greater environmental expenditure. Based on these findings, this study concludes that environmental auditing plays a crucial role in promoting China’s coordinated goals of “pollution reduction, carbon mitigation, ecological expansion, and growth.” In particular, environmental auditing demonstrates its institutional value in promoting sustainable governance, especially in developing economies. Full article

17 pages, 976 KB

Open AccessArticle

Model Construction and Scenario Analysis for Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption in Jiangsu Province: Based on the STIRPAT Extended Model

by Ying Liu, Lvhan Yang, Meng Wu, Jinxian He, Wenqiang Wang, Yunpeng Li, Renjiang Huang, Dongfang Liu and Heyao Tan

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8961; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198961 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 190

Abstract

Against the backdrop of China’s “dual carbon” strategy (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), provincial-level carbon emission research is crucial for the implementation of related policies. However, existing studies insufficiently cover the driving mechanisms and scenario prediction for energy-importing provinces. This study can provide [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of China’s “dual carbon” strategy (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), provincial-level carbon emission research is crucial for the implementation of related policies. However, existing studies insufficiently cover the driving mechanisms and scenario prediction for energy-importing provinces. This study can provide theoretical references for similar provinces in China to conduct research on carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption. The carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu Province between 2000 and 2023 were calculated using the carbon emission coefficient method. The Tapio decoupling index model was adopted to evaluate the decoupling relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu. An extended STIRPAT model was established to predict carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu, and this model was applied to analyze the emissions under three scenarios (baseline scenario, low-carbon scenario, and enhanced low-carbon scenario) during 2024–2030. The results show the following: (1) During 2000–2023, the carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu Province ranged from 215.22428 million tons to 783.94270 million tons, with an average of 549.96280 million tons. (2) The decoupling status between carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption and economic development in Jiangsu was dominated by weak decoupling, accounting for 91.304%, while a small proportion (8.696%) of expansive coupling was also observed. (3) Under the baseline scenario, the carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu in 2030 will reach 796.828 million tons; under the low-carbon scenario, the emissions will be 786.355 million tons; and under the enhanced low-carbon scenario, the emissions will be 772.293 million tons. Furthermore, countermeasures and suggestions for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption in Jiangsu are proposed, mainly including strengthening the guidance of policies and institutional systems, optimizing the energy consumption structure, intensifying technological innovation efforts, and enhancing government promotion and publicity. Full article

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22 pages, 8224 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Agricultural Waste to Green Binder: Performance Optimization of Wheat Straw Ash in Sustainable Cement Mortars

by Murat Doğruyol and Senem Yılmaz Çetin

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8960; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198960 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 185

Abstract

This study investigates the use of wheat straw ash (WSA) as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material, focusing on its mechanical performance optimization and environmental implications. WSA (ASTM C618, Class F), produced via controlled calcination at 700 °C, was used to replace cement at [...] Read more.

This study investigates the use of wheat straw ash (WSA) as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material, focusing on its mechanical performance optimization and environmental implications. WSA (ASTM C618, Class F), produced via controlled calcination at 700 °C, was used to replace cement at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10% by mass. The optimal performance was observed at 5% substitution, achieving a 90-day compressive strength of 48.42 MPa (+4.7%) and a 28-day flexural strength of 7.93 MPa (+6.6%). To contextualize these findings, a multi-technique analytical approach was employed, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). These methods confirmed that WSA enhances portlandite consumption through pozzolanic reactivity and improves matrix densification via secondary C-S-H gel formation. Additionally, satellite (Sentinel-5P) and ground-based measurements during a severe stubble fire event in Diyarbakir (20–24 June 2024) documented a fourfold increase in PM₁₀ concentrations (157 μg/m³ compared to the June average of ≈35 μg/m³), alongside 23% and 41% rises in NO₂ and SO₂ levels, respectively. These findings demonstrate that wheat straw ash utilization can mitigate agricultural waste burning, improve air quality, and reduce the carbon footprint of cement production. The study highlights WSA’s potential as a high-performance, eco-efficient construction material aligned with circular economy principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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21 pages, 3000 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electronics Shops in Saint-Louis: A Participative Mapping of Value, Quality, and Prices Within the Market Hierarchy in a Secondary Senegalese City

by Pablo De Roulet, Jérôme Chenal, Jean-Claude Baraka Munyaka, Moussa Diallo, Derguene Mbaye, Mamadou Lamine Ndiaye, Madoune Robert Seye, Dimitri Samuel Adjanohoun, Tatiana Mbengue, Djiby Sow and Cheikh Samba Wade

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8959; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198959 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 148

Abstract

Digital connectivity depends not only on infrastructure, but also on the material devices used to access networks. This study examines electronic devices’ availability and prices in Saint-Louis, a mid-sized Senegalese city, to address the lack of empirical research on African digital markets. With [...] Read more.

