Nutrients

15 pages, 3782 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consequences of Dietary Manganese Deficiency or Mn₂O₃ Nanoparticles Supplementation on Rat Manganese Biodistribution and Femur Morphology

by Ewelina Cholewińska, Wojciech Dworzański, Jerzy Juśkiewicz, Piotr Listos and Katarzyna Ognik

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3184; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193184 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the effect of manganese (Mn) exclusion from the dietary mineral mixture and the dietary replacement of the recommended level of MnCO₃ with Mn₂O₃ nanoparticles (Mn₂O₃NPs) on the Mn [...] Read more.

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the effect of manganese (Mn) exclusion from the dietary mineral mixture and the dietary replacement of the recommended level of MnCO₃ with Mn₂O₃ nanoparticles (Mn₂O₃NPs) on the Mn biodistribution and the femur histology. Methods: The experiment was conducted on twenty seven Wistar rats divided into three groups (n = 9): a control group receiving the recommended level of Mn (65 mg/kg) in standard form (MnCO₃); a manganese deficient group (Mn deprived from dietary mineral mixture), and a group receiving diet supplemented Mn₂O₃NPs (65 mg/kg) instead of MnCO₃. During the 12-week experiment, a balance test was performed. After the experiment period, blood and femur were collected from sacrificed rats. The content of Mn in water, diet, urine, feces, plasma, and femur was measured. Results: In the Mn-deficient rats, a reduction in Mn intake and excretion, Mn retention index, and blood Mn level, but an increase in Mn digestibility index was noted. In rats supplemented with Mn₂O₃NPs, Mn intake and excretion and blood Mn levels were decreased, while Mn retention and digestibility indexes were increased. In both experimental groups, deterioration of femur morphology was noted, but these changes were more severe in the Mn-deficient group. Conclusions: The obtained research results indicate that manganese deficiency significantly disturbed the biodistribution of this element and led to the deterioration of the architecture and histological parameters of the femur, emphasizing the key role of manganese in maintaining bone homeostasis. It has also been shown that replacing MnCO₃ with Mn₂O₃NPs allows the maintenance of the correct Mn level in the femur but causes unfavorable changes in its morphology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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14 pages, 741 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Adiposity Rebound and the Frequency of Balanced Meals Among Japanese Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Yuki Tada, Kemal Sasaki, Tomomi Kobayashi, Yasuyo Wada, Daisuke Fujita and Tetsuji Yokoyama

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3183; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193183 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: The Healthy Japan 21-Phase III dietary recommendations comprise a staple food, main dish, and side dish to maintain nutritional balance and support healthy child growth. The relationship between the frequency of such balanced meals and early adiposity rebound (AR), a predictor of [...] Read more.

Background: The Healthy Japan 21-Phase III dietary recommendations comprise a staple food, main dish, and side dish to maintain nutritional balance and support healthy child growth. The relationship between the frequency of such balanced meals and early adiposity rebound (AR), a predictor of obesity, remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between the frequency of balanced meals (staple food, main dish, and side dish) and early AR in preschool children. Methods: In this cross-sectional secondary analysis of nationwide online survey data of 688 mothers of children aged 3–6 years, dietary habits were assessed using a validated NutriSTEP-based 22-item Japanese Nutrition Screening Questionnaire. AR constituted a body mass index (BMI) increase from the 18- to 36-month health checkups recorded in the Maternal and Child Health Handbook. Risk scores reflecting lower frequency of balanced meals were calculated for staple foods, main dishes, and side dishes. Logistic regression evaluated associations between dietary risk scores and AR, adjusting for the child’s sex, age, gestational age, birth weight, daycare attendance, and parental obesity. Results: Among 688 children, 193 (28.1%) exhibited early AR and had significantly higher BMI at age 3 and the most recent measurement (both p < 0.01). A higher total dietary risk score was independently associated with AR (adjusted odds ratio; 2.58 [95% CI: 1.08–6.16]). In addition, the absolute risk difference between high- and low-risk groups was 8.5% (95% CI: 1.7–15.2%). Conclusions: A lower frequency of balanced meals is associated with early AR. These findings suggest that a simple, meal-balance screening tool could potentially aid in the early identification of the risk of later obesity and timely nutritional guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention and Physical Activity in Adolescents and Children with Obesity)

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17 pages, 2353 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Based Facial Emotion Analysis in Infants During Complimentary Feeding: A Descriptive Study of Maternal and Infant Influences

by Murat Gülşen, Beril Aydın, Güliz Gürer and Sıddika Songül Yalçın

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3182; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193182 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Infant emotional responses during complementary feeding offer key insights into early developmental processes and feeding behaviors. AI-driven facial emotion analysis presents a novel, objective method to quantify these subtle expressions, potentially informing interventions in early childhood nutrition. We aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Infant emotional responses during complementary feeding offer key insights into early developmental processes and feeding behaviors. AI-driven facial emotion analysis presents a novel, objective method to quantify these subtle expressions, potentially informing interventions in early childhood nutrition. We aimed to investigate how maternal and infant traits influence infants’ emotional responses during complementary feeding using an automated facial analysis tool. Methods: This multi-center study involved 117 typically developing infants (6–11 months) and their mothers. Standardized feeding sessions were recorded, and OpenFace software quantified six emotions (surprise, sadness, fear, happiness, anger, disgust). Data were normalized and analyzed via Generalized Estimating Equations to identify associations with maternal BMI, education, work status, and infant age, sex, and complementary feeding initiation. Results: Emotional responses did not differ significantly across five food groups. Infants of mothers with BMI > 30 kg/m² showed greater surprise, while those whose mothers were well-educated and not working displayed more happiness. Older infants and those introduced to complementary feeding before six months exhibited higher levels of anger. Parental or infant food selectivity did not significantly affect responses. Conclusions: The findings indicate that maternal and infant demographic factors exert a more pronounced influence on infant emotional responses during complementary feeding than the type of food provided. These results highlight the importance of integrating broader psychosocial variables into early feeding practices and underscore the potential utility of AI-driven facial emotion analysis in advancing research on infant development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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17 pages, 772 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effectiveness of Interventions to Improve Malnutrition Among Older Adults Living with Frailty Who Are Discharged from the Acute Setting: A Systematic Review

by Cerenay Sarier, Siobhan Walsh, Sheila Bowers, Margaret O’Connor, Ahmed Mohamed, Heather Keller, Katherine L. Ford, Rose Galvin and Anne Griffin

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3181; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193181 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background & Aim: Malnutrition and frailty are prevalent among older adults following discharge from acute care, including emergency departments. This transition period presents a critical window for targeted nutrition interventions. This systematic review synthesises evidence on the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for malnourished, [...] Read more.