Digital connectivity depends not only on infrastructure, but also on the material devices used to access networks. This study examines electronic devices’ availability and prices in Saint-Louis, a mid-sized Senegalese city, to address the lack of empirical research on African digital markets. With data on material connectivity being scarce, this paper provides a baseline description as grounds for future research. Using a participatory mapping approach over three weeks in September 2024, the research assessed the range, condition, and distribution of smartphones across central and neighborhood markets. Descriptive statistics and spatial analysis illustrate key trends. Results show a market heavily structured around second-hand smartphones, where device quality and prices adjust to economic power. Imported second-hand devices are often high-end, with prices above many new items of cheaper brands, while locally used items have much depreciated prices compared to either new or imported second-hand ones. Market locations are widespread for common items and clustered for specialized devices, consistent with central place theory. By documenting the material foundations of digital communication, this study provides new empirical evidence on African urban device markets and highlights the need to consider material access alongside infrastructure in digital connectivity debates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainability, Digital Transformation, and Supply Chain Maturity)

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19 pages, 836 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Impact of Servant Leadership on Employee Performance: The Role of Organizational Trust in Mobile Telecom Providers in Iraq

by Tara Kader, Serife Zihni Eyupoglu and Laith Tashtoush

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8958; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198958 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 291

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of servant leadership on employee performance in mobile telecommunications providers, emphasizing the mediating role of organizational trust and its implications for organizational sustainability. Leadership effectiveness is particularly critical in environments where trust is limited, as it shapes both [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of servant leadership on employee performance in mobile telecommunications providers, emphasizing the mediating role of organizational trust and its implications for organizational sustainability. Leadership effectiveness is particularly critical in environments where trust is limited, as it shapes both immediate performance and long-term organizational resilience. Using survey data from 375 employees across three telecom companies in Iraq, the results indicate that servant leadership is positively related to employee performance. Mediation analysis further demonstrates that organizational trust significantly transmits the effect of servant leadership on performance. These results extend current knowledge of leadership dynamics in the telecom sector and underscore the role of trust-based leadership in fostering sustainable organizational outcomes. Based on these insights, a practical framework was developed to integrate servant leadership principles into team-building initiatives, leadership development programs, and organizational systems. This framework not only supports the training of future leaders but also strengthens employee well-being, ethical culture, and long-term sustainability in the telecommunications industry. Full article

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29 pages, 3803 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Coupling of Carbon Efficiency, Carbon Sink, and High-Quality Development in the Greater Chang-Zhu-Tan Urban Agglomeration: Patterns and Influences

by Yong Guo, Lang Yi, Jianbo Zhao, Guangyu Zhu and Dan Sun

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8957; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198957 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 176

Abstract

Under the framework of the “dual carbon” goals, promoting the coordinated development of carbon emission efficiency, carbon sink capacity, and high-quality growth has become a critical issue for regional sustainability. Using panel data from 2006 to 2021, this study systematically investigates the three-dimensional [...] Read more.

Under the framework of the “dual carbon” goals, promoting the coordinated development of carbon emission efficiency, carbon sink capacity, and high-quality growth has become a critical issue for regional sustainability. Using panel data from 2006 to 2021, this study systematically investigates the three-dimensional coupling coordination among carbon emission efficiency, carbon sink capacity, and high-quality development in the Greater Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration. The spatiotemporal evolution, spatial correlation characteristics, and influencing factors of the coupling coordination were also explored. The results indicate that the coupling coordination system exhibits an evolutionary trend of overall stability with localized differentiation. The overall coupling degree remains in the “running-in” stage, while the coordination level is still in a marginally coordinated state. Spatially, the pattern has shifted from “northern leadership” to “multi-polar support,” with Yueyang achieving intermediate coordination, four cities including Changde reaching primary coordination, and three cities including Loudi remaining imbalanced. Spatial correlation has weakened from significant to insignificant, with Xiangtan showing a “low–low” cluster and Hengyang displaying a “high–low” cluster. The evolution of hot and cold spots has moved from marked differentiation to a more balanced distribution, as reflected by the disappearance of cold spots. The empirical analysis confirms a three-dimensional coupling mechanism: ecologically rich regions attain high coordination through carbon sink synergies; economically advanced areas achieve decoupling through innovation-driven development; while traditional industrial cities, despite facing the “green paradox,” demonstrate potential for leapfrog progress through transformation. Among the influencing factors, industrial structure upgrading emerged as the primary driver of spatial differentiation, though with a negative impact. Government support also exhibited a negative effect, whereas the interaction between environmental regulation and both government support and economic development was found to be significant. Full article

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18 pages, 2837 KB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Separation of Pd, Pt, and Rh from Wastes Using Commercial Extractants for the Sustainable Development of Critical Metals Management

by Karolina Pianowska, Joanna Kluczka, Grzegorz Benke, Karolina Goc and Katarzyna Leszczyńska-Sejda

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8956; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198956 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 235

Abstract

This paper presents the results of research on the selective separation of palladium, platinum, and rhodium from waste solutions using commercial organic extractants such as Mextral 63H and trioctylamine. The research was carried out on a real waste solution, containing low concentrations of [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of research on the selective separation of palladium, platinum, and rhodium from waste solutions using commercial organic extractants such as Mextral 63H and trioctylamine. The research was carried out on a real waste solution, containing low concentrations of platinum group metals and significant amounts of base metals such as copper, iron, chromium, and nickel. It was found that a 20% solution of Mextral 63H in toluene selectively extracts over 99% of Pd, while a 10% solution of trioctylamine effectively extracts both Pd and Pt with a yield of over 98%. Effective stripping agents were also selected for the obtained Pd and Pt extracts: 2 M thiourea solution for Pd and diluted solutions of nitric and perchloric acids for Pt. The research allowed the development of a technological scheme enabling the separation of all three platinum group metals by selective extraction of Pd and then Pt, while Rh remains in the raffinate after both extraction stages. The proposed model, developed on the basis of results obtained for a real solution, assumes selective recovery of palladium, platinum, and rhodium from such solutions, which can find application in the precious metals industry. Moreover, the developed technology is in line with the sustainable development of the critical metals economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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20 pages, 7109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessments on the Potential Use of Rhyolite Filler as a Soil Remineralizer in Agroecological Practices in the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

by João Pedro Foletto and Augusto Nobre

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8955; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198955 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 238

Abstract

This study examined the application of rhyolite filler in agroecological farming systems in the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration (Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The aim was to explore sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizers in line with organic [...] Read more.

This study examined the application of rhyolite filler in agroecological farming systems in the Fourth Colony of Italian Immigration (Quarta Colônia de Imigração Italiana), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The aim was to explore sustainable alternatives to synthetic fertilizers in line with organic agriculture principles. The region’s designation as the Quarta Colônia UNESCO Global Geopark reinforces the relevance of this initiative. The research involved petrographic characterization, incubation experiments, and chemical analyses of rhyolite samples. Incubation tests with pigeon pea and elephant grass assessed combinations of rock filler and poultry litter. The results showed that rhyolite filler supported plant growth, especially with poultry litter, which supplies nitrogen and microorganisms that accelerate mineral weathering. Petrographic observations indicated that elephant grass promoted stronger mineral alteration, likely due to its dense fibrous roots and substrate interaction. Chemical analyses confirmed the rhyolite’s quartz content and trace elements remain within safety limits defined by Brazilian legislation on soil remineralizers. The K₂O content and the base sum (CaO, MgO, and K₂O) also complied with minimum legal requirements. Beyond mineralogical and chemical aspects, the study emphasized the economic feasibility of using locally sourced rock fillers, offering lower costs than synthetic fertilizers and supporting sustainable, resilient agroecological systems. Full article

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31 pages, 1356 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediating Role of Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Comparative Study of Disaggregated vs. Holistic Models in Green Hotels

by Sareeya Wichitsathian and Sumalee Ekkaphol

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8954; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198954 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 312

Abstract

This study investigates the role of Modern Management Accounting (MMA)—which integrates Strategic Management Accounting (SMA) and Strategic Customer Knowledge (SCK)—in driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) and Business Sustainability (BS) in Thai green hotels. Business Sustainability is conceptualized as the achievement of balanced outcomes [...] Read more.

This study investigates the role of Modern Management Accounting (MMA)—which integrates Strategic Management Accounting (SMA) and Strategic Customer Knowledge (SCK)—in driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) and Business Sustainability (BS) in Thai green hotels. Business Sustainability is conceptualized as the achievement of balanced outcomes across economic performance, social responsibility, and environmental stewardship. It addresses a theoretical debate by testing two competing SCA models: a disaggregated model (which separates SCA into Customer Experience Advantage (CEA) and Operational Efficiency Advantage (OEA)) and a holistic model (which treats SCA as a unified construct). Data from 115 certified green hotels were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results revealed a critical distinction between the models. In the disaggregated model, SMA and SCK contributed to both CEA and OEA, but only OEA directly enhanced BS and served as a partial mediator in the relationships from both SMA and SCK to BS, whereas CEA showed no significant mediating effects. Conversely, the holistic model demonstrated that overall SCA served as a partial mediator in the relationships from both SMA and SCK to BS, while also exerting a strong direct effect on BS. The study concludes that achieving business sustainability requires a holistic SCA that integrates both operational efficiency and customer experience, offering a comprehensive framework for strategic management in the hotel industry. These findings underscore the strategic imperative for hotel managers to cultivate an integrated competitive advantage, where superior customer experiences and operational excellence are synergistically managed, to ensure long-term business sustainability. Full article

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16 pages, 724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Quality of Life Influence Pro-Environmental Intention? An Extension of Theory of Planned Behaviour

by Suk Min Pang, Hasni Mohd Hanafi, Choy Yoke Chong and Booi Chen Tan

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8953; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198953 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 251

Abstract

In light of escalating global environmental deterioration, studies on pro-environmental intention and behaviour with the ultimate goal of identifying contributing factors to minimise environmental issues are common. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is widely used to study environmental intentions and behaviours. However, how [...] Read more.

In light of escalating global environmental deterioration, studies on pro-environmental intention and behaviour with the ultimate goal of identifying contributing factors to minimise environmental issues are common. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is widely used to study environmental intentions and behaviours. However, how quality of life (QoL) influences these intentions and interactions among TPB’s own variables within a single research framework has not been thoroughly explored. Therefore, this study extends TPB by incorporating the four dimensions of QoL, as measured by the Control, Autonomy, Self-Realisation, and Pleasure (CASP-19) scale, to understand pro-environmental intentions from Malaysian viewpoints. In this study, quantitative approach was applied, and the data were collected from Malaysians aged 18 and above (N = 182) in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), a two-step approach was employed to assess the measurement and structural models. The findings confirmed Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is a robust model for environmental studies showing that subjective norm and perceived behavioural control significantly influence attitudes toward pro-environmental behaviour, ultimately leading to pro-environmental intention. Interestingly, this study found no relationship between QoL dimensions and pro-environmental intention. Lastly, both theoretical and managerial implications were discussed, and research limitations and suggestions for future research directions were put forward. Full article

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32 pages, 472 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Soft Law to Hard Law: Legal Transitions and Sustainable Challenges in the Italian Agri-Food Sector

by Lucia Briamonte and Debora Scarpato

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8952; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198952 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 178

Abstract

The transition from soft to hard law is reshaping global agri-food governance, particularly in relation to sustainability and corporate responsibility. This article analyzes this shift by examining two regulatory approaches: voluntary instruments such as the OECD-FAO Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains and [...] Read more.