Background & Aim: Malnutrition and frailty are prevalent among older adults following discharge from acute care, including emergency departments. This transition period presents a critical window for targeted nutrition interventions. This systematic review synthesises evidence on the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for malnourished, frail older adults and incorporates analyses of stakeholders’ perspectives, including those of patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals. By integrating clinical outcomes with stakeholder experiences, the review aims to identify strategies that can optimise nutritional care and support recovery in the post-acute setting. Methods: Searches were conducted in Scopus, CINAHL, EBSCO, EMBASE, and PubMed for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of nutrition interventions in participants ≥65 years living with frailty and identified as malnourished on discharge from acute care. The primary outcome was assessing the effects of nutrition interventions on malnutrition, nutrition status, physical function and frailty, food intake, and quality of life. Secondary outcomes were hospital readmission and mortality. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (V2). Results: Five RCTs with 551 participants were included. Nutrition interventions, including counselling, oral nutrition supplements, and multidisciplinary strategies, improved dietary intake, weight, frailty, physical function, BMI, and quality of life in older adults post-discharge. Some studies also reported reduced hospital stays, readmissions, and mortality. However, none explored stakeholder perspectives, highlighting a gap in person-centred transitional care design. Conclusion: This systematic review highlights a critical gap in evidence for nutrition interventions targeting frail older adults at hospital discharge. While short-term benefits were observed, long-term sustainability and real-world feasibility remain uncertain. The absence of stakeholder involvement further limits person-centred design. These findings underscore the need for integrated nutrition care pathways that embed effective interventions into transitional care models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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16 pages, 2018 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Adequacy and Day-to-Day Energy Variability: Impacts on Outcomes in Severe Trauma Patients

by Jovana Stanisavljevic, Nikola N. Grubor, Sergej Marjanovic, Ivan Palibrk, Mihailo Bezmarevic, Jelena Velickovic, Adi Hadzibegovic, Marija Milenkovic, Sanja Ratkovic and Bojan Jovanovic

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193180 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Optimal energy and protein delivery during the early phase of severe trauma remains unclear. Observational studies frequently contradict the findings of randomized controlled trials, raising concerns about confounding factors. The aim of this study is to assess nutritional adequacy and daily variability [...] Read more.

Background: Optimal energy and protein delivery during the early phase of severe trauma remains unclear. Observational studies frequently contradict the findings of randomized controlled trials, raising concerns about confounding factors. The aim of this study is to assess nutritional adequacy and daily variability in the energy gaps and its impact on outcomes using innovative statistical methods. Methods: Prospective observational study enrolled severely injured patients in the ICU at the Level 1 trauma center between October 2023 to April 2025. To describe the evolution of calorie and protein deficits during the first 10-day ICU stay, we utilized a linear mixed-effects model to estimate each patient’s individual energy gap trajectory. Results: 286 patients were analyzed. Median APACHE II and ISS score was 16.0 (12.0–20.0) and 22.0 (18.0–27.0), respectively. Mortality rate was 35.3%. Patients received 68.3% of prescribed calories and 76.8% of proteins. Admission energy deficit, rate of caloric intake, and their interaction are associated with ICU mortality. Increased day-to-day energy variability was associated with longer duration of mechanical ventilation (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31–0.99; p = 0.047). Patients who achieved better caloric (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48–0.98, p = 0.036) and protein (HR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09–0.96, p = 0.043) nutrition had a lower hazard of developing nosocomial infection. Conclusions: This study supports the 2023 ESPEN guidelines, showing that achieving the recommended energy and protein intake during the early phase of severe trauma is linked to lower mortality rates, shorter mechanical ventilation time, and reduced risk of nosocomial infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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14 pages, 2494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gastrointestinal Survivability of a BSH-Positive Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus VB4 Strain and Its Effect on Bile Acid Deconjugation in a Dynamic In Vitro Gut Model

by Amanda Vaccalluzzo, Gianluigi Agolino, Alessandra Pino, Marianna Cristofolini, Davide Tagliazucchi, Alice Cattivelli, Cinzia Caggia, Lisa Solieri and Cinzia Lucia Randazzo

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3179; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193179 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 294

Abstract

Background: Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) is a key probiotic trait, as it facilitates both host metabolism and bacterial survival into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), through bile acid (BA) deconjugation, keeping intestinal homeostasis. Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the viability of the [...] Read more.

Background: Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) is a key probiotic trait, as it facilitates both host metabolism and bacterial survival into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), through bile acid (BA) deconjugation, keeping intestinal homeostasis. Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the viability of the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus VB4 strain and its effects on bile acid deconjugation during the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) passage, under a fed condition, using the in vitro SHIME^® (Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem) model. Methods: Gastric, small intestinal and colonic fractions were monitored and a fecal slurry from a healthy donor was inoculated into the colonic compartment to establish the intestinal microbiota. Samples were collected at the end of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum phases, and colon after 0, 16 and 24 h. Strain survival was assessed by culturing method, and bsh gene expression was revealed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In addition, UHPLC/HR-MS was performed to reveal the hypothetical changes in BAs profile after strain administration. Results: Good survivability of the VB4 strain in the upper GIT was revealed. Furthermore, VB4-inculated sample showed sustained expression of bsh in both the stomach/small intestine and colon fractions at all sampling times. Analysis of the BAs profile shown that the VB4 strain reduced the levels of the main conjugated BAs in the small intestine under fed condition and improved the deconjugation efficiency during colonic transit compared with the control. Conclusions: These findings highlight the survivability of L. rhamnosus VB4 strain inside the gut and its potential as biotherapeutic BAs-mediator candidate, demonstrating that transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches coupled to a dynamic in vitro gut model represent a robust tool for selection of a BSH-positive probiotic candidate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic News and Updates on Probiotics)

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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 10530 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preventive Effects of an Opuntia stricta var. dillenii Extract on Lipid Metabolism in a High-Fat High-Fructose Diet-Induced Obesity Animal Model

by Iker Gómez-García, Alfredo Fernández-Quintela, Paula Oliver, Catalina Picó, M. Pilar Cano, María P. Portillo and Jenifer Trepiana

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3178; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193178 - 8 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Due to the continuous global rise in obesity prevalence, foods rich in bioactive compounds are increasingly recognised for the management of several diseases. Objective: The present study aims to investigate whether an Opuntia stricta var. dillenii fruit peel extract, rich in betalains [...] Read more.

Background: Due to the continuous global rise in obesity prevalence, foods rich in bioactive compounds are increasingly recognised for the management of several diseases. Objective: The present study aims to investigate whether an Opuntia stricta var. dillenii fruit peel extract, rich in betalains and phenolic compounds, is able to prevent obesity induced by a high-fat high-fructose diet in rats, along with the potential mechanisms of action underlying this effect. Results: The supplementation with Opuntia stricta var. dillenii extract obtained from the peel fruit partially prevents obesity development by attenuating HFHF-induced fat accumulation. This effect was observed predominantly in visceral adipose tissue, rather than in the subcutaneous depot. The obesity prevention was accompanied by the improvement of serum lipid profile. The mechanisms underlying the extract anti-obesity effect which were analysed in epididymal adipose tissue, involve preventing the rise in the availability of triglyceride synthesis substrates induced by high-fat high-fructose feeding, the inhibition of triglyceride assembly, and in the case of the high dose, increased lipolysis. Conclusions: According to these results, the peel wastes of Opuntia stricta var. dillenii fruit represent a promising natural source of bioactive compounds for obesity prevention. Nevertheless, these preclinical effects should be replicated in further studies in human beings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Functional Foods in Human Health—2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Circulating Spexin, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance in Korean Children and Adolescents

by Shin-Hee Kim and Yoon Hong Chun

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193177 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

Background: Spexin is a neuropeptide involved in various physiological functions, including energy metabolism, appetite regulation, and weight loss. This study aimed to identify correlations between circulating spexin levels, obesity, and insulin resistance (IR) in Korean children and adolescents. Methods: We included 128 Korean [...] Read more.