The transition from soft to hard law is reshaping global agri-food governance, particularly in relation to sustainability and corporate responsibility. This article analyzes this shift by examining two regulatory approaches: voluntary instruments such as the OECD-FAO Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains and binding EU directives like the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) and the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). Using a qualitative and interpretive methodology, the study combines a literature review and two case studies (Nicoverde and Lavazza) to explore the evolution from soft law to hard law and the synergies and analyze how these tools are applied in the Italian agri-food sector and how they can contribute to improving corporate sustainability performance. Findings show that soft law has paved the way for more rigorous regulation, but the increasing compliance burden poses challenges, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These cases serve as virtuous examples to illustrate how soft and hard law interact in practice, offering concrete insights into the translation of general sustainability principles into corporate strategies. A hybrid governance framework—combining voluntary and binding tools—can foster sustainability if supported by coherent policies, stakeholder collaboration and adequate support mechanisms. The study offers practical insights for both companies and policymakers navigating the evolving legal scenario. Full article

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32 pages, 3312 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Investment and Emission Reduction in Supply Chains Under Dual-Carbon Regulation: A Dynamic Game Perspective on Coordination Mechanisms and Policy Insights

by Dandan Wu, Kun Li and Yang Cheng

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8951; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198951 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 349

Abstract

This study examines green investment and emission reduction strategies in a two-tier supply chain under dual-carbon regulation that combines a carbon tax with a cap-and-trade mechanism. A multi-stage dynamic game model is developed, in which the manufacturer reduces emissions through recycling efforts and [...] Read more.

This study examines green investment and emission reduction strategies in a two-tier supply chain under dual-carbon regulation that combines a carbon tax with a cap-and-trade mechanism. A multi-stage dynamic game model is developed, in which the manufacturer reduces emissions through recycling efforts and investments in green technology. We compare optimal decisions under centralized, decentralized, and coordinated structures, and propose an enhanced bilateral cost-sharing contract to improve collaboration. Numerical experiments validate the theoretical results, and sensitivity analyses provide further insights. The results show that while both carbon tax and permit trading increase emission reduction, the carbon tax may lower manufacturer profit, underscoring the need for coordinated policy design. Benchmarking proves more effective than grandfathering in stimulating green investment, particularly under high carbon prices and strong consumer environmental preferences. The proposed contract alleviates free riding, enhances overall supply chain profitability, and improves emission reduction performance. Policy implications highlight the importance of prioritizing benchmark allocation, promoting consumer environmental awareness, and encouraging firms to integrate carbon asset management with technological innovation. This research provides both theoretical and practical insights for designing effective carbon policies and collaborative mechanisms in green supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operations and Green Supply Chain)

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26 pages, 2534 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Attitudes, Awareness, and Purchase Behaviour for Certified Mountain Products in Romania

by Ancuța Marin, Steliana Rodino, Ruxandra-Eugenia Pop, Vili Dragomir and Marian Butu

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8950; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198950 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 245

Abstract

Interest in consumer behavior regarding agri-food products is growing, particularly in the context of sustainable and local consumption. This study examines consumer perceptions of certified mountain products in Romania, with a specific focus on cow’s milk. A structured survey was conducted among 576 [...] Read more.

Interest in consumer behavior regarding agri-food products is growing, particularly in the context of sustainable and local consumption. This study examines consumer perceptions of certified mountain products in Romania, with a specific focus on cow’s milk. A structured survey was conducted among 576 respondents from the Bucharest–Ilfov metropolitan area, representing the target population of regular food consumers. The data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistical methods in SPSS, including chi-square tests and contingency coefficients, to evaluate consumer awareness, attitudes, and their willingness to pay. The results reveal that although awareness of the “mountain product” label is high (88.9%), its direct influence on purchase decisions remains limited, with price, brand, and origin playing stronger roles. Nevertheless, 95% of respondents expressed willingness to pay a premium price, and over 70% associated mountain certification with health benefits and higher quality. These findings highlight both the potential and current limitations of certification as a market-based tool to support sustainable consumption and the economic resilience of mountain areas. The study contributes empirical evidence from a less explored national context. It offers insights for policymakers, producers, and retailers seeking to strengthen short food supply chains and consumer trust in certified labels. Full article

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23 pages, 1702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rethinking Growth in the Gulf: The Role of Renewable Energy, Electricity Use, and Economic Openness in Oil-Rich Economies

by Mesbah Fathy Sharaf, Abdelhalem Mahmoud Shahen and Radi EL-Sayed Abdel-Gawad Issa

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8949; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198949 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 414

Abstract

This paper investigates how renewable electricity production, energy consumption, and economic openness influence economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2008 to 2023. Using annual panel data for six countries—Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman—we apply both the [...] Read more.

This paper investigates how renewable electricity production, energy consumption, and economic openness influence economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from 2008 to 2023. Using annual panel data for six countries—Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman—we apply both the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFEs) estimators to explore short-run dynamics and long-run equilibrium relationships. These methods are preferred because they balance flexibility with efficiency where PMG allows country differences in short-run dynamics, while DFE provides robustness under small-sample conditions, making them more suitable than the Mean Group (MG) estimator or standard Fixed Effects (FE) models for our short panel of six countries. The results show that traditional electricity consumption significantly supports economic growth in the long run, while renewable energy, despite its potential, has yet to show a statistically significant growth-enhancing effect, likely due to its currently small share in the energy mix. Foreign direct investment and trade openness display mixed impacts, with their significance varying across models. Short-run dynamics highlight the importance of energy efficiency and infrastructure readiness in shaping how energy translates into growth. Overall, the findings suggest that while energy remains central to GCC economies, the transition to renewables must be better aligned with broader development and investment strategies. These insights are highly relevant for policymakers navigating the twin goals of energy diversification and sustainable economic growth under Vision 2030 agendas. Full article

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38 pages, 2868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Traffic Load-Balancing Algorithm—Case of Vigo

by Selim Dündar, Sina Alp, İrem Merve Ulu and Onur Dursun

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8948; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198948 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 391

Abstract

Urban traffic congestion is a significant challenge faced by cities globally, resulting in delays, increased emissions, and diminished quality of life. This study introduces an innovative traffic load-balancing algorithm developed as part of the IN2CCAM Horizon 2020 project, which was specifically tested in [...] Read more.

Urban traffic congestion is a significant challenge faced by cities globally, resulting in delays, increased emissions, and diminished quality of life. This study introduces an innovative traffic load-balancing algorithm developed as part of the IN2CCAM Horizon 2020 project, which was specifically tested in the city of Vigo, Spain. The proposed method incorporates short-term traffic forecasting through machine learning models—primarily Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks—alongside a dynamic routing algorithm designed to equalize travel times across alternative routes. Historical speed and volume data collected from Bluetooth sensors were analyzed and modeled to predict traffic conditions 15 min ahead. The algorithm was implemented within the PTV Vissim microsimulation environment to assess its effectiveness. Results from 20 distinct traffic scenarios demonstrated significant improvements: an increase in average speed of up to 3%, an 8% reduction in delays, and a 10% decrease in total standstill time during peak weekday hours. Furthermore, average emissions of CO₂, NO_x, HC, and CO were reduced by 4% to 11% across the scenarios. These findings highlight the potential of integrating predictive analytics with real-time load balancing to enhance traffic efficiency and promote environmental sustainability in urban areas. The proposed approach can further support policymakers and traffic operators in designing more sustainable mobility strategies and optimizing future urban traffic management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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23 pages, 258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Creating Social Impact: Dialogues Between Policymakers, Practitioners, and the “Other Women” for Sustainable Development

by Alba Crespo-López, Mimar Ramis-Salas, Laura Ruiz-Eugenio, Lena De Botton, Carmen Elboj, Rosa Valls-Carol and Marta Soler-Gallart

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8947; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198947 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

Background: Scientific literature highlights that practitioners and policymakers in social and educational fields can contribute to the inclusion and empowerment of vulnerable groups when developing actions grounded in scientific evidence of social impact, co-created through dialogic engagement with the concerned communities. This study, [...] Read more.

Background: Scientific literature highlights that practitioners and policymakers in social and educational fields can contribute to the inclusion and empowerment of vulnerable groups when developing actions grounded in scientific evidence of social impact, co-created through dialogic engagement with the concerned communities. This study, aligned with Sustainable Development Goals 4 (“Quality Education”) and 5 (“Gender Equality”), provides new evidence on the co-creation process between policymakers and practitioners and women without higher education degrees and its impact. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted through nine in-depth interviews with practitioners and policymakers engaged in the development of dialogic spaces in education, health, and equality. Results: Two key characteristics were identified: (1) a focus on the inclusion of women not yet involved, through the co-creation of egalitarian spaces for dialogue and decision-making, and (2) a commitment to implementing actions based on scientific evidence of social impact. These led to reported improvements in empowerment, education, well-being, health, and employability, not only for the women themselves but also for their families, schools, and communities. Conclusions: The findings support the promotion of co-creation processes with women without academic qualifications and in vulnerable situations, demonstrating their potential to foster sustainable social development. Full article

19 pages, 2344 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Landscape Indicators for Landscape Quality Assessment; Case of Zahleh, Lebanon

by Roula Aad, Nour Zaher, Victoria Dawalibi, Rodrigue el Balaa, Jane Loukieh and Nabil Nemer

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8946; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198946 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 249

Abstract

Landscapes are vital systems where ecological, cultural, perceptual, and socio-economic values meet, making their quality assessment essential for sustainable development. Landscape Quality (LQ), shaped by the interaction of natural processes and human activities, remains methodologically challenging due to its interdisciplinarity and the need [...] Read more.