Background: Spexin is a neuropeptide involved in various physiological functions, including energy metabolism, appetite regulation, and weight loss. This study aimed to identify correlations between circulating spexin levels, obesity, and insulin resistance (IR) in Korean children and adolescents. Methods: We included 128 Korean children and adolescents in the study. Among them, 69 individuals (53.9%) were classified as obese, 43 (33.6%) were considered overweight, and 16 (12.5%) had a normal weight. We recorded participants’ anthropometric parameters, fasting biochemical parameters, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and assessed their correlations with plasma spexin levels. Results: Plasma spexin levels were significantly lower in obese subjects than in controls (mean, 163.1 vs. 198.4 pg/mL; p = 0.01). Subjects with IR had lower spexin levels than those without IR (mean, 145.3 vs. 185.1 pg/mL; p < 0.001). Spexin levels were negatively correlated with the BMI SDS (r = −0.30; p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (r = −0.33; p < 0.001), fasting insulin (r = −0.41; p < 0.001), HOMA-IR value (r = −0.41; p < 0.001), triglyceride (TG) level (r = −0.38; p < 0.001), and plasma leptin level (r = −0.26; p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, HOMA-IR and TG levels were independently associated with plasma spexin levels (p < 0.001 for both). Mediation analyses suggest a potential bidirectional relationship between obesity-related reductions in circulating spexin and insulin resistance. Conclusions: Decreased circulating spexin levels were associated with obesity and IR among Korean children and adolescents. Our findings suggest a link between circulating spexin, obesity, and IR in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Metabolic Biomarkers in Obesity)

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16 pages, 3545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactoferrin and Osteopontin Cooperatively Promote Intestinal Epithelial Maturation in Neonatal Mice by Activating the Brg1/Notch1/Hes1 Pathway

by Wen Zhang, Chuangang Li, Ran Bi, Yao Lu, Yiran Zhang, Chenhong Shi, Ziyu Qiao, Yanan Sun, Juan Chen, Pengjie Wang, Ran Wang, Fazheng Ren and Yixuan Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193176 - 8 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Early life is crucial for infant gut development and intestinal homeostasis. Lactoferrin (LF) and osteopontin (OPN) are bioactive breast milk proteins that are supplemented into infant formula to promote gut development. However, the combined effect of LF and OPN (LOP) on in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Early life is crucial for infant gut development and intestinal homeostasis. Lactoferrin (LF) and osteopontin (OPN) are bioactive breast milk proteins that are supplemented into infant formula to promote gut development. However, the combined effect of LF and OPN (LOP) on in vivo gut maturation has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of LF, OPN, and LOP on intestinal epithelium maturation in C57BL/6N mice from postnatal days 7 to 21. Methods: 3-day-old pups were assigned to four groups: Control group, LF group: 300 mg/kg LF; OPN group: 300 mg/kg OPN, LOP group: 300 mg/kg of a 1:5 (w/w) mixture of LF and OPN. Results: Compared to controls, LOP reduced plasma Diamine Oxidase (DAO) activity by 1.54-fold and D-lactate levels by 1.41-fold, demonstrating greater efficacy than LF or OPN alone in reducing intestinal permeability. LOP also significantly increased intestinal absorptive cells versus controls or single proteins. Mechanistically, LOP promoted directional intestinal stem cell differentiation, increasing jejunal transit-amplifying cells by 1.40-fold in 21-day-old mice. LOP upregulated expression of the Notch pathway target Hes1 by 1.70-fold. Further investigations revealed LOP activated Notch signaling via the transcription factor Brg1. Validation using intestinal organoids and IEC-6 cells confirmed intact OPN within LOP mediates increased Brg1 expression, activating the Notch pathway to direct intestinal stem cell differentiation into absorptive cells. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings in neonatal mice suggest that LOP cooperatively enhances intestinal barrier maturation and directs stem cell differentiation via Brg1-Notch signaling, offering potential insights for future research on bioactive protein supplementation in infant nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients and Bioactive Molecules: Their Development, Interaction, and Impact on Human Health)

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11 pages, 1116 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Food Preferences and Supplement Intake During Pregnancy on the Cleft Lip and Palate Incidence: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

by Kumiko Fujiwara, Hazuki Tamada, Hideto Imura, Taro Matsuki, Hiroo Furukawa, Nagato Natsume, Yasuyuki Yamada, Takeshi Ebara, Michihiro Kamijima and The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) Group

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193175 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 375

Abstract

Background: Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a high-frequency congenital disease. Besides genetic background, maternal environmental factors may be involved in its incidence. We examined the effects of unbalanced diets and the intake of dietary supplements during pregnancy on the incidence of non-syndromic [...] Read more.

Background: Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a high-frequency congenital disease. Besides genetic background, maternal environmental factors may be involved in its incidence. We examined the effects of unbalanced diets and the intake of dietary supplements during pregnancy on the incidence of non-syndromic CL/P (NSCLP) via a case–control study design with multiple case groups. The case group diagnosed with NSCLP included 281 patients, 217 from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) data and 64 from the Aichi Gakuin University Hospital from 2011 to 2014. The control group comprised 87,477 (excluding cases with multiple births, chromosomal abnormalities, or complications) of the 104,062 fetal records registered in JECS. Results: The results revealed a significantly increased risk of NSCLP (aOR 2.86, 95% CI 1.63–5.00) in mothers who avoided two or more food items out of the investigated five, i.e., milk and dairy products, eggs, soy, fish, and beef. No association was identified in mothers who avoided one food. Conclusions: Providing nutritional support when multiple foods are avoided in daily food habits may be effective in reducing the occurrence of NSCLP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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11 pages, 692 KB

Open AccessArticle

Healthy Diets Are Associated with Weight Control in Middle-Aged Japanese

by Etsuko Kibayashi and Makiko Nakade

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3174; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193174 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 458

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In Japan, well-balanced meals composed of staple grains, protein-rich main dishes, and vegetable sides are recommended. However, issues such as infrequent breakfast consumption and poor vegetable intake persist. Obesity and non-communicable disease (NCD) rates from age 40 have also begun rising. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In Japan, well-balanced meals composed of staple grains, protein-rich main dishes, and vegetable sides are recommended. However, issues such as infrequent breakfast consumption and poor vegetable intake persist. Obesity and non-communicable disease (NCD) rates from age 40 have also begun rising. Therefore, we investigated the structural associations between healthy diets and weight control for NCD prevention, including the potential associations with rice consumption and eating out/home meal replacement use in middle-aged Japanese individuals. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey based on data from 577 respondents to the 2016 Hyogo Diet Survey, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, aged 40–59 years. A healthy diet was defined as including at least two well-balanced meals daily, eating breakfast regularly, and eating five or more vegetable dishes daily. A hypothetical model included factors associated with healthy diets and maintaining a healthy weight (energy, salt, fat, and sugar intake; using nutritional fact labels; and regular exercise), and the frequencies of rice consumption and eating out/home-meal replacement. A simultaneous multi-population analysis by sex was performed. Results: Simultaneous multi-population analysis showed acceptable goodness-of-fit. Maintaining appropriate weight and eating rice were positively associated with healthy diet scores in both sexes. However, for men, using home meal replacements was negatively associated. Conclusions: Among middle-aged Japanese in Hyogo Prefecture, weight control for NCD prevention and rice consumption were linked to healthy diets. In men, using home meal replacements was associated with worse diet quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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21 pages, 323 KB

Open AccessReview

Pregnancy and Caffeine Metabolism: Updated Insights and Implications for Maternal–Fetal Health

by Katarzyna Maria Struniewicz, Magdalena Maria Ptaszek, Alicja Marianna Ziółkowska, Aneta Nitsch-Osuch and Aleksandra Kozłowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193173 - 8 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances globally and is a common component of daily diets, particularly among women of reproductive age. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated potential adverse effects of prenatal caffeine exposure, including disturbances [...] Read more.