Landscapes are vital systems where ecological, cultural, perceptual, and socio-economic values meet, making their quality assessment essential for sustainable development. Landscape Quality (LQ), shaped by the interaction of natural processes and human activities, remains methodologically challenging due to its interdisciplinarity and the need to integrate multiple dimensions. This challenge is particularly perceived in peri-urban areas, predominantly understudied in landscape research. This article addresses this gap in LQ assessment at peri-urban landscapes, through the case of Houch Al Oumaraa, Zahleh, a peri-urban area of patrimonial significance and agricultural landscape value. To evaluate the four spatial dimensions of LQ (structural, ecological, cultural and visual), we adopted a mixed methodology, where a pre-developed set of landscape indicators (LIs) applied within GIS and spatial technics, were supplemented by expert analysis through visual studies. Two questions framed this research: (i) is remote sensing sufficient to assess peri-urban LQ, and (ii) what are the limits of applying pre-developed LIs to diverse landscape contexts? Results show moderate fragmentation (CONTAG 61.6%), low diversity (MSDI 0.27), high density of cultural monuments (PROTAP 4.19) and average visual disharmony (FCDHI 0.49). Findings reveal that spatial dimensions alone are insufficient for assessing LQ of peri-urban landscapes, where socio-economic dimensions must also be integrated. Structural indicators (PLAND, MPA, ED, CONTAG) and MSDI proved transferable, while ECOLBAR was less applicable, cultural indicators (PROTAP, HLE) were limited to tangible heritage, and visual indicators (FCDHI, SDHI) highly context dependent. Establishing a differentiated yet standardized framework would not only enhance methodological precision but also ensure that LQ assessment remain relevant across diverse contexts, providing policymakers with actionable insights to align planning with sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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28 pages, 2740 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Conceptual Framework for Enabling Structural Steel Reuse Utilizing Circular Economy in Modular Construction

by Shrouk Gharib and Osama Moselhi

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8945; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198945 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 401

Abstract

Steel production is a major contributor to resource use and greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for nearly 8% of global CO₂ emissions, with structural steel accounting for more than half of this share. As the construction sector moves toward decarbonization, strategies for reuse, [...] Read more.

Steel production is a major contributor to resource use and greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for nearly 8% of global CO₂ emissions, with structural steel accounting for more than half of this share. As the construction sector moves toward decarbonization, strategies for reuse, particularly within Modular and Offsite Construction (MOC), are receiving growing attention. This study presents a digitally integrated framework for the recovery, testing, and reuse of structural steel in MOC, grounded in Circular Economy (CE) principles. The framework is based on a systematic review of 162 academic, industry, and case study records and is structured across four stages: (1) material recovery, (2) testing and certification, (3) integration into MOC, and (4) performance evaluation. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Material Passports (MPs) provide digital infrastructure for traceability, documentation, and compliance with established protocols, such as SCI P427 and P440. Reuse outcomes are assessed using the Modular Reuse Ratio (MRR), Carbon Savings (CS), Lifecycle Cost Savings (LCS), and a tailored Material Circularity Indicator (MCI). By aligning certification requirements with digital processes, the framework addresses current gaps in traceability, standardization, and decision support. It provides a scalable and replicable model that advances structural steel reuse, contributes to sector-wide decarbonization, and supports alignment with emerging CE and performance-based certification schemes. Full article

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19 pages, 697 KB

Open AccessArticle

ESG and Firm Performance in Korea: The Moderating Role of CEO Tenure, Ownership Structure, and Foreign Ownership

by Sunteak Lee, Sung-Jun Lee and Joongwha Kim

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8944; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198944 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 472

Abstract

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management has global relevance, yet its effects differ across contexts. In Korea, with concentrated ownership, family-controlled conglomerates, and evolving governance norms, the ESG–firm performance link offers unique insights. This study examines 620 publicly listed firms in Korea over [...] Read more.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) management has global relevance, yet its effects differ across contexts. In Korea, with concentrated ownership, family-controlled conglomerates, and evolving governance norms, the ESG–firm performance link offers unique insights. This study examines 620 publicly listed firms in Korea over the 2020–2022 period to assess the effects of ESG performance on firm value (Tobin’s q) and financial performance (operating return on assets). Three governance-related variables that reflect the distinctive features of Korea’s corporate governance—CEO (chief executive officer) tenure, the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder, and foreign ownership ratio—are included in the analysis as moderating variables. Results show that ESG performance positively affects both firm value and financial performance. Also, CEO tenure and foreign ownership significantly strengthen the ESG–firm value relationship, whereas the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder enhances the ESG–financial performance link. These findings extend stakeholder, legitimacy, and institutional theories to an East Asian context and offer practical guidance for managers and policymakers aiming to enhance corporate outcomes through ESG strategies in Korea’s distinctive governance environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Firm Survival and Sustainable Management)

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26 pages, 3616 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Spatial Pattern of High-Quality Tourism Rural Development and Its Influencing Factors: A Case Study of the Great Mount Huang District in Anhui Province

by Chao Liu and Yiyu Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8943; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198943 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 363

Abstract

Tourism villages represent a key breakthrough for achieving rural revitalization and integrated urban–rural development. By analyzing the spatial patterns of tourism villages in the Great Mount Huang district and their influencing factors, this study provides a scientific foundation for the high-quality development of [...] Read more.

Tourism villages represent a key breakthrough for achieving rural revitalization and integrated urban–rural development. By analyzing the spatial patterns of tourism villages in the Great Mount Huang district and their influencing factors, this study provides a scientific foundation for the high-quality development of rural tourism and for the enhancement and sustainable management of regional leisure tourism systems. Using methods such as the nearest neighbor index, kernel density, geographic detector, and geographically weighted regression analysis, the results reveal: (1) the spatial distribution of tourism villages in the Great Mount Huang district exhibits significant clustering and unevenness, forming a spatial pattern characterized by “one cluster, two cores, and three points”; Anqing City shows the most concentrated and uneven distribution of tourism villages; (2) the number of Grade A tourist attractions and cultural resources are dominant factors; tourism culture and natural environment are the most influential dimensions affecting the spatial distribution of tourism villages in the Great Mount Huang district; the development of rural tourism requires consideration of multiple aspects and factors, emphasizing multidimensional coordination; (3) the average slope and the number of Grade A tourist attractions exhibit the greatest spatial variability, while the average elevation shows the lowest spatial variability; average elevation, average slope, per capita disposable income, the number of Grade A tourist attractions, and cultural resources all show a positive correlation with the distribution of tourism villages. Full article

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18 pages, 2167 KB

Open AccessArticle

Turning Organic Waste into Energy and Food: Household-Scale Water–Energy–Food Systems

by Seneshaw Tsegaye, Terence Wise, Gabriel Alford, Peter R. Michael, Mewcha Amha Gebremedhin, Ankit Kumar Singh, Thomas H. Culhane, Osman Karatum and Thomas M. Missimer

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8942; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198942 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 389

Abstract

Population growth drives increasing energy demands, agricultural production, and organic waste generation. The organic waste contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and increasing landfill burdens, highlighting the need for novel closed-loop technologies that integrate water, energy, and food resources. Within the context of the [...] Read more.

Population growth drives increasing energy demands, agricultural production, and organic waste generation. The organic waste contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and increasing landfill burdens, highlighting the need for novel closed-loop technologies that integrate water, energy, and food resources. Within the context of the Water–energy–food Nexus (WEF), wastewater can be recycled for food production and food waste can be converted into clean energy, both contributing to environmental impact reduction and resource sustainability. A novel household-scale, closed-loop WEF system was designed, installed and operated to manage organic waste while retrieving water for irrigation, nutrients for plant growth, and biogas for energy generation. The system included a biodigester for energy production, a sand filter system to regulate nutrient levels in the effluent, and a hydroponic setup for growing food crops using the nutrient-rich effluent. These components are operated with a daily batch feeder coupled with automated sensors to monitor effluent flow from the biodigester, sand filter system, and the feeder to the hydroponic system. This novel system was operated continuously for two months using typical household waste composition. Controlled experimental tests were conducted weekly to measure the nutrient content of the effluent at four locations and to analyze the composition of biogas. Gas chromatography was used to analyze biogas composition, while test strips and In-Situ Aqua Troll Multi-Parameter Water Quality Sonde were employed for water quality measurements during the experimental study. Experimental results showed that the system consistently produced biogas with 76.7% (±5.2%) methane, while effluent analysis confirmed its potential as a nutrient source with average concentrations of phosphate (20 mg/L), nitrate (26 mg/L), and nitrite (5 mg/L). These nutrient values indicate suitability for hydroponic crop growth and reduced reliance on synthetic fertilizers. This novel system represents a significant step toward integrating waste management, energy production, and food cultivation at the source, in this case, the household. Full article

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13 pages, 246 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing the Quality of Distance Learning—A Serbian Case

by Marjana Pardanjac, Snežana Vitomir Jokić, Ivana Berković, Biljana Radulović, Nadežda Ljubojev and Eleonora Brtka

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8941; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198941 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 264

Abstract

This study examines the key factors influencing the quality of distance learning in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic, a period when online learning became the dominant mode of education. Using a descriptive method and a 26-item questionnaire, data were collected from a [...] Read more.

This study examines the key factors influencing the quality of distance learning in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic, a period when online learning became the dominant mode of education. Using a descriptive method and a 26-item questionnaire, data were collected from a representative sample of 360 students in Vojvodina, Serbia. The factors analyzed include computer literacy and technology access (Ph1), students’ ability to balance life obligations with study demands (Ph2), and their motivation for distance learning (Ph3). The results show that 89% of students had adequate IT access, 47% were able to reconcile study and personal obligations, and 70% reported strong motivation. Correlation analysis confirmed a statistically significant positive relationship between all three factors and students’ perceptions of well-organized distance learning, thus supporting the main research hypothesis. Beyond these findings, this study interprets digital literacy as adaptability, time management as resilience, and motivation as value orientation and future thinking—core dimensions of sustainability competences outlined in the European GreenComp framework. Distance learning is therefore positioned not only as an emergency response but also as a transformative pedagogy that integrates brain (knowledge), hands (skills), heart (values), and spirit (purpose), contributing to sustainable and resilient higher education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transformative Pedagogies for Sustainability Competence Development)

26 pages, 4670 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modernization of a Tube Furnace as Part of Zero-Waste Practice

by Beata Brzychczyk, Jakub Styks, Michał Hajos, Jacek Kostiuczuk, Wiktor Nadkański, Rafał Smolec and Łukasz Sikora

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8940; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198940 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 235

Abstract

Modern research laboratories are constantly evolving to meet the growing demands for precision, quality, and flexibility in scientific work. The modernization of existing experimental test benches plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, optimizing processes, and ensuring operational safety. This requires updates to [...] Read more.