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances globally and is a common component of daily diets, particularly among women of reproductive age. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated potential adverse effects of prenatal caffeine exposure, including disturbances in fetal growth, metabolic dysregulation, organ malformations, and neurodevelopmental alterations. These findings suggest that caffeine may influence multiple physiological pathways during gestation, including epigenetic modifications and metabolic programming. However, evidence from human studies remains heterogeneous and often inconclusive. Recent cohort studies and meta-analyses have reported that moderate maternal caffeine intake is not significantly associated with increased risks of gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, or preeclampsia, although higher intake levels have been linked to anemia, preterm birth, and low birth weight in some populations. Furthermore, emerging data suggest potential associations between prenatal caffeine exposure and early neurodevelopmental outcomes, including behavioral changes, subtle structural brain differences, and alterations in offspring metabolic health and obesity risk. Despite these findings, the magnitude and clinical relevance of these effects remain uncertain, partly due to variability in caffeine sources, dosages, study designs, and reliance on self-reported intake. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on maternal caffeine consumption, its impact on pregnancy complications, fetal development, and long-term child health outcomes. By integrating experimental and clinical data, the study provides a comprehensive overview that may assist clinicians and healthcare professionals in counseling pregnant women regarding caffeine intake and potential risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet and Metabolism in Pregnancy)

21 pages, 461 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Reported Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity and Other Food Sensitivities in Patients with Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome

by Aurelio Seidita, Pasquale Mansueto, Maurizio Soresi, Diana Di Liberto, Gabriele De Carlo, Gianluca Bisso, Salvatore Cosenza, Mirco Pistone, Alessandra Giuliano, Gabriele Spagnuolo, Clara Bertolino, Clarissa Bellanti, Roberto Citarrella, Lidia La Barbera, Giuliana Guggino and Antonio Carroccio

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3172; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193172 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 437

Abstract

Background: Wheat or cow’s milk intake might influence the primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS) clinical manifestations. A high prevalence (20–30%) of autoimmune diseases, including pSS, has been reported in non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). This study aimed to identify the prevalence of self-reported NCWS and [...] Read more.

Background: Wheat or cow’s milk intake might influence the primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS) clinical manifestations. A high prevalence (20–30%) of autoimmune diseases, including pSS, has been reported in non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). This study aimed to identify the prevalence of self-reported NCWS and sensitivity/intolerance to other foods in patients with pSS, and to establish the specific clinical and immunological features of this subgroup of patients. Methods: 82 prospectively enrolled pSS patients were compared to 161 type 2 diabetes controls without rheumatological disease. The presence of a self-reported NCWS, and/or self-reported milk intolerance (SRMI), and/or multiple food sensitivity (MFS) was assessed by a validated questionnaire. Clinical and immunological features of pSS subjects, stratified according to the presence/absence of self-reported NCWS, were analyzed. Results: pSS patients had a higher frequency of self-reported NCWS (47.6% vs. 18.6%, p < 0.0001), SRMI (29.3% vs. 5.6%, p < 0.0001) and MFS (30.5% vs. 9.3% p < 0.0003) compared to controls. After the intake of wheat-containing products, 18 (21.9%) pSS patients reported the worsening of disease-specific symptoms, whereas 11 (13.4%) reported a significative clinical improvement after wheat-free diet (WFD) introduction. Moreover, 47.6% of pSS subjects complained of wheat-related gastrointestinal/extraintestinal disorders. No clinical/immunological feature differentiates pSS patients with and without self-reported NCWS, excluding a higher frequency of SRMI (39.5% vs. 11.9%, p = 0.01) and MFS (65.7% vs. 23.8%; p = 0.0004) in the former. Conclusions: This study shows a clear association between pSS and NCWS, confirming that wheat intake could be a common trigger of symptoms of both these conditions. WFD adoption seems to reduce both gastrointestinal/extraintestinal and pSS-specific symptoms in a subgroup of pSS patients, opening new possibilities for their clinical management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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15 pages, 992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Triterpene and Caffeoylquinic Acid Constituents Contribute to the Cognitive-Enhancing, but Not Anxiolytic, Effects of a Water Extract of Centella asiatica in Aged Mice

by Wyatt Hack, Lucas Kuhnau, Jesus Martinez, Luke C. Marney, Jaewoo Choi, Arshia R. Sohal, Seiji Koike, Thuan Nguyen, Claudia S. Maier, Amala Soumyanath and Nora E. Gray

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193171 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 379

Abstract

Background/objectives: A water extract of the plant Centella asiatica (CAW) has been shown to improve cognitive deficits in aged mice when administered for 5 weeks in drinking water. However, the contribution of the constituent compounds within CAW to the beneficial effects of the [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: A water extract of the plant Centella asiatica (CAW) has been shown to improve cognitive deficits in aged mice when administered for 5 weeks in drinking water. However, the contribution of the constituent compounds within CAW to the beneficial effects of the extract remains unelucidated. This study evaluated the effects of triterpene (TT) and caffeoylquinic acids (CQA) found within CAW, on learning, cognitive flexibility, memory, and anxiety-like behaviors in aged C57BL6 mice. Methods: Eighteen-month-old male and female C57BL6 mice were administered either TT, CQA, or the combination (TT+CQA) in their drinking water for a total of 5 weeks, at concentrations corresponding to their presence in CAW. During the final two weeks of treatment learning, executive function, memory, and anxiety were assessed. Results: Aged mice of both sexes showed significant improvement in learning when treated with TT and CQA separately and in combination. Treatment with TT also improved cognitive flexibility in aged mice of both sexes, but CQA and the combination of TT+CQA did not alter cognitive flexibility in aged male mice. There was no effect on recognition memory or anxiety in any of the treatment groups (TT, CQA, TT+CQA) relative to mice treated with the vehicle control although there was a trend towards improved recognition memory with TT treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that the TT and CQA present in CAW likely contribute to its previously reported amelioration of age-related cognitive changes, especially in learning and cognitive flexibility, while other constituents may be responsible for CAW’s anxiolytic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Natural Extracts on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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15 pages, 268 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolites of the Arachidonic Acid Lipoxygenase Pathway May Be Targets for Intervention and Diagnostic Markers for Metabolic Disorders in Pregnancy—A Pilot Study

by Małgorzata Szczuko, Justyna Maj, Kamila Pokorska-Niewiada, Edyta Zagrodnik and Maciej Ziętek

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193170 - 8 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Pathological pregnancy is associated with various complications that may affect the health of both the mother and her offspring. In recent years, lipid metabolites such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) fatty acids and hydroxyoctadecadienoic (HODE) fatty acids have gained increasing interest as potential [...] Read more.

Background: Pathological pregnancy is associated with various complications that may affect the health of both the mother and her offspring. In recent years, lipid metabolites such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) fatty acids and hydroxyoctadecadienoic (HODE) fatty acids have gained increasing interest as potential biomarkers of pathological processes in pregnancy. The aims of the present study were to investigate changes in HETE and HODE levels during pathological pregnancy and to assess their potential role in the development and monitoring of pregnancy complications. Attempts were made to determine associations in cross-sectional studies and relationships in longitudinal ones. Methods: In this study, a liquid chromatograph (HPLC) was used to separate the eicosanoids. The study group consisted of 72 Caucasian women, divided into a control group (n = 51) and a group with non-physiological pregnancy (n = 21). Results: The study results show that the levels of the tested metabolites of the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways increased as pregnancy progressed. Women with non-physiological courses of pregnancy who developed gestational diabetes and/or preeclampsia were characterized by dysregulation of the inflammatory signaling processes involving eicosanoids. Conclusions: Carbohydrate abnormalities during pregnancy were mainly associated with increased synthesis of 5-oxoETE and the use of 5-HETE in the control group but were not visible in the diabetic group. HODE acids probably do not play a significant role in pathological pregnancy. The relatively small size of the pathological group and the wide range of gestational age mean that the tests should be standardized and carried out on a larger scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Lipids and Human Health)

14 pages, 406 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breastfeeding Attitudes and Their Associated Factors Among Chinese Nursing Undergraduates: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Han Liu, Yutong Xia, Yuchen Deng, Zhuosen Shang, Xiyang Li, Yalan Gu, Jing Sun and Ying Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3169; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193169 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 374

Abstract

Background: Breastfeeding promotion is a public health priority in China, yet the exclusive breastfeeding rate remains below national targets. Nursing students, as future key promoters, often report insufficient knowledge, but their attitudes are less clear. Objective: This study aimed to assess breastfeeding attitudes [...] Read more.

Background: Breastfeeding promotion is a public health priority in China, yet the exclusive breastfeeding rate remains below national targets. Nursing students, as future key promoters, often report insufficient knowledge, but their attitudes are less clear. Objective: This study aimed to assess breastfeeding attitudes and identify their associated factors among Chinese nursing undergraduates, thereby providing an evidence base for the design of effective educational interventions. Design, Setting and Participants: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2024 to January 2025 at a medical university in Anhui Province, China, with 753 nursing students participating. Methods: The participants completed the General Information Questionnaire, the Chinese version of the Comprehensive Breastfeeding Knowledge Scale (CBKS), and the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS). We analyzed the data via Spearman correlation, univariate analysis, and multiple linear regression. Results: The overall IIFAS score for nursing students was 54 (51, 59), with attitude scores showing a significant positive correlation with knowledge (r = 0.462, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression revealed that breastfeeding attitudes were significantly predicted by CBKS score (β = 2.975), grade (β = 2.887), major (β = 3.235), and breastfeeding intention (β = 8.089, all p < 0.001), as well as by feeding type before six months (β = −1.591, p = 0.020). The overall model accounted for 32.7% of the variance (R² = 0.327, F = 51.666, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that Chinese nursing undergraduates hold predominantly neutral attitudes toward breastfeeding. These attitudes show significant associations with their knowledge level and personal feeding intention, which underscores the necessity of integrating attitude-focused education into nursing curricula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutritional and Supportive Interventions for Breastfeeding Success)

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9 pages, 401 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women with Treated Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Threebhorn Kamlungkuea, Chutima Kaewchung, Netjantra Sublon, Nuchpawee Tanyongmasakul, Surangfahom Butsart, Passkorn Winijchai, Phudit Jatavan and Theera Tongsong

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193168 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 459

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anemia in pregnant women and can adversely affect both maternal and fetal health. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between women with and without IDA in Northern Thailand, a [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anemia in pregnant women and can adversely affect both maternal and fetal health. This study aimed to compare pregnancy outcomes between women with and without IDA in Northern Thailand, a region with a high prevalence of anemia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on all singleton pregnancies attending antenatal care (ANC) and/or delivering at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital between 2003 and 2024. The study group consisted of women diagnosed with IDA in the first half of pregnancy, while the control group comprised women with low-risk pregnancies during the same study period. Results: Of the 38,979 pregnancies, after applying exclusion criteria, 634 pregnancies (2.2%) with laboratory-confirmed IDA and 28,132 controls remained available for analysis. Women with IDA had significantly higher parity, lower socioeconomic status, and lower hemoglobin levels throughout pregnancy. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that IDA was significantly associated with increased risks of preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio; aOR 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01–1.07), fetal growth restriction (FGR) (aOR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00–1.04), and low birth weight (aOR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.03–1.08). Conclusions: IDA, even with treatment, may still slightly increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and low birth weight. The residual risk likely reflects incomplete correction of anemia. Optimizing management requires strict compliance, judicious use of parenteral iron, and attention to coexisting nutritional deficiencies, underscoring the need for closer monitoring and improved care strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Prenatal Nutrition on Fetal Growth Development)

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12 pages, 707 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consumption of Energy Drinks and Attitudes Among School Students Following the Ban on Sales to Minors in Poland

by Regina Ewa Wierzejska, Anna Małgorzata Taraszewska, Agnieszka Wiosetek-Reske and Anna Poznańska

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3167; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193167 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 520

Abstract

Background: In 2024, Poland introduced a ban on the sale of energy drinks to individuals under 18 years of age. The aim of this study was to assess energy drink consumption among adolescents aged 12–17 years and to evaluate the effectiveness of this [...] Read more.

Background: In 2024, Poland introduced a ban on the sale of energy drinks to individuals under 18 years of age. The aim of this study was to assess energy drink consumption among adolescents aged 12–17 years and to evaluate the effectiveness of this regulation. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025, using an anonymous questionnaire. A total of 1691 students from primary and secondary schools, living in both urban and rural areas, participated. Results: Consumption of energy drinks in the month preceding the survey was reported by 41.1% of students, with the likelihood of consumption increasing by nearly 50% with each additional year of age (OR = 1.496; 95% CI: 1.381–1.621; p < 0.001). Secondary school students reported significantly higher consumption compared with primary school students (47.1% vs. 21.6%; p < 0.001). The median consumption frequency was 1–2 times per month among primary school students and 1–2 times per week among secondary school students. More than half of adolescents (58.1%) stated that the sales ban did not restrict their access to energy drinks, with adult-mediated purchases being the most common source. Among those attempting direct purchases in physical shops, only 19.3% were consistently asked to provide proof of age. Over half of the respondents did not believe that energy drinks can be harmful to their health; these students reported consumption more than twice as often as students who regarded them as harmful (54.0% vs. 23.9%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that, to date, the ban on energy drink sales to minors in Poland has had a limited impact on adolescent consumption, highlighting the need for enhanced educational initiatives in this area. However, the study was cross-sectional in nature and was not conducted on a nationally representative sample of adolescents, which should be taken into account when interpreting the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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14 pages, 258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Habits, Physical Activity, Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in University Students: A Cross- Sectional Study

by Edyta Kwilosz, Monika Musijowska, Katarzyna Badora-Musiał, Emilian Zadarko and Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3166; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193166 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 330

Abstract

Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits combined with low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness pose a serious threat to the health of young people. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between selected components of body composition, the occurrence [...] Read more.

Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits combined with low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness pose a serious threat to the health of young people. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between selected components of body composition, the occurrence of eating disorders, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity levels among university students. Material and Methods: This study was conducted among 254 students at a university in Poland. It included the measurements of body height, body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). This research also employed the My Eating Habits (MEH) questionnaire and the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Results: Based on body fat percentage (BF%), nearly one-fifth (19.69%) of participants were classified as obese. According to the body mass index (BMI), over one-third had excess body weight (overweight 24.02%, obesity 10.24%), while 6.7% were underweight. Eating disorders were significantly more prevalent in women (p = 0.0002). A significant relationship was observed between eating disorders and BMI, muscle mass (MM%), skeletal muscle mass (SMM%), body fat (BF%), and visceral fat (VFATL). Higher BMI, BF%, and VFATL were associated with a greater risk of developing eating disorders. Emotional overeating was significantly less common among individuals with normal body weight compared to those who were underweight or overweight. No statistically significant associations were found between students’ physical activity levels and eating habits. However, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was significantly negatively correlated with the presence of eating disorders. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between components of body composition, eating disorders, physical activity levels, and cardiorespiratory fitness is crucial for designing effective interventions that promote a healthier lifestyle and psychological well-being among university students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

47 pages, 3217 KB

Open AccessReview

Edible Insects as Future Proteins: Nutritional Value, Functional Properties, Bioactivities, and Safety Perspectives

by Xinyan Xu, Mengmeng Feng, Tongwei Wei, Fei Pan, Liang Zhao and Lei Zhao

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193165 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 370

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable and nutritionally balanced protein sources has intensified global interest in edible insects as an emerging alternative to conventional animal- and plant-based proteins. This review synthesizes current knowledge on insect proteins with a clear focus on four dimensions: nutritional [...] Read more.

The growing demand for sustainable and nutritionally balanced protein sources has intensified global interest in edible insects as an emerging alternative to conventional animal- and plant-based proteins. This review synthesizes current knowledge on insect proteins with a clear focus on four dimensions: nutritional value, functional properties, bioactivities, and safety considerations. Edible insects such as Bombyx mori, Acheta domesticus (A. domesticus), Tenebrio molitor, and Hermetia illucens provide high-quality proteins rich in essential amino acids, with favorable digestibility and bioavailability. Their unique functional characteristics—including solubility, emulsification, foaming, and gelation—support versatile applications in food formulations ranging from meat analogs to protein-fortified products. Insect-derived peptides further exhibit diverse bioactivities, such as antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects, highlighting their potential as functional food ingredients. Nevertheless, allergenicity and consumer acceptance remain critical challenges that must be addressed through improved processing technologies and regulatory frameworks. By systematically integrating these perspectives, this review underscores the promise of insect proteins as future food and health resources while outlining key barriers and research priorities for their safe and sustainable utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal-Originated Food and Food Compounds in Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 224 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Lactoferrin in Modulating Inflammation and Preventing Preterm Birth: A Narrative Review

by Alessandro Messina, Safae El Motarajji, Bianca Masturzo and Paolo Manzoni

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193164 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 398

Abstract

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, are central to PTB pathogenesis. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, has been proposed as a potential protective factor against PTB. [...] Read more.

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, are central to PTB pathogenesis. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, has been proposed as a potential protective factor against PTB. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on LF supplementation and its effects on inflammation, cytokine modulation, biochemical markers, and obstetric outcomes related to PTB. Methods: Eight clinical studies involving pregnant women at risk of PTB were included. LF was administered orally, vaginally, or through combined regimens, with variations in dosage and duration. Reported outcomes encompassed inflammatory markers, cervical and uterine parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and obstetric or neonatal endpoints. Results: Across the studies, LF supplementation was consistently associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, improvements in cervical length and uterine activity, and favorable changes in oxidative stress markers. Clinically, supplementation was linked with prolonged gestation, fewer preterm births, and reduced neonatal intensive care admissions. Immunological analyses further suggested a positive modulation of cytokine profiles in amniotic fluid. Conclusions: LF appears to exert multifaceted immunomodulatory effects that mitigate inflammation and support pregnancy maintenance. Although findings point to its potential role in PTB prevention, they should be interpreted with caution given the limited and heterogeneous evidence. Further large-scale, multicenter randomized trials are needed to confirm efficacy and to establish optimal dosage, route, and timing of administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Lactoferrin Supplementation on Inflammation, Immune Function and Prevention of Respiratory Infections)

16 pages, 823 KB

Open AccessArticle

Replacing Sedentary Time with Physical Activity and Sleep: A 24-Hour Movement Behaviour Perspective on Appetite Control

by Sundus Malaikah, Arwa Alruwaili, James P. Sanders, Alice E. Thackray, David J. Stensel, David Thivel, Joseph Henson, Alex V. Rowlands, Scott A. Willis and James A. King

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193163 - 7 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are interdependent components of the 24 h movement profile that may influence appetite control. While acute exercise can alter appetite perceptions and food reward, less is known about how reallocating time between daily behaviours affects appetite [...] Read more.

Background: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep are interdependent components of the 24 h movement profile that may influence appetite control. While acute exercise can alter appetite perceptions and food reward, less is known about how reallocating time between daily behaviours affects appetite outcomes under free-living conditions. Methods: We applied isotemporal-substitution modelling in a cross-sectional study of 130 young, healthy, active adults. Accelerometer-derived estimates of sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and sleep were analysed in relation to energy intake (food diaries, laboratory meals), subjective appetite perceptions, appetite-related hormones (acylated ghrelin, PYY, leptin), and psychological traits, including food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, LFPQ), food cravings (Control of Eating Questionnaire, CoEQ), and eating behaviour traits (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, TFEQ). Results: Reallocating 30 min/day of sedentary time to MVPA was associated with higher energy intake in free-living (+113 kcal/day, 95% CI: 34–192) and laboratory settings (+120 kcal/day, 95% CI: 55–185), along with greater postprandial hunger and prospective food consumption, reduced fullness, elevated fasting acylated ghrelin, and lower postprandial PYY. No associations were observed for reallocations to LPA or sleep. Furthermore, sedentary time reallocations were unrelated to leptin or psychological eating traits assessed by the LFPQ, CoEQ, or TFEQ. Conclusions: In this population, reallocating sedentary time to MVPA was linked to physiological and behavioural compensation consistent with elevated energy demands, whereas reallocating to LPA or sleep showed no associations. Trait-level eating behaviours were unaffected, suggesting MVPA influences appetite primarily through acute physiological rather than enduring cognitive or hedonic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 619 KB

Open AccessReview

Weissella: From Beneficial Probiotics to Opportunistic Pathogens—A Review

by Weiqing Ma, Xiang Liu, Yadi Jing, Meixia Zhang, Xin Zhang, Changfa Wang, Muhammad Zahoor Khan and Mingxia Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193162 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

Weissella, a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, has emerged as a significant component of human microbiota with diverse biotechnological and therapeutic applications. This narrative review examines the current state of knowledge regarding Weissella taxonomy, physiological characteristics, and functional properties [...] Read more.