Modern research laboratories are constantly evolving to meet the growing demands for precision, quality, and flexibility in scientific work. The modernization of existing experimental test benches plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, optimizing processes, and ensuring operational safety. This requires updates to their design, experimental methods, data collection, and results recording—all of which provide the foundation for developing new research concepts. An increasing number of innovations are now guided by the principle of minimizing environmental impact. In line with this approach, an innovative modernization of a tube furnace research station was carried out, based on the concepts of sustainable development and the zero-waste philosophy. To enable thermogravimetric analyses of coffee waste, a previously incomplete tube furnace was refurbished using recycled components. The primary objective was to expand the research capabilities of the existing workstation. As part of the modernization, three indicators of reuse efficiency were calculated: the quantitative indicator W_re-use, the mass indicator

W_{r e - u s e}^{m a s s}

, and the cost indicator

W_{r e - u s e}^{v a l u e}

. A quantitative index of 78% and a mass index of approximately 76% were achieved, while the economic value of the recovered components accounted for 11% of the total value of the revitalized research station. This strategy significantly reduced waste generation, carbon dioxide emissions, and the consumption of primary raw materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Waste and Recycling)

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15 pages, 300 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Strategic Sustainability Frameworks in the Context of Family Business: A Quantitative Analysis

by Mariana Sedliačiková, Antonín Korauš, Denis Pinka, Martin Halász and Patrik Javorčík

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8939; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198939 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 260

Abstract

Family business, which represents a significant segment of the global economy, combines family values with business activities. Building a strategy for sustainability in family businesses is a crucial factor for their long-term stability, development and ability to respond to dynamic challenges of the [...] Read more.

Family business, which represents a significant segment of the global economy, combines family values with business activities. Building a strategy for sustainability in family businesses is a crucial factor for their long-term stability, development and ability to respond to dynamic challenges of the business environment. The scientific objective of this research was to identify the status of implementation and the perceived importance of the strategy and development of Slovak family businesses from the perspective of sustainability. To achieve the set objective, the methodological tool employed was a questionnaire survey of a sample of 457 Slovak family businesses. The established hypotheses were tested using the Chi-square test and the Hypothesis Test on Relative Frequency. From the results, it can be concluded that the majority of family businesses consider the implementation of a development and sustainability strategy to be crucial for their further progress and competitiveness, but most businesses have not yet implemented this process. It was found that the majority of family businesses are interested in a comprehensive framework strategy and sustainability, while its implementation directly depends on the size of the business. The results of the presented research provide valuable knowledge for the family business segment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

26 pages, 7346 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does an Environmental Protection Tax Promote or Inhibit the Market Value of Companies? Evidence from Chinese Polluting Companies

by Chenghao Ye and Igor A. Mayburov

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8938; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198938 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 304

Abstract

This study takes the environmental protection tax (EPT) implemented in China in 2018 as the policy background and systematically examines the impact mechanism and boundary conditions of EPT on the market value of listed companies in the polluting industries. The results indicate that [...] Read more.

This study takes the environmental protection tax (EPT) implemented in China in 2018 as the policy background and systematically examines the impact mechanism and boundary conditions of EPT on the market value of listed companies in the polluting industries. The results indicate that EPT significantly inhibits Tobin’s Q of polluting companies. A one-unit increase in EPT leads to a 0.274-unit decrease in Tobin’s Q. The heterogeneity test reveals that the EPT shock exhibits a spatial gradient effect of “Eastern > Central > Western > Northeastern”. The rigidity of the tax system is stronger than that of the pollution discharge fee, and the effect on non-heavily polluting industries is stronger than that on heavily polluting industries. Mechanism analysis shows that while corporate financial flexibility can buffer against short-term EPT shocks, R&D investment and patent quality expose an “innovation trap” characterized by high investment but low conversion efficiency, largely determined by the type of innovation pursued. By elucidating the multiple moderating and mediating mechanisms at play, this study constructs an integrated “institutional pressure-resource constraints-market feedback” model, thereby providing a new analytical framework for environmental economics in emerging markets. Full article

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27 pages, 1783 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Conceptual Framework for an Agroecological Business Model Canvas

by Sarah Stempfle, Domenico Carlucci, Luigi Roselli and Bernardo Corrado de Gennaro

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8937; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198937 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 304

Abstract

Agroecological transition toward stronger sustainability demands systemic changes in various domains across farms, agroecosystem landscapes, and broader food systems. Business model innovation plays a critical enabling role, by aligning farming systems with agroecology. However, designing or transforming farming business models presents significant challenges, [...] Read more.

Agroecological transition toward stronger sustainability demands systemic changes in various domains across farms, agroecosystem landscapes, and broader food systems. Business model innovation plays a critical enabling role, by aligning farming systems with agroecology. However, designing or transforming farming business models presents significant challenges, as it involves a radical rethinking of the foundational architecture of value creation, delivery, and capture. This study offers a structured and actionable approach to support this process, by developing a conceptual framework that systematically integrates the FAO’s 10 Elements of Agroecology into the Business Model Canvas, drawing on an exploratory literature review and following a five-stage process. The outcome is a prototype of an Agroecological Business Model Canvas (ABMC) that serves as both an analytical and strategic tool to support the design, evaluation, and improvement of agroecological business models. The proposed ABMC redefines conventional components and introduces additional ones to fully reflect agroecological principles and incorporate evaluation elements for assessing both the transition degree and multidimensional sustainability performance. By facilitating iterative reflection and co-design, the ABMC represents a practical device for advancing Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems and supporting farmers in developing context-specific sustainable, resilient, and socially grounded agroecological business models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Economics, Advisory Systems and Sustainability)

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