Weissella, a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic lactic acid bacteria, has emerged as a significant component of human microbiota with diverse biotechnological and therapeutic applications. This narrative review examines the current state of knowledge regarding Weissella taxonomy, physiological characteristics, and functional properties based on research spanning from 1993 to present. Weissella species demonstrate remarkable versatility, producing bioactive metabolites including exopolysaccharides (EPS), bacteriocins, and organic acids that confer antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These bacteria show significant potential in food fermentation, probiotic applications, and therapeutic interventions for gut health, obesity, and inflammatory conditions. However, challenges persist regarding strain-specific pathogenicity, particularly with W. confusa as an opportunistic pathogen, and the need for comprehensive safety evaluations. Current limitations include variability in probiotic efficacy, incomplete understanding of host-microbe interactions, and gaps in metabolic pathway characterization. This review provides a foundation for advancing Weissella research and applications while highlighting critical areas requiring further investigation to fully harness their biotechnological and therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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19 pages, 262 KB

Open AccessArticle

Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Adherence in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study

by Łukasz Czyżewski, Agnieszka Stelęgowska, Magdalena Durlik, Janusz Wyzgał, Andrzej Silczuk and Beata Irena Sińska

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193161 - 7 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requires renal replacement therapy, commonly hemodialysis (HD). This treatment necessitates dietary changes due to impaired excretory function and protein-energy wasting (PEW). A structured diet with adequate energy, protein, electrolytes, and fluids [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requires renal replacement therapy, commonly hemodialysis (HD). This treatment necessitates dietary changes due to impaired excretory function and protein-energy wasting (PEW). A structured diet with adequate energy, protein, electrolytes, and fluids is essential. The aim was to characterize habitual dietary intake in adults on HD relative to KDOQI and ESPEN recommendations. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 50 adults on maintenance HD at the Medical University of Warsaw completed a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (55 items, nine frequency categories). The study was questionnaire-based and did not collect, link, or analyze dialysis efficacy indices, residual diuresis, or anthropometric measurements; all dietary estimates are independent of these clinical parameters. Estimated intakes of energy, macronutrients, fiber, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, P), and fluids were compared with KDOQI 2020 and ESPEN 2021 recommendations. Sensitivity analyses included deterministic scenarios and Monte Carlo simulations. Results: Mean intakes were 2696.9 ± 1392.7 kcal and 87.7 ± 35.3 g protein; 64% and 82% met reference values. Sensitivity analyses revealed per-kg shortfalls in heavier patients (>75 kg): Monte Carlo medians were 37.8 kcal/kg/day and 1.28 g/kg/day. Diets were fat-dominant (~46%E), with low carbohydrates (~40%E) and low fiber, about 8 g per 1000 kcal. Sodium and phosphorus were elevated, about 1119 mg and 498 mg per 1000 kcal, while calcium was low (~346 mg/1000 kcal). Conclusions: Despite adequate mean intake, sensitivity analyses revealed per-kg energy/protein deficits and elevated sodium and phosphorus. Individualized counseling with electrolyte and fluid management, greater dietary diversity, and psychosocial support is warranted in HD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

11 pages, 554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Scores and Hunger Susceptibility: A Positive Correlation Mediated by Fasting FGF21 Independently of Body Fat

by Andrés M. Treviño-Alvarez, Tomás Cabeza de Baca, Emma J. Stinson, Hannah T. Fry, Marci E. Gluck, Douglas C. Chang, Paolo Piaggi and Jonathan Krakoff

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193160 - 6 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between metabolism and eating behavior may improve how we treat and prevent obesity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted by the liver with a putative role in energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight regulation. In this [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Understanding the relationship between metabolism and eating behavior may improve how we treat and prevent obesity. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone secreted by the liver with a putative role in energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight regulation. In this secondary analysis, we studied how fasting FGF21 is correlated with eating behavior and decision making, as measured by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), respectively. Methods: Participants (n = 98; women = 19; white = 31) were medically healthy, between 18 and 55 years of age, weight-stable 6 months before admission, and had normal glucose regulation. Women were premenopausal and not pregnant. Pearson partial correlations were determined, accounting for age, sex, and body fat percentage. A mediation analysis examining whether the association between hunger and IGT score was mediated by FGF21 values was performed using general linear models. Results: In partial correlations adjusted for age, sex, and body fat percentage, we found that fasting FGF21 concentrations were positively correlated with hunger susceptibility (sum of internal and external cues) (partial r = 0.26, p = 0.02) and internal hunger (partial r = 0.22, p = 0.04), disinhibition (partial r = 0.27, p = 0.01), and better decision making (higher IGT scores) (partial r = 0.40, p = 0.0001). We also found a correlation between hunger susceptibility and better decision making, including the same covariates (partial r = 0.25, p = 0.03). However, this correlation was mediated (36%) by fasting FGF21. Conclusions: In this study, participants with greater susceptibility to hunger cues had higher IGT scores (better decision making) in the setting of higher fasting FGF21 concentrations. This provides further evidence of the role of FGF21 in the interplay between eating behavior and decision making. Further studying this topic may improve our understanding of the complex relationship between assessing energy requirements and cognitive processes related to eating behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Lipid Profiles and Vitamin A and D Deficiencies Among Children and Adolescents in Zhejiang Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Yan Zou, Li-Chun Huang, Meng-Jie He, Dan Han, Dan-Ting Su, Pei-Wei Xu and Rong-Hua Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193159 - 6 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: This study investigates the associations between lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and vitamin A (VA) and vitamin D (VD) deficiencies among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods: This [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigates the associations between lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and vitamin A (VA) and vitamin D (VD) deficiencies among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2022 to 2024 and included 9039 children and adolescents aged 6–17 years who participated in the provincial nutrition surveillance in Zhejiang Province. Blood samples were collected to measure the concentrations of TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, VA and VD. Results: The prevalence of elevated TG, elevated TC, low HDL-C, and elevated LDL-C was 21.0%, 11.6%, 4.7% and 5.1% among children and adolescents aged 6–17 years, respectively. There were significant differences with respect to elevated TG and low HDL-C prevalence between sex (χ² = 10.303 and 7.27, p = 0.006 and 0.026). There were significant differences with respect to elevated TC and low HDL-C prevalence between urban areas and rural areas (χ² = 13.289 and 10.195, p = 0.001 and 0.006). There were significant differences with respect to elevated TG, elevated TC, low HDL-C, and elevated LDL-C prevalence among children with or without obesity/overweight (χ² = 209.828, 58.54, 171.972, and 146.256, p < 0.001). There were significant differences with respect to elevated TC and low HDL-C prevalence among children with or without vitamin D deficiency/vitamin D insufficiency (χ² = 33.37 and 56.848, p < 0.001). Ordinal regression analysis revealed that sex and obesity/overweight were associated with critical/abnormal TG (χ² = 340.03, p < 0.001), sex, age group, location and obesity/overweight were associated with critical/abnormal TC (χ² = 255.125, p < 0.001), age group, location, obesity/overweight and vitamin D deficiency/vitamin D insufficiency were associated with critical/abnormal HDL-C (χ² = 458.527, p < 0.001), and age group, obesity/overweight were associated with critical/abnormal LDL-C (χ² = 164.380, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Elevated TG, elevated TC, low HDL-C, and elevated LDL-C are prevalent in this population, with notable differences based on sex, urban vs. rural residence, and obesity/overweight status. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency was linked to elevated TC and low HDL-C prevalence. Future interventions should focus on targeted public health strategies to mitigate these disparities and promote healthier lipid profiles in children and adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

15 pages, 2725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Muscle Strength, Lipid Metabolism and Hepatic Steatosis Are Improved with Ursolic Acid Treatment in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Dongyang Kang and Li Cao

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193158 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 416

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of obesity globally has increased steadily in the past decades. Obesity, sarcopenic obesity (SO) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly coexist. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, has demonstrated potential anti-obesity properties. This study was designed to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of obesity globally has increased steadily in the past decades. Obesity, sarcopenic obesity (SO) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly coexist. Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, has demonstrated potential anti-obesity properties. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-obesity efficacy of UA in a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, with a particular focus on its impact on muscle function and NAFLD. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks old) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 20 per group): a control group (CON) fed a normal chow diet, a high-fat diet group (HFD), and a UA treatment group (UA). The HFD and UA groups received a high-fat diet for 10 weeks to induce obesity. Thereafter, mice in the UA group were administered UA orally once daily for 6 weeks. Results: In HFD-induced obese mice, UA administration significantly reduced body weight (BW), abdominal fat weight and liver weight; improved grip strength and muscle weight; and enhanced lipid profiles, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and free fatty acid levels in serum. UA also improved histological changes in the liver and abdominal adipose tissues, regulated serum GH, IGF-1, T3, T4 and leptin levels and downregulated the inflammation-associated gene expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in abdominal adipose tissue. Conclusions: UA could enhance muscle strength, improve lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis and might be considered a potential therapeutic agent for managing obesity and related metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Nutrition and Obesity)

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18 pages, 2823 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides Alleviate Simulated Weightlessness-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Gut Microbiota Modulation and Suppression of NLRP3/NF-κB Pathways

by Fang Chen, Muhammad Noman Khan, Mengzhou Xie, Yiwen Zhang, Liang Li, Ahsana Dar Farooq, Jixian Liu, Qinghu He, Xinmin Liu and Ning Jiang

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193157 - 5 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), possessing both medicinal and edible dual functions, boasts a long history of application in Chinese traditional practices. As a component of its effectiveness, Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs) have been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effects [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), possessing both medicinal and edible dual functions, boasts a long history of application in Chinese traditional practices. As a component of its effectiveness, Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs) have been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effects of PS on the cognitive deficits induced by simulated weightlessness remain unclear. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of PSPs to counteract the cognitive deficits induced by simulated weightlessness using the Hindlimb Unloading (HU) method. Methods: Mice were subjected to HU to establish cognitive impairment, and PSP was administered for four weeks. The Morris water maze test (MWMT) and passive avoidance test (PAT) were used to evaluate the cognitive abilities of mice, followed by an analysis of molecular mechanisms. Results: PSP treatment increased learning and memory in mice. PSP treatment partially restored gut microbial diversity and composition towards beneficial taxa, including Lactobacillus and Firmicutes, while inhibiting proinflammatory genera, including Alistipes and Proteus. At the same time, PSP upregulated Claudin-5 and Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) levels in the colon, suggesting improved intestinal barrier integrity, and decreased neuroinflammatory response by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB phosphorylation in the hippocampus. It also modulated neurotransmitter homeostasis along the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis by increasing the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5-HT) while reducing the levels of excitotoxic metabolites, including Glutamate (Glu) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK). Conclusions: These results indicate that PSP may have beneficial effects on HU-induced cognitive impairment by regulating gut microbiota, enhancing barrier function, suppressing neuroimmune signaling, and restoring neurotransmitter balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbohydrates)

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18 pages, 4936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM1001 Supplementation Attenuates Muscle Atrophy and Function Decline in Aged Mice

by Jacques Karekezi, Hwajin Kim, Theodomir Dusabimana, Tatang Aldi Nugroho, Edvard Ntambara Ndahigwa, Yoon Ju So, Juil Kim, Tae-Rahk Kim, Minn Sohn, Ji Miao, Yuseok Moon and Sang Won Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193156 - 4 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Aging and metabolic disorders are associated with a decline in muscle function, referred to as age-related sarcopenia. The underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia include cellular senescence, imbalanced protein homeostasis, accumulation of oxidative and inflammatory stressors, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Probiotic supplementation improves the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Aging and metabolic disorders are associated with a decline in muscle function, referred to as age-related sarcopenia. The underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia include cellular senescence, imbalanced protein homeostasis, accumulation of oxidative and inflammatory stressors, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Probiotic supplementation improves the gut microbiome and enhances muscle function via the gut–muscle axis. However, details of molecular mechanisms and the development of an appropriate treatment are under active investigation. Methods: We have examined the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM1001, a probiotic that reportedly improves the digestibility of branched-chain amino acids in myocyte cultures, but exactly how it contributes to muscle structure and function remains unclear. Results: We show that aged mice (male C57BL6/J) fed a high-fat diet (HFD) exhibit weak muscle strength, as reflected by a reduction in grip strength. LM1001 supplementation increases muscle strength and restores myofibril size, which has been altered by HFD in aged mice. Expression of myogenic proteins is increased, while protein markers for muscle atrophy are downregulated by LM1001 treatment via the IGF-1/Akt/FoxO3a pathway. LM1001 improves gut microbiota that are altered in aged HFD-fed mice, by increasing their abundance in beneficial bacteria, and efficiently maintains the epithelial lining integrity of the large intestine. Conclusions: We conclude that LM1001 supplementation serves a beneficial role in patients suffering from sarcopenia and metabolic disorders, improving their muscle function, gut microbiota, and intestinal integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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14 pages, 2528 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Association of Skipping Breakfast with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

by Bowen Yang, Linxi Lian, Kaijun Xing, Yangyang Cen, Yi Zhao and Yannan Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193155 - 3 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a growing and significant public health burden worldwide. The evidence regarding whether skipping breakfast affects the development of MetS and its components remains inconsistent and uncertain. This study aimed to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the association [...] Read more.

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a growing and significant public health burden worldwide. The evidence regarding whether skipping breakfast affects the development of MetS and its components remains inconsistent and uncertain. This study aimed to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the association between skipping breakfast and the risk of MetS and its components. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from inception until May 2025. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. This review included cross-sectional and cohort studies on the association between breakfast skipping and the risk of MetS and its components. Results: Nine studies were included after quality evaluation by NOS. Pooled results from the meta-analysis revealed that skipping breakfast was significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04–1.17) and its components—namely abdominal obesity (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.01–1.34), hypertension (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.10–1.32), hyperlipidemia (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.23), and hyperglycemia (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.16–1.37). Conclusions: The meta-analysis demonstrated that skipping breakfast was significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS and its key components—abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia. These findings highlight regular breakfast consumption as a potential modifiable factor for preventing and managing MetS and related cardiometabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